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User talk:Madalibi/Archive 1
Hey brosefHow's it going! I'm glad that you've finally decided to come on board. Welcome! I responded to your questions on Talk:List of Chinese inventions. As you could probably tell, that article simply needs polishing and does not need any sort of expansion. It has perhaps grown beyond acceptable limits (even for a list article). Lately I've been compiling a mountain of notes in my effort to rewrite the Han Dynasty article and create five or six branch articles, such as "History of the Han Dynasty," "Society of the Han Dynasty," "Science and technology of the Han Dynasty," "Economy of the Han Dynasty," "Architecture of the Han Dynasty," etc. Here are my notes:
It is an ambitious project and I will perhaps need assistance from someone knowledgeable about the subject. [Cough, cough, eh-hem. ;)] Feel free to suggest material or notes you may have that could bolster the gargantuan monstrosity of notes I have here. I've cited tons of different books in these notes, but the more information I gather the more I realize how many holes there are. For example, I desperately need to compile more notes on literature and philosophy, as most of my material is dominated by the subjects of court politics and intrigue, political structure and organization, the government's domestic and foreign policies, frontier and colonial life, economy and industry, science and technology, archaeology and structural engineering, while there is only mention here and there of social life and culture. Cheers!--Pericles of AthensTalk 16:33, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
Good luck!Madalibi, I see you have taken user Arilang under your wing. I wish you luck with your endeavours. I'm afraid I lost patience with him (both his POV and his less-than-adequate editing skills), which was not a good thing. I hope that with your fresh approach and better knowledge of Chinese history you can do a better job. Good luck! Bathrobe (talk) 02:29, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
I've looked at the article on literary inquisition during the Qianlong era [1] and I'm having trouble finding anything about "A deceased Jiang Xu poet by the name of Sujun", as the footnote implies it should. I've challenged User Arilang twice on this but he's in a huff with me and is not replying. If he could supply the correct characters it would be useful. I've found 查嗣庭, 莊廷鑨, 戴名世, and 蔡顯, but no Sujun. Incidentally, a look at some of those figures on Baidu will reveal that some did indeed engage in literary opposition to the Qing, so the article is actually slightly biased. Bathrobe (talk) 04:58, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
Excellent!I've browsed through your drafts a bit, and I am already impressed with your choice of topics and content added so far. I love the prospect of seeing someone as smart and dedicated as you willing to craft (and in some cases recreate) articles here at Wiki. God speed, sir, God speed.--Pericles of AthensTalk 03:12, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
