Many people who use their computers as a hobby experience artifacting due to a hardware or software malfunction. The cases can differ but the usual causes are:
Temperature issues, such as failure of cooling fan.
Confocal laser scanning fluorescence micrograph of thale cress anther (part of stamen). The picture shows among other things a nice red flowing collar-like structure just below the anther. However, an intact thale cress stamen does not have such collar, this is a fixation artifact: the stamen has been cut below the picture frame, and epidermis (upper layer of cells) of stamen stalk has peeled off, forming a non-characteristic structure. Photo: Heiti Paves from Tallinn University of Technology.
In microscopy, an artifact is an apparent structural detail that is caused by the processing of the specimen and is thus not a legitimate feature of the specimen. In light microscopy, artifacts may be produced by air bubbles trapped under the slide's cover slip.[1]
In electron microscopy, distortions may be produced in the drying out of the specimen. Staining can cause the appearance of solid chemical deposits that may be seen as structures inside the cell. Different techniques including freeze-fracturing and cell fractionation may be used to overcome the problems of artifacts.[1]
A crush artifact is an artificial elongation and distortion seen in histopathology and cytopathology studies, presumably because of iatrogenic compression of tissues. Distortion can be caused by the slightest compression of tissue and can provide difficulties in diagnosis.[2][3] It may cause chromatin to be squeezed out of nuclei.[4] Inflammatory and tumor cells are most susceptible to crush artifacts.[4]
Cellulose contamination, in H&E stain and polarized light
Cardiac muscle (bottom) with contamination from thyroid tissue (center)
Crush artifact from compression by forceps on the tissue sample
Tearing artifacts, such as can be caused by: - Microtomy with a nick or blemish in the knife edge.[5] - Traction of the sections. - Too much or too little alcohol dehydration.[5] - Sectioning calcified parts, which can be decalcified or removed.[5]
Formalin pigment artifacts
Air bubble entrapment artifact in a shoulder joint biopsy
Staining artifacts by residual wax, resulting in pale areas where cellular structures are not discernible
A separation artifact in top image makes the tumor look incompletely excised, but the next microtomy level (bottom image) shows a surgical margin of connective tissue.
Stacking of cells on top of each other gives a dark look, and in this breast tissue it may mimic microcalcifications.
Pap stained smear of a monocyte with nuclear smearing or smudging artifact, seen as a tail-like extension of nuclear material
Small cell carcinoma is a cancer where the presence of smudging is a clue to the diagnosis.[6]
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![Tearing artifacts, such as can be caused by: - Microtomy with a nick or blemish in the knife edge.[5] - Traction of the sections. - Too much or too little alcohol dehydration.[5] - Sectioning calcified parts, which can be decalcified or removed.[5]](File:Microscopy_of_liver_parenchyma_with_tearing_artifacts.jpg)
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![Small cell carcinoma is a cancer where the presence of smudging is a clue to the diagnosis.[6]](File:Histopathology_of_small_cell_carcinoma_-_nuclear_smudging.png)
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