WASP-193b

WASP-193b
Discovery[1]
Discovered byKhalid Barkaoui et al.
Discovery dateJuly 2023 (announced)
Transit method
Designations
Orbital characteristics[1]
0.0676±0.0015 AU
Eccentricity0.0560+0.0680
−0.0400
6.2463345(3) d
Inclination88.49°+0.78°
−0.49°
Semi-amplitude14.8±3.0 m/s
StarWASP-193
Physical characteristics[1]
1.464+0.059
−0.057 RJ
Mass0.139±0.029 MJ
Mean density
0.059+0.015
−0.013 g/cm3
Temperature1254±31 K (981 °C; 1,798 °F, equilibrium)

WASP-193b is a hot, transiting gas giant planet located approximately 1,232 light-years (378 pc) away[4] in the constellation of Hydra, orbiting the F-type star WASP-193. Its discovery was made by the WASP-South transit survey and announced in 2023. The planet is extremely bloated, with a radius nearly 50% larger than Jupiter, despite having only 14% of its mass. This places its density at 0.059 g/cm3, the second lowest of any known exoplanet as of May 2024 after Kepler-51d, and comparable to that of cotton candy (about 0.05 g/cm3).

Discovery

The planet was discovered in July 2023 by a team of astronomers led by Khalid Barkaoui, a researcher at the University of Liège, from observational data taken by WASP (Wide Angle Search for Planets) in 2006–2008 and 2011–2012.[1][5] It is one of hundreds discovered in the WASP mission, which uses transit photometry to find exoplanets, observing the dimming of a star caused by the astronomical transit of planets passing in front of them.[1][4]

The discovery was subsequently confirmed photometrically by TRAPPIST-South, SPECULOOS-South, and the TESS mission, as well as through spectroscopic observations by HARPS and the CORALIE spectrograph of the Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope.[1]

Due to WASP-193b's unusually low mass (and hence a weak gravitational pull) for a planet its size, initial observations failed to detect radial velocity signals in the spectra of WASP-193. Because of this, it took four years to gather sufficient data to determine the existence of a mass signal from the planet.[5][1][6]

Host star

The planet orbits a yellow-white main-sequence star named WASP-193. The star has a mass of 1.059+0.067
−0.068 M☉, a radius of 1.239±0.028 R☉, and a luminosity of 1.87+0.18
−0.16 L☉. It has a surface temperature of 6,078 K (5,805 °C; 10,481 °F) and is 4.4±1.9 billion years old.[1] In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old,[7] has a temperature of 5,772 K (5,499 °C; 9,930 °F) and a spectral type of G2V.[8] The apparent magnitude of the star is 12.134,[2] making it too faint to be seen from Earth by the naked eye,[9] but visible using a 60 mm aperture telescope.[10]

Physical characteristics

Orbit

The planet revolves around the star at a distance of just 0.0676 AU (10,110,000 km),[1] over five times closer than Mercury is to the Sun (0.3871 AU[11]). As a result, WASP-193b receives approximately 410 times more irradiance than the solar constant (i.e., the amount of energy received from the sun per given area at a distance of 1 AU), placing its equilibrium temperature at a smoldering 1,254 K (981 °C; 1,798 °F),[1] hot enough to melt silver.[a] Due to its exposure to intense stellar radiation, the upper layers of the planet's atmosphere are being stripped away at a rate of 1.8×1010 – 4.3×1011 g per second, depending on the level of extreme ultraviolet flux.[13]

Size and density

WASP-193b has a radius of 1.464 RJ (104664 km; 16.41 R🜨),[1] meaning the planet is approximately 3.1 times more voluminous than Jupiter.[b] Despite its enormous size, the planet only has a mass of 0.139 MJ (44.2 ME; 2.58 times that of Neptune), making it a super-Neptune,[1] which normally has less than half the radius (5-7 R🜨[14]). Thus, the density of the planet is estimated to be a mere 0.059 g/cm3—well below the typical value seen in gas giants (0.2–2 g/cm3), and less than a tenth that of Saturn (0.687 g/cm3[15]), the least dense planet in the Solar System.[1] As of May 2024, only one other planet, the super-puff planet Kepler-51d (0.046±0.009 g/cm3[16]), is known to have a lower density.[6][17] Because of this, both planets are often likened to cotton candy (around 0.05 g/cm3) in media coverage.[6][18]