Oh, on what site could I possibly PM you? Lol. :) I certainly will. I like your approach to writing a paper outline. It's something I should have done from the beginning. However, changing my methods now would be like changing horses in mid stream, or since I'm so close to being done with taking notes, changing horses about 5 meters away from the finish line. I have gotten into the bad habit of quoting large sections of these books instead of skillfully paraphrasing and summarizing; I try to blend and mix the two, but Grant Hardy is such an excellent writer and organizer that I don't mind quoting his original text word for word in certain places. I think it has much to do with my fear of missing a vital point or skipping over something on a certain page that I'll regret skipping over later. I hate it when authors throw important clues out in the beginning at random intervals and don't reveal what they're talking about (or don't make them seem very relevant in the beginning) until the end of a book. A lot of it is perhaps simply paranoia on my part, though.--Pericles of AthensTalk 18:04, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
Image of Ming emperorsWhen have time please have a look:Talk:Ming Dynasty#Ming emperors's images were distorted Arilang1234 (talk) 03:49, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Why did China fall prey to nomadic invaders?为什么中国受到狩猎游牧民族的侵略屠杀 但历史的事实，毕竟无情，给这类无耻文人以难堪。康熙不修长城，这是事实。但满清的入关，本就是满蒙上层统治者互相勾结，进入中原烧杀掳掠，奴役人民，剩 下的只是如何坐地分赃，也确实没有长城的用途，对于这昔日阻碍他们肆意屠杀抢掠的堡垒工事，自然不会有什么顾念。北方的长城是形同虚设了，但整个中国的沿 海，在那个满嘴冠冕堂皇言辞的康熙统治下，长达二十多年的时间了，却建立起一道无形甚至有形的长城，其规模之浩大，牵连之广泛，长城与之相比，只能望尘莫 及。
其中这两句尤其精彩“闻将凿长堑，置戍列鼓鼙。防海如防边，劳苦及旄倪。”一个“防海如防边”，真是把清廷凶虐离奇的程度，刻画的淋漓尽致。 用“防海如防边”对照一下康熙冠冕堂皇的伪善言辞“守国之道，惟在修德安民。民心悦则邦本得，而边境自固，所谓‘众志成城’”，岂不是有一种格外荒诞滑稽 离奇的感觉么？岂不是应该让那些热烈颂圣，对满清皇帝功德眷眷无穷的无耻文人活活羞愧死么？ 其实真要问问题，应该是为什么中国在那个时候，那个阶段，受到远远落后于自身文明的狩猎游牧民族的侵略屠杀，而英国和西欧在那个时候，在它们国家的旁边却根本没有这种民族的存在？是因为地理条件的客观因素呢，还是有其他的原因，这倒才是一个真正值得问的问题！User Madalibi, I think this is a very good question, do you have an answer?Arilang1234 (talk) 05:34, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
Clearing of the shore-line以前明朝政府虽然也曾经在一个短时间内有过禁海令，但其性质主要是针对倭寇，和东南亚的往来从来就没有终止过，而这短时间的禁令也不过是空文，民间海外的 贸易从明朝开国一直到明朝结束，从来就没有中断过，综观明朝，中国民间的海上力量是处于不断增强的局面，和西方的文化科技交流更是从未中断过，而且不断加 强。到了郑成功父亲的时代，更有完全压倒西方的殖民国家海上力量的趋势。而满清的二十年沿海迁界等于把中国民间的海上力量连根拔除，这一手确实是做的辣且 绝，这对中国的影响绝不仅仅至于这二十年，而是蔓延到了两三百年之后。试想在几千年的时间里孕育培养出来的海上力量，被连根拔除扫荡之后，还怎么可能恢复 过来呢？Arilang1234 (talk) 05:42, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Ming civilization was cut short by Manchus文明断裂的悲剧,被满清割断的明朝与近现代中国.....作者 杜车别 作者：杜车别 提交日期：2006-5-2 21:14:00 文明断裂的悲剧——被满清割断的明朝与近现代中国 作者 杜车别 看了一本《李渔传》，作者在楔子里说“李渔是被历史超前三百多年制造出来。李渔这样一个另类的人物，创造出他的是他所生活的那个时代，而能够理解他的只有我们今天吧” 作者认为李渔有着多方面的成就，他是一个杰出的小说家，是一个杰出的戏剧家，是一个伟大的戏剧理论家，创造了一个中国戏剧叙事文学理论，堪称“东方的 黑格尔”，李渔还是一个出版家，运用五色套版叠印这种当时最先进的技术出版《芥子园画传》，还是生活美学家，是园林建筑艺术家。 