White Aryan Resistance

This article is about the American organization. For the Swedish organization, see White Aryan Resistance (Sweden).

White Aryan Resistance
LeaderTom Metzger
Dennis Mahon
FounderTom Metzger
Founded1983; 41 years ago (1983) (as White American Resistance) in the United States
IdeologyNeo-Nazism
Third Position[1]: 55 
Political positionFar-right

White Aryan Resistance (WAR) is a white supremacist and neo-Nazi organization in the United States which was founded and formerly led by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Tom Metzger. It was based in Warsaw, Indiana, and it was also incorporated as a business. In 1993, the group expanded into Canada.[2]

In 1988, its leader described it as an "openly white-racist" organization.[1]

History

Metzger's first group was known as the White Brotherhood, which he led in the mid-1970s until he joined David Duke's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in 1975. By 1979 he had risen to the rank of Grand Dragon of the California realm. During these years the California realm conducted unofficial border patrols on the Mexican border. The realm also kept a blackshirted[3] security detail which engaged in skirmishes with anti-Klan demonstrators and police.[4]

In Oceanside, California, in the spring of 1980, an incident involved 30 members of this squad and left seven people injured. In the summer of 1980 Metzger left the national organization and founded his own organization, the California Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.[5]

The White Brotherhood continued to harass Hispanics, Chinese Americans, and Vietnamese refugees.[6][7]

From 1980 to late 1982, Metzger headed the California Knights, and during the same period, he also pursued electoral office. In 1982 he left the Klan to found a new group, the White American Political Association, a group which was dedicated to promoting "prowhite" candidates for public office. After losing the 1982 California Senate Democratic primary, Metzger abandoned the electoral route and renamed WAPA White American Resistance in 1983 and then renamed it White Aryan Resistance, to reflect a more "revolutionary" stance.[8][9]

By the late 1980s, Tom Metzger began broadcasting Race and Reason, a public-access cable television show, airing WAR propaganda and interviewing other neo-Nazis.[10] The show caused much controversy, and its guests included anti-abortion speakers, Holocaust deniers and pro-segregation lawyers.[10] WAR members gained attention through appearances on talk shows throughout the late 1980s.[11][12]

In 1988 Metzger, recorded this message on his "WAR Hotline",

You have reached WAR Hotline. White Aryan Resistance. You ask: What is WAR? We are an openly white-racist movement. Skinheads, we welcome you into our ranks; the federal government is the number one enemy of our race. When was the last time you heard a politician speaking out in favor of white people? ... You say the government is too big; we can't organize. Well, by God, the SS did it in Germany, and if they did it in Germany in the thirties, we can do it right here in the streets of America. We need to cleanse this nation of all nonwhite mud-races for the survival of our own people and the generations of our children.[1]

Murder of Mulugeta Seraw and civil prosecution of the Metzgers

On November 13, 1988, three white Aryan supremacists who were members of East Side White Pride, which allegedly had ties to WAR, beat to death Mulugeta Seraw, an Ethiopian man who had moved to the United States in order to attend college.[13]

In October 1990, the Southern Poverty Law Center won a civil case on behalf of the deceased man's family against Tom and John Metzger and WAR, for a total of US$12.5 million.[14] The Metzgers did not have millions of dollars, so the Seraw family only received assets from the Metzger's $125,000 house and a few thousand dollars.[15] The Metzgers declared bankruptcy, but WAR continued to operate.[16] WAR continued to publish a newspaper despite the verdict. Metzger launched a website in 1997 and had an Internet radio program.[17] The cost of trial, in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, was absorbed by the SPLC and the Anti-Defamation League, according to Morris Dees, founder of the SPLC.[18][19]

Threats against video stores by a WAR member

WAR was mentioned in the press when it was revealed that one of its members threatened video stores in Rhode Island because they carried Jungle Fever.[20] In 1994, Richard Campos, a WAR sympathizer, was convicted of racially motivated bombing plots. Calls were made in which it was stated that the bombings were perpetrated by an organization called the Aryan Liberation Front, of which Campos was the only member.[21][22][23] In early 1995, Campos was sentenced to the maximum term of 17 years in prison.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Atkins, Steven E. (2011). Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-59884-350-7. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  2. ^ Publisher=London Free Press|Date=April/17/1993|
  3. ^ "Tom Metzger". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  4. ^ "Tom Metzger". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  5. ^ "Tom Metzger". Southern Poverty Law Center.
  6. ^ Michael and Judy Ann Newton eds. The Ku Klux Klan; an encyclopedia Garland Reference Library of the Social Science Vol.499 London and New York; Garland Publishing inc. 1991 pp.92, 387
  7. ^ Anti-Defamation League Danger: Extremism; the major voices and vehicles on America far right fringe New York; Anti-Defamation League 1996 pp.77-8
  8. ^ Newton & Newton p.92
  9. ^ Danger: Extremism p.79
  10. ^ a b Turner, Wallace (October 7, 1986). "Extremist Finds Cable TV is Forum for Right-wing Views". The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  11. ^ "Geraldo Rivera's Nose Broken In Scuffle on His Talk Show". The New York Times. November 4, 1988. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  12. ^ "Trash TV". Newsweek. November 14, 1988. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Lawyer makes racists pay". USA Today. October 24, 1990. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  14. ^ London, Robb (October 26, 1990). "Sending a $12.5 Million Message to a Hate Group". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  15. ^ "Assets of White Supremacist Are Target of Legal Maneuver". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 25, 1990. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  16. ^ "Klan Chapters Held Liable in Church Fire; Jury Awards $37.8 Million in Damages". The Washington Post. July 25, 1998.
  17. ^ "HBO: 'Hate.com' Exposes Bigotry". New York Daily News. October 13, 2000. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ^ Morris Dees and Steve Fiffer. Hate on Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi. Villard Books, 1993, p. 116
  19. ^ Morris Dees and Steve Fiffer. Hate on Trial: The Case Against America's Most Dangerous Neo-Nazi. Villard Books, 1993, p. 277
  20. ^ "'Jungle Fever' Brings Threats To Rhode Island Video Stores". The New York Times. January 11, 1992. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  21. ^ "Man Convicted Of 2 Bombings Tied to Racism". The New York Times. August 31, 1994. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  22. ^ Press Archive File—Article on “Aryan Liberation Front” dated Thursday, October 14, 1993:
  23. ^ a b Southern Poverty Law Center report “The Godfathers” about the recruiting of skinheads by various white supremacist groups:

Further reading