Composition

Most of the planet's radius is thought to be taken up by a bloated atmosphere consisting of predominantly hydrogen and helium, but it remains unknown as to how such a large, light planet could exist, which classical models for gas giant evolution fail to explain.[1][6][5] Assuming the planet's age to be 4.4 Gyr, a theoretical model[19] published in 2007 regarding the radii of planets aged between 1.0 and 4.5 Gyr with a core mass of 0–10 ME calculates its radius to be 0.9–1.1 RJ.[1] Another model,[20] published in 2013 and derived from the analysis of 35 exoplanets weighing less than 150 R🜨, gives a value of 0.82±0.14 RJ.[1] Calculations using a 2018 model[21] based on data from 286 hot Jupiters with known masses and radii predicts the radius to be 1.1±0.1 RJ.[1] All of these models fall well behind the measured value of 1.464 RJ,[1] which, according to model calculations, can only be sustained for a few tens of millions of years, far shorter than the age of the host star, hinting at the presence of other previously unaccounted mechanisms at play.[1]

Research into the anomalously light WASP-193b is said to become crucial for understanding the evolution of inflated planets that cannot be explained by ordinary theories for planetary evolution. Due to the large transit depth, extremely low density, and high equilibrium temperature of the planet, it is considered a prime target for transmission photometry observations by the James Webb Space Telescope.[1]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Elemental silver melts at 961.78 °C (1,234.93 K; 1,763.20 °F).[12]
  2. ^ Calculated from radius assuming a perfect non-oblate sphere, that is the cube of the planetary radius measured in Jupiter radii (1.4643≈3.138).

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Barkaoui, Khalid; et al. (2024-05-14). "An extended low-density atmosphere around the Jupiter-sized planet WASP-193 b". Nature Astronomy. 8 (7): 909–919. arXiv:2307.08350. Bibcode:2024NatAs...8..909B. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02259-y. ISSN 2397-3366.
  2. ^ a b c d e "WASP-193". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  3. ^ "WASP-193b Overview". NASA Exoplanet Archive. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  4. ^ a b Jean Schneider (2024-01-27). "Planet WASP-193 b". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  5. ^ a b c Jennifer Chu (2024-05-14). "Astronomers spot a giant planet that is as light as cotton candy". MIT News. MIT. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  6. ^ a b c d Asmelash, Leah (2024-05-16). "Unusual giant planet as fluffy as cotton candy spotted by astronomers". edition.cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  7. ^ Connelly, JN; Bizzarro, M; Krot, AN; Nordlund, Å; Wielandt, D; Ivanova, MA (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. S2CID 21965292.(registration required)
  8. ^ Williams, D.R. "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  9. ^ John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 2009-03-23. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  10. ^ North, Gerald; James, Nick (2014). Observing Variable Stars, Novae and Supernovae. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-107-63612-5.
  11. ^ Williams, D.R. "Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  12. ^ "Melting Point of Common Metals, Alloys, & Other Materials". Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  13. ^ Savanov, I. S. (2024). "Mass Loss from the Atmosphere of the Planet WASP-193 b". Astrophysics. 66 (4): 463–469. Bibcode:2024Ap.....66..463S. doi:10.1007/s10511-024-09803-8.
  14. ^ "Super-Neptune Planet Found". Space.com. 14 March 2009.
  15. ^ Williams, D.R. "Saturn Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  16. ^ Masuda, Kento (2014). "Very Low Density Planets around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event". The Astrophysical Journal. 783 (1): 53. arXiv:1401.2885. Bibcode:2014ApJ...783...53M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/53. ISSN 0004-637X.
  17. ^ "'This planet should not be there.' Second lightest exoplanet known to date surprises astronomers". astronomy.com. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  18. ^ Lea, Robert (2024-05-16). "Cotton candy exoplanet is 2nd lightest planet ever found". space.com. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  19. ^ Fortney, J. J.; Marley, M. S.; Barnes, J. W. (2007). "Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits". The Astrophysical Journal. 659 (2): 1661–1672. arXiv:astro-ph/0612671. Bibcode:2007ApJ...659.1661F. doi:10.1086/512120.
  20. ^ Weiss, Lauren M.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Rowe, Jason F.; et al. (2013). "The Mass of KOI-94d and a Relation for Planet Radius, Mass, and Incident Flux". The Astrophysical Journal. 768 (1): 19. arXiv:1303.2150. Bibcode:2013ApJ...768...14W. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/14. 14.
  21. ^ Sestovic, M.; Demory, B.-O.; Queloz, D (2018). "Investigating hot-Jupiter inflated radii with hierarchical Bayesian modelling". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 616 (A76): 13. arXiv:1804.03075. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..76S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731454.