作者认为李渔多方面的成就和思想，只有到了近现代的中国才能得到充分理解，所以称他是超前三百多年制造出来。然而我却不同意这样的看法。 李渔生于万历三十九年（1611年），到明亡的时候，他已经三十三岁了，比后来壮烈殉国的明朝少年英雄夏完淳还大上十九岁多，他的个性和思想都在明朝 形成，明朝的文化氛围经济氛围政治氛围哺育了他的成长。如果说在他所处的时代，和他同一个年龄段的人物中，只有他这么一个人，那么或许可以说他超前三百多 年，可如果是有一大批的人物，那还能够说他是超前三百年吗？ 比如和李渔同时代的有一个张岱 在夏咸淳著的《明末奇才——张岱论》中有这么一段话 “欧洲文艺复兴时期的光辉灿烂的文化，大批多才多艺的人物，乃是人类的骄傲。明朝时期，中国也出现了群星灿烂，人才辈出的文化景观。当时思想文化 的精英们，不论在自然科学领域，还是在人文科学领域，抑或是在文学艺术的园地，都有着超越时代的卓越建树。李时珍，徐光启，吴有性，徐弘祖，宋应星，李 贽，唐顺之，王阳明，黄宗羲，方以智，朱载堉，兰陵笑笑生，汤显祖，袁宏道，袁小修，冯梦龙，张贷，张溥、唐伯虎，石涛，八大山人，徐文长，李渔，傅山这 一颗颗明星将中华文明点缀得格外绚丽夺目，那时中国也有自己的达芬奇，米开朗基罗，拉菲尔，莎士比亚，塞万提斯” 其实说那个时代的人超前历史三百年的声音不绝于耳，比如有人说李贽是超前了三百年，有人说黄宗羲超前了三百年，王夫之是超前了三百年，顾炎武是超前了 三百年，方以智是超前了三百年，等等，当这么多的人都是所谓的超前了三百年的时候，我们不得不问，究竟是他们超前了三百年呢，还是中国在后来的发展中了落 后了三百年，停滞了三百年，以致三百年后回首古人，才发出这些古人超前三百年的感叹 其实明朝晚期和中国近现代之间的关系，从中国在满清统治下沦为半殖民地的时候就已经开始被人所注意。 清末的维新变法派和革命党人使用的许多思想武器都是来自两百多年前的明末，甚至直接把明末的思想家的言论作为宣传的武器 下面我们一一列举明代中国出现的与近现代文明接轨的思想和事实 一、政治上 在君臣关系上，嘉靖万历年间的思想家何心隐藏提出君臣应该是完全平等的 “君臣相师，君臣相友”“相友而师” 在舆论监督上 万历年间的东林党领袖顾宪成提出“天下之是非，自当听之天下” 在权力分配上， 东林党人钱一本提出“大破常格，公天下以选举” 王夫之提出的虚君立宪思想 “有天子而若无，则无天子而若有，主虽幼，百尹皆赞成治之人，而恶用标辅政之名以疑天下哉？” “预定奕世之规，置天子于有无之处，以虚静而统天下，则不恃贵戚旧臣以夹辅” “以法相裁，以义相制，……自天子始而天下咸受其裁。君子正而小人安，有王者起，莫能易此” 黄宗羲提出的揭露君主专制本质的思想 “天下之利尽归于己，以天下之害尽归于人，亦无不可；使天下之人不敢自私，不敢自利，以我之大私为天下之大公。始而惭焉，久而安焉，视天下为莫大之产业，传之子孙，受享无穷” “然则为天下之大害者，君而已矣。 向使无君，人各得自私也，人各得自利也。鸣呼，岂设君之道固如是乎！” 二、经济上 王夫之明确提出皇帝也不能侵犯私有财产的主张 “若土，则非王者所得私也。”“民所治之地，君弗得而侵焉。民之力，上所得而用，民之田，非上所得而有也” “王者虽为天地之子，天地岂得而私之，而敢谈天地固然之博厚，以割裂为己 土乎” 不干涉的经济主张： “人则未有不自谋其生，上之谋之，不如其自谋，上为谋之，且弛其自谋之心，而后生计愈蹙” 三、对待外国文明的态度上 瞿太素说：“其人而忠信焉，明哲焉，虽远在殊方，诸夏也。若夫汶汶焉，汩汩焉，寡廉鲜耻焉，虽近于比肩，戎狄也”。 逃亡日本的朱舜水说“世人必曰：‘古人高于今人，中国胜于外国。’此是眼界逼窄，作此三家村语。”（《与陈遵之书》） 徐光启说：“欲求超胜，必须会通；会通之前，必须翻译”，“令彼三千年增修渐进之业，我岁月间拱受其成” 这一个主张得到了崇祯皇帝的全力支持。事实上，明朝的时候，中国民间和官方已经同时展开对西方科技思想书籍的大规模翻译。 在徐光启生前，在明朝政府的支持下，围绕着编写《崇祯历书》而对西方天文数学著作进行了大规模的翻译和引入，徐光启死后，李天经接任了他在科学方 面的工作，不仅继续完成《崇祯历书》余下部分的编写，而且按照徐光启“欲求超胜，必须会通；会通之前，必须翻译”的原则，在明朝政府的支持下，继续组织人 力物力进行对其他西方科技著作的翻译。 比如《坤舆格致》是在李天经主持下，汤若望和中国人杨之华、黄宏宪合作翻译，共四卷。原著是德国学者阿格里科拉的《矿冶全书》。《矿冶全书》共十 二卷，是欧洲矿冶技术的一部经典著作，书中介绍了各种金属的分离、制取和提纯方法，也详细介绍了各种无机酸的制法，包含有许多重要的化学知识。崇祯十六年 （1643）十二月，崇祯皇帝批示户部将《坤舆格致》分发各地，“着地方官相酌地形，便宜采取”，只可惜，随着明朝的灭亡，崇祯皇帝的批示没有办法落实， 连这本中国政府组织中西学者合力翻译的书籍，在满清统治下也彻底散失，在愚昧的满清统治下，这是这种类型书籍的必然命运，《天工开物》都会在中国失传，更 不必说别的了。 四、在开眼看世界上 人们把林则徐，魏源所成是睁眼看世界第一人，实际上这种说法根本错误，比他们早两个世纪，徐光启等一大批明朝知识分子已经把视野转向世界，并且认识到中国以后最大的竞争对手是西方殖民强盗 徐光启在《复苏伯润柱史》信中说“今之建贼，果化为虎豹矣，若真虎豹者，则今之闽海寇夷是也” 五、在以人为本，张扬个性上 王阳明说：“我的灵明，便是天地鬼神的主宰。天没有我的灵明，谁去仰他高？地没有我的灵明，谁去俯他深？鬼神没有我的灵明，谁去辨他吉凶灾祥？天地鬼神万物离去我的灵明，便没有天地鬼神万物了。” 王艮说“知得身是天下国家之本，则以天地万物依于己，不以己依于天地万物” 罗汝芳说“夫所谓立身者，立天下之大本也。首柱天焉，足镇地焉，以立人极于 宇宙之间” 汤显祖说“天地之性人为贵，人反自贱者，何也。”（《贵生书信记》《明复说》） 明末大思想家陈确说“天理正从人欲中见，人欲恰到好处，即天理也；向无人欲，则亦并无天理之可言矣” 六、在破除束缚，解放思想上 王阳明说“夫学贵得之心，求之于心而非也，虽其言之出于孔子，不敢以为是也，而况其未及孔子者乎？求之于心而是也，虽其言之出于庸常，不敢以为非也，而况其出于孔子者乎？”（《答罗整庵少宰书》） 王阳明又说“夫道，天下之公道也；学，天下之公学也，非朱子可得而私也，非孔子可得而私也。天下之公也，公言之而已矣。故言之而是，虽异于己，乃益于己也；言之而非，虽同于己，适损于己也。益于己者，己必喜之；损于己者，己必恶之。” 明代唯物主义思想巨人王廷相把“惟先儒之言是信”的人嘲笑成函关之鸡 “学者于道，不运在我心思之神以为抉择取舍之本，而惟先儒之言是信，其不为函关之鸡者几希” 冯梦龙在《广笑府叙》中说“又笑那孔夫子这老头，你絮絮叨叨说什么道学文章，也平白的把好些活人都弄死了”象不象鲁迅在五四时期说的话，然而这是提前了将近三百多年说的话。 