Water fuel cell

This article is about a non-functional fuel cell using water as fuel. For other purported water fueled devices, see water-fuelled car. For actual electrochemical cells running on other fuels, see fuel cell.

The water fuel cell is a non-functional design for a "perpetual motion machine" created by Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940 – March 20, 1998). Meyer claimed that a car retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. Meyer's claims about his "Water Fuel Cell" and the car that it powered were found to be fraudulent by an Ohio court in 1996.[1][2]

Purported design

The circuit[3]

The water fuel cell purportedly split water into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, a process that reconstituted the water molecules. According to Meyer, the device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted or measured by conventional science.[1] The mechanism of action was alleged to involve "Brown's gas", a mixture of oxyhydrogen with a ratio of 2:1, the same composition as liquid water; which would then be mixed with ambient air (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, etc).[4] The resultant hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, which reconstituted the water molecules in another unit separate from the unit in which water was separated. If the device worked as specified, it would violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics,[1][4] allowing operation as a perpetual motion machine.[4]

Throughout his patents[3][5][6] Meyer used the terms "fuel cell" or "water fuel cell" to refer to the portion of his device in which electricity is passed through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Meyer's use of the term in this sense is contrary to its usual meaning in science and engineering, in which such cells are conventionally called "electrolytic cells".[7] Furthermore, the term "fuel cell" is usually reserved for cells that produce electricity from a chemical redox reaction,[8][9] whereas Meyer's fuel cell consumed electricity, as shown in his patents and in the circuit pictured on the right. Meyer describes in a 1990 patent the use of a "water fuel cell assembly" and portrays some images of his "fuel cell water capacitor". According to the patent, in this case "... the term 'fuel cell' refers to a single unit of the invention comprising a water capacitor cell ... that produces the fuel gas in accordance with the method of the invention."[5]

Media coverage

The water fuel cell[5]

In a news report on an Ohio TV station, Meyer showed a dune buggy he claimed was powered by his water fuel cell. He stated that only 22 US gallons (83 liters) of water were required to travel from Los Angeles to New York.[10] Furthermore, Meyer claimed to have replaced the spark plugs with "injectors" that introduced a hydrogen/oxygen mixture into the engine cylinders. The water was subjected to an electrical resonance that dissociated it into its basic atomic make-up. The water fuel cell would split the water into hydrogen and oxygen gas, which would then be combusted back into water vapor in a conventional internal combustion engine to produce net energy.[2]

Philip Ball, writing in academic journal Nature, characterized Meyer's claims as pseudoscience, noting that "It's not easy to establish how Meyer's car was meant to work, except that it involved a fuel cell that was able to split water using less energy than was released by recombination of the elements ... Crusaders against pseudoscience can rant and rave as much as they like, but in the end they might as well accept that the myth of water as a fuel is never going to go away."[4]

Lawsuit

Stanley Meyer's invention was later termed fraudulent after two investors to whom he had sold dealerships offering the right to do business in Water Fuel Cell technology sued him in 1996. His car was due to be examined by the expert witness Michael Laughton, Professor of Electrical Engineering at Queen Mary University of London and Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. However, Meyer made what Professor Laughton considered a "lame excuse" on the days of examination and did not allow the test to proceed.[2] His "water fuel cell" was later examined by three expert witnesses[who?] in court who found that there "was nothing revolutionary about the cell at all and that it was simply using conventional electrolysis." The court found Meyer had committed "gross and egregious fraud" and ordered him to repay the two investors their $25,000.[2]

Meyer's death

Stanley Meyer died suddenly on March 20, 1998, while dining at a restaurant. His brother claimed that during a meeting with two Belgian investors, Meyer suddenly ran outside, saying "They poisoned me".[1] After an investigation, the Grove City police agreed with the Franklin County coroner report that ruled that Meyer, who had high blood pressure, died of a cerebral aneurysm.[1] Some of Meyer's supporters believe that he was assassinated to suppress his inventions.[1][4][11] Philippe Vandemoortele, one of the Belgian investors, stated that he had been supporting Meyer financially for several years and considered him a personal friend, and that he has no idea where the rumors came from.[12]

Aftermath

Meyer's patents have expired. His inventions are now in the public domain, available for all to use without restriction or royalty payment.[13] No engine or vehicle manufacturer has incorporated Meyer's work.[14][15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "The car that ran on water". The Columbus Dispatch. 8 July 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d Edwards, Tony (1996-12-01). "End of road for car that ran on Water". The Sunday Times. Times Newspapers Limited. p. Features 12.
  3. ^ a b U.S. patent 5,149,407: Process and apparatus for the production of fuel gas and the enhanced release of thermal energy from such gas
  4. ^ a b c d e Ball, Philip (14 September 2007). "Burning water and other myths". Nature: news070910–13. doi:10.1038/news070910-13. S2CID 129704116.
  5. ^ a b c U.S. patent 4,936,961: Method for the production of a fuel gas
  6. ^ U.S. patent 4,826,581: Controlled process for the production of thermal energy from gases and apparatus useful therefore; U.S. patent 4,798,661: Gas generator voltage control circuit; U.S. patent 4,613,779: Electrical pulse generator; U.S. patent 4,613,304: Gas electrical hydrogen generator;U.S. patent 4,465,455: Start-up/shut-down for a hydrogen gas burner; U.S. patent 4,421,474: Hydrogen gas burner; U.S. patent 4,389,981: Hydrogen gas injector system for internal combustion engine
  7. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia (Columbia University Press, 2004) defines "fuel cell" as an "Electric cell in which the chemical energy from the oxidation of a gas fuel is converted directly to electrical energy in a continuous process"; and electrolysis as "Passage of an electric current through a conducting solution or molten salt that is decomposed in the process."
  8. ^ Whittingham, M. S.; Savinell, R. F.; Zawodzinski, T. (2004). "Introduction: Batteries and Fuel Cells". Chem. Rev. 104 (10): 4243–4244. doi:10.1021/cr020705e. PMID 15669154.
  9. ^ Winter, Martin; Brodd, Ralph J. (1 October 2004). "What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?". Chemical Reviews. 104 (10): 4245–4270. doi:10.1021/cr020730k. PMID 15669155.
  10. ^ Robinson, Ralph (Reporter), Tom Ryan (News caster) and Gail Hogan (News caster) "Unknown Episode [Videorecording (Broadcast)]" Action 6 News. Unknown Network. Station call sign: WSYX. Filmed in Groveport. Length: 1 Minute 45 seconds. Republished by Annaheim, Kurt W.[permanent dead link‍] "Media Page - See, Hear and Discover Free Electricity." File name: stan_meyers_bb.wmv Archived 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine. Last updated 7 May 2008 Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Befreetech.Com. Accessed 23 June 2008.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". www.dispatch.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Pepijn van Erp (2020-11-10). "Stanley Meyer, the inventor of the water-powered car, was not killed by Belgian investors". pepijnvanerp.nl. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  13. ^ "General Information Concerning Patents". uspto.gov. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  14. ^ Simpson, Bruce (July 2008). "HHO "run your car on water", a guide for journalists". Aardvark Daily. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  15. ^ MarkCC; Bad Physics (27 October 2011). "I get mail: Brown's Gas and Perpetual Motion". scientopia.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2022.