七、在社会进化论方面 嘉靖时期的思想巨人王廷相在《雅述》下篇中说 “儒者曰：天地间万形皆有敝，惟理独不朽，此殆类痴言也。理无形质，安得而朽？以其情实论之，楫让之后为放伐，放伐之后为篡夺，井田坏而阡陌成，封建罢而郡县设，行于前者不能行于后，宜于古者不能宜于今，理因时致宜，逝者皆刍狗矣，不亦朽敝乎哉？ ”八、在文明演变发展方面 王夫之说“大昊以前，中国之人若麋聚鸟集，非必日照月临之下皆然也，必有一方焉如唐、虞、三代之中国。既人力所不通，而方彼之盛，此之衰而不能征之，迨此之盛，则彼衰而弗能述以授人，故亦蔑从知之也。” 这段话，是什么意思？就是说在大昊以前，中国人不过是麋聚鸟集的野蛮人而已，但未必在日照月临之下的全世界都是如此。肯定在某个地方存在一个比中 国更早步入了文明的社会，只不过因为人力不通，所以那边文明正处于强盛时期的时候，中国这边由于处于野蛮状态，而不能知道罢了。而到了中国文明强盛起来的 时候，那边的文明衰落了下去，不能显示出它的光辉，所以中国这边也还是不能知道罢了。 “在近小间有如此者，推之荒远，此混沌而彼文明，又何怪乎？《易》曰：‘乾坤毁则无以见易’，非谓天地之裂也，乾坤之大文不行于此土，则其德毁矣” “中国之文，乍明乍灭，他日者必且陵蔑以之于无文，而人之返乎轩辕以前，蔑不夷矣。” 也就是说中国的文明一会儿明亮，一会儿熄灭，将来必定消失退化到没有文明的状态，人也退化返回到轩辕以前，没有一个不是夷狄（“蔑不夷矣”）。显然这里的“夷”正是和文明对立的野蛮的同意词。 九、在捍卫文明，抵抗野蛮上 王夫之说“可禅、可继、可革！而不可使夷类间之” “夷夏者，义之犹严者”“不以一时之君臣，废古今夷夏之通义也” 痛斥“败类之儒，鬻道统于夷狄盗贼而使窃” 朱舜水对近代中国的影响也很大，这有梁启超和李大钊的话为证 梁启超说“舜水尤为伉烈，他反抗满洲的精神，至老不衰……（舜水的话）入到晚清青年眼中，像触电气一般震得直跳，对于近二十年政治变动影响实在不小”（《中国近三百年学术史》） 李大钊说“先哲朱舜水，身丁亡国大痛，间关出走，飘零异域，无时不以恢复中原为念。虽至势穷力尽，曾无灰心挫志，直至死而后己。……钊生当衰季之世，怆怀故国，倾心往哲。每有感触，辄复凄然”（1913年《言*》月刊 ） 十、在节制人口，计划生育问题上 冯梦龙说“不若人生一男一女，永无增减，可以长久。若二男二女，每生加一倍，日增不减少，何以养之？”（冯梦龙《太平广记钞》卷七，1626年，天启六年出版） 宋应星说 “一人两子算盘推，积到千年百万胎，幼子无孙犹不瞑，争叫杀运不重来” 十一、在提倡妇女解放，恋爱自由上 谢肇制在《五杂俎》中说 “‘父一而已，人尽夫也’，此语虽得罪于名教，亦格言也。父子之恩，有生以来不可以移易者也。委禽从人，原无定主。不但夫择妇，妇也择夫也。谓之人尽夫，亦可也” “即今国家律令……妇再适者，无禁焉。淫者，罪止于杖而已。岂非以人情哉？抑亦厚望于士君子，而薄则于妇人女子也？” 凌蒙初在《二刻拍案惊奇。卷十一》中说：“ 却有一件，天下事有好些不平的所在！假如男人死了，女人再嫁，便道是失了节、玷了名 ，污了身子，是个行不得的事，万口訾议；及至男人家丧了妻子，却又凭他续弦再娶，置妾买婢 ，做出若干的勾当，把死的丢在脑后不提起了，并没有道他薄幸负心，做一场说话。就是生前房 室之中，女人少有外情，便是老大的丑事，人世羞言；及至男人家撇了妻子，贪淫好色，宿娼养 妓，无所不为，总有议论不是的，不为十分大害。所以女子愈加可怜，男人愈加放肆，这些也是伏不得女娘们心里的所在。” 十二、在物竞天择，人由动物进化而来的观念上 明朝中期大思想家王廷相明确提出自然界是弱肉强食，优胜劣汰，自然万物并非为人所设，人不过是自然界万物中的一员，只不过人比其他动物聪明，所以才能驾驭趋势食用其他生物而已 王廷相说“天地之生物，势不得不然也，天何心哉？强食弱，大贼小，智残愚，物之势不得不然也，天又何心哉？” “人物之生于造化。一而已矣。无大小，无灵蠢，无寿夭，各随气之所秉而为生，此天地之化所以为公也。……但人灵于物，其智力机巧足以尽万物而 制之，或驱逐而远避，或拘系而役使，或戕杀而肉食，天之意岂如是哉？物势之自然耳。故强凌弱，众暴寡，智戕愚，通万物而皆然，虽天亦无如之何矣！” 这段话的意思就是：大自然产生出人和其他一切生物，都是按照同一的规律。无论形体的大小，无论智力的灵蠢，无论寿命的长短，都不过是按照其各 自秉承的物质基础而进行生命活动。天地变化规律之所以为公正就体现在这里。……人比其他生物聪明，智力机巧足够穷尽所有其他生物来加以控制，把有的生物驱 逐远离人类，有的生物则加以拘系役使，有的生物则戕杀吃它们的肉，上天的意思难道愿意这样吗？不过是事物的必然趋势而已，所以强大的欺凌弱小的，数量多的 镇压数量少的，聪明的戕杀愚蠢，这个道理在世间万物都是相通的都是一样。就算是上天也无可奈何，也不能加以改变 王夫之说“中国之天下，轩辕以前，其犹夷狄乎！太昊以上，其犹禽兽乎！禽兽不能备其质，夷狄不能备其文……所谓饥则呴呴，饱则弃余者，亦直立之兽而已” 也就是说，中国这块地方，在轩辕以前，也就是夷狄，太昊以上，就是禽兽。在这里王夫之，已经提出了动物禽兽进化成人的概念。 十三，在文学思想上面 明代万历时期有著名的袁氏三兄弟，建立的文学派别叫做公安派 而这个公安派居然直接成为了中国五四新文学运动的先驱 周作人在《中国新文学的源流》第四十三页中说 “假如从现代胡适之先生的主张里面，减去他受到的西洋的影响，那便是公安派的思想和主张了” 民国时期著名学者刘大杰在《中国文学发展史》中说 “晚明和五四时代的新文学运动，精神完全相同” 十四，文字改革，汉字拉丁化拼音化，以及创建世界语 明末四公子之一的方以智，同时也是明末四大思想巨头之一的方以智，主张汉字拼音化（比五四时期鲁迅等人的主张早了将近三百年） 在《方以智评传》中说“方以智主张文字拼音化，他仿西文列汉字成字母，依照音韵变化列出《旋韵图》”“方以智欣赏西方的拼音文字，希望中国和西方有朝一日能享同文之化。他设想进行文字改革必须先设立一个共同遵循的法则，有了它，可‘以近推远，以今推古’。” 他说“数千载之下，亿万里之外，皆可以对翻，小则明文字之音义，一贯而知，大则知无声之原，以尽声音之变，和乐律，通鬼神，格鸟兽” 《方以智评传》的作者感慨道：“这对于一个坚持改革的启蒙思想家，是何等博大的气魄，但是方以智的时代却不能给予他施展抱负的必要条件。他的愿望停留在纸上，近三百年之后，才被炎黄后裔逐步化为现实” 事实上方以智在1639年（崇祯24年，这个时候他才28岁）完成他的的巨著《通雅》和《物理小识》之后两三年，满清就入关了，方以智投入了反清洪流 中，他身为明朝进士，受过崇祯皇帝亲自见解，自然成为满清肉中钉眼中刺，后流亡各地，被迫削发为僧，但到康熙十年，还是没有能逃过满清毒手，被抓捕，押解 途中，经过惶恐滩，也就是文天祥诗句“惶恐滩头说惶恐，零丁洋里叹零丁”中的惶恐滩毅然自尽而死。这样恶劣的条件下，方以智当然没有办法施展自己的报复。
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_ Arilang1234 (talk) 09:42, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Bondservants and the ginseng tradeThe extensive rights of the Imperial Household Department over the ginseng trade {{Evidence from the early Qing peeriod suggests that this lucrative trade in ginseng was handled by the private slaves of the Jurchen leaders. The extensive rights of the Imperial Household Department over the ginseng trade and the expeditions of 600 men which the Household Department deputed to gather ginseng in the 1640s suggested that this was the continuation of a long-standing policy of sending out household slaves to engage in trade.Page 14.The Ching ImperialHousehold. Preston M. Torbert}}
{{The genealogical records of the bondservants of the emperor and other banner leaders, although offering a very restricted picture, are helpful in sketching a general outline of the origins of these private slaves. The personnel of the Imperial Household Department were the emperor's bondservants and most were descendants of Chinese captured during the conquest of this area. The genealogical records, as we might expect, indicate that by far the greatest number of Chinese bondservants of the emperor and other banner leaders came from Fu-shun and Shen-yang, which were captured in 1618 and 1621, a period when most Chinese capties were enslaved. The Chinnese captives were the most numerous group that worked in the ruler's household, but other nationalities were also present. The majorit of the bondservants before 1618 seem to have been Jurchen, with substantial numbers of Koreans and some Mongols. After the conquest of the Liao River basin in the 1620s, however, Chinese came to constitute a little over half of the total number of the emperor's bondservants before the conquest of China. At this time Manchus constituted about 30% of the bondservants, while Mongols and Koreans were about 6% and 7% respectively. The Manchu bondservants came from among criminals or indigent peasants within Manchu society, while the Koreans and Mongols were probably, like the Chinese, mainly war captives. Of the Manchu bondservants of the emperor,at least 48% seem to have been descendants of men who had entered his service before 1636.For Koreans the percentage was at least 80 and for Mongols at least 14. Comparable information for Chinese bondservants is unfortunately, lacking.Page 16-17}}
Added by Arilang1234 (talk) on November 11 or 12, 2008. Traditional chinese medicineHi, I put it in the PS as I meant the link to be Pseudosciences and pseudoscientific concepts (list) although I'm not sure what the house style is. Thanks, Verbal chat 12:45, 11 November 2008 (UTC) Please have a lookUser:Arilang1234/Sandbox/2 I am beginning to collect some links and references and put them under one article. Arilang talk 23:38, 13 November 2008 (UTC) Quotations from Cixi
Poem顾炎武有诗名《精卫》
Arilang talk 14:18, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
Korean's POV杜車别 葛兆光《从“朝天”到“燕行”—17世纪中叶后东亚文化共同体的解体》内容部分摘录 从“朝天”到“燕行”
Arilang talk 16:52, 17 November 2008 (UTC) Outline for Han DynastyAt last, here are the outlines (soon to be drafts) for the main article "Han Dynasty" and its five branch articles:
Keep your eyes peeled for additions in the coming weeks, and always, ALWAYS feel free to provide suggestions if you think a draft listed above can be enhanced with a greater amount of sources. As of now, only the economics article will have a short supply of sources, but enough to satisfy the criteria of a "Good Article" (GA).--Pericles of AthensTalk 19:16, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
Kangxi EmperorHello, In the article Kangxi Emperor you undid my revision where I added the official starting date of his reign to the treasury section (in order to frame the fact that the figures start from 1668 rather than 1661/62 - to prevent misunderstandings). I agree that the article should fit the historical facts (I hastily took the 1661 figure from the top of the article) but why couldn't you just simply change the date by one digit instead of using an undo? I think it's still important to note the start of his reign in the treasury section because the figure's don't cover the first few years and readers should be able to see a clearly presented timeline (the reason for my previous edit). Anyway I'd just like to request you to put the start of his reign back in that part of the article, whatever year you think it is supposed to be and please word it to your satisfaction. --I (talk) 11:33, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
Anti-Qing sentimentThanks for your concern and comments on Anti-Qing sentiment. I am trying very hard not to start another long and fruitless discussion(Qing talk page, it will take forever to read it). If some editor is determined to delete all my contributions, let him do it if he thinks fit. I have been labeled, and was subjected to No personal attacks#Personal attacks many times, my words got twisted around, was accused of a link that I had deleted already, and I wonder what other tricks are yet to be comimg? Arilang talk 04:03, 28 November 2008 (UTC) Madalibi, anti-Qing and anti-Manchuism are two opposing political concepts, two concepts that antagonize each other, it is just like putting 'fire' and 'water' together, and is rediculous. Anti-Qing was(and is) a political, cultural, and military movements. The anti-Qing sentiment is very strong again, if you read internet blogs, where communist government is repeatedly being refered to as a "later Qing"(后清) government, and the new Chinese elites are being refered to as new "Eight Banners" (八旗). What I am experiencing right now is a political attack disguised as a personal attack. I know that, I am not 三岁小孩. Arilang talk 05:19, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
Hi, I thought I put the gallery here for you convenience. Arilang talk 03:39, 29 November 2008 (UTC) At the moment I am stocking up on my Commons gallery on might be useful images ,so I think might be good idea to leave the editing of Southern Ming Dynasty to other editors for a little while. I think images sometimes are better than words. Arilang talk 04:38, 29 November 2008 (UTC) Sorry, have to remove all the images until copy-right problems solved. Sorryeeeee. Arilang talk 07:07, 29 November 2008 (UTC) New image with no copy-right problem So far this is the best drawing I have seen. It is a work of art. Arilang talk 02:52, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
After some quick research: this print appeared in the Foochow Herald (Fuzhou jiebao 福州捷报), an English-language newspaper that was founded by missionaries sometime after 1858 in the treaty port of Fuzhou (see this article: 晚清时期传教士在福建的出版活动). I assume the print is a depiction of the Battle of Fuzhou, which took place in late August 1884 during the Sino-French War. Check the wiki on the Battle of Fuzhou: it has a lot of pictures of the attack in all kinds of styles. Very interesting to compare. Thanks again! --Madalibi (talk) 03:23, 30 November 2008 (UTC) Another good one: Arilang talk 03:33, 30 November 2008 (UTC) A survey of Chinese historypeople.cohums.ohio-state.edu Arilang talk 03:10, 30 November 2008 (UTC) Population chartLink:ohio-state.edu I hope this is useful to you. Arilang talk 08:01, 1 December 2008 (UTC) Sorry about the population chart(got deleted), I shall make my own chart and upload again, that will eliminate copy right problem.
Some issues to discuss with ArilangBelow are a few issues I like to discuss with you. Wang Yangming's "xinxue"
比如说黄宗羲，唐甄等人的反对君主专制，提倡“工商皆本”，徐光启，方以智等人的科学精神，黄宗羲，顾炎武，颜元等人的经世致用，反对空谈义理，注重现实的思想，都是实学的一部分。还有东林党和三巨头等人的minzhu思想，都是从王阳明心学衍生出来的。 May be talk about in Ming related article?
Wang Yangming#Innate knowing Out of Cheng-Zhu's Neo-Confucianism that was mainstream at the time, Wang Yangming developed the idea of innate knowing, arguing that every person knows from birth the difference between good and evil. Such knowledge is intuitive and not rational. These revolutionizing ideas of Wang Yangming would later inspire prominent Japanese thinkers like Motoori Norinaga, who argued that because of the Shinto deities, Japanese people alone had the intuitive ability to distinguish good and evil without complex rationalization. His school of thought (Ōyōmei-gaku in Japanese, Ō stands for the surname "Wang", yōmei stands for "Yangming", gaku means "school of learning") also greatly influenced the Japanese samurai ethic Arilang talk 07:26, 2 December 2008 (UTC) The Ideal Chinese Political Leader By Xuezhi Guo]
Doesn't it all sounds familiar? Jimmy Wales quotation:Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're doing. Arilang talk 08:54, 2 December 2008 (UTC) Population loss
The nature of the Qing regime
[Madalibi: I removed a sub-title here.] 《中国历代政治得失》——钱穆 这可以说明清代政治，完全是一种军事统制，而这种军事统制，又完全是一种部族统制，因为兵权是该完全归于这个部族的。 清代政府发布最高命令的手续，又是非常不合理……这不是全国政治，都变成秘密不再公开了！秘密政治这当然只能说是一种法术，而不能说是一种制度呀！ 清朝从前做皇帝，外面送给皇帝的公事，先送到六部，皇帝拿出来的公事，六部也一定得先看。因为政治该公开，而六部尚书是全国的行政首长呀。这在明代还是如此的。那时大官的任用还有廷推，小官的任用则只经过吏部。事关教育，则一定要经礼部的。不能说皇帝私下决定了，不再给政府行政长官预闻就可办。这绝不能说是一种制度，也不能说它是习惯法，只该说它是法术。为什么？因为这是纯粹出之于私心的。而私心则绝不能形成出制度。 有这一点看来，清代比明代更独裁。明代还是在制度之下由皇帝来当宰相。宰相废了，而宰相的职权则由皇帝兼。只是宰相做错了，须负责。皇帝做错了，可以不负责。除此一分别以外，明代制度还是和过去大体相似的。清代就更超越了这限度。我们曾讲过，唐宋诸代的诏敕，宰相一定要盖章，没有宰相的章，就不成为诏书。为什么皇帝下诏书一定要宰相盖章呢？这就是一种制度了。为什么皇帝的诏书不能给旁人看，而要直接送出呢？这就是一种法术了。 这里的分别很简单，换句话说：一个是公的，有理由的，一个是私的，没有理由的。清代那种私心的政治，又怎样能做得下去呢？这就因为皇帝背后有全部满洲人撑腰。一个皇帝要独裁，他背后定要有一部分人强力支持他，他才能真独裁。 中国历史从秦以后，历代皇帝的背后就没有这样一个固定的力量。若说皇帝利用读书人，读书人在拥护皇帝，可是读书人拥护皇帝比较是公的。因为读书人不是皇帝的私势力。而且读书人也不是一个固定的集团。中国历史上只有元和清，皇帝后面有整批蒙古人和满洲人帮忙。 [Signature added by madalibi:] Arilang talk
Madalibi: May be I was wrong in the way Qing and Nazi Germany was put into one basket, well, it isn't my original thought(copied idea from intrnet blogger). May be you are right in presenting Qing as a 'sucessfull', 'effective', 'well run and organizied' hierarchy. And you have the figure to prove it: look at the population growth. But, you may be able to say that Qian Mu's opinions are somehow biased, that is ok. What about this criticisim from a different world:
[Signature added by madalibi:] Arilang talk
New articleGenocides and Atrocities committed by Manchu Qing Hi, just to let you know I have created another new article. Arilang talk 12:34, 8 December 2008 (UTC) Some answers to your comment on new article. Arilang talk 10:49, 10 December 2008 (UTC) Empire or DynastyI have a look at British Empire and Mongol Empire, and thinking, shouldn't we change Qing Dynasty into Qing Empire or Manchu Empire. What I am saying is China was basically ruled separately in four parts under Qing ,China proper, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Hui(Muslim), and it is really more an Empire than a dynasty. There were many dynasties in the past, but not many Empire. Arilang talk 11:37, 10 December 2008 (UTC) Re: Qing dynasty editsThanks for your message. Previously I mainly focused on articles related to the Yuan Dynasty; from now on I'll pay more attention to the Qing-related articles when I have time.--Choulin (talk) 03:27, 11 December 2008 (UTC) What consists of a Genocide?More comments on my talk page. Arilang talk 14:03, 12 December 2008 (UTC) More evidence on Genocidal Manchu tribal chief在清朝統一全國的過程中，由於作出了剃髮易服的規定，曾在南方遭到了部分漢族等各族人民的武裝抵抗，發生過多次屠殺江南抗清軍民事件，如揚州十日、嘉定三屠、江陰慘殺。除此之外，清軍還可能曾經在廣州、贛州、湘潭、大同、四川、南雄、潮州等地也進行了屠殺，尚存爭議。順治六年（1649年）清兵入四川，「民賊相混，玉石難分。或屠全城，或屠男而留女」；陷崑山(Jiangxu province)時，一日內死難者高達四萬人，「崑山頂上僧寮中，匿婦女千人，小兒一聲，搜戮殆盡，血流奔瀉，如澗水暴下」。順治六年（1649年）鄭親王濟爾哈朗佔領湖南後屠湘潭，「築牆掘濠，使城內人不能逸出，然後用紅夷大炮攻破，盡行誅戮」。南昌大屠殺時，「婦女各旗分取之，同營者迭嬲無晝夜」。順治七年（1650年）尚可喜、耿繼茂攻 克廣州，「再破廣州，屠戮甚慘，居民幾無遺類……累骸燼成阜，行人於二、三裡外望如積雪。因築大坎痤焉，表曰共塚。」「甲申更姓，七年討殛。何辜生民，再 遭六極。血濺天街，螻蟻聚食。饑鳥啄腸，飛上城北，北風牛溲，堆積髑髏。或如寶塔，或如山丘……」。南雄大屠殺時，「家家燕子巢空林，伏屍如山莽充斥…… 血泚焦土掩紅顏，孤孩尚探娘懷乳」。潮州大屠殺，「縱兵屠掠，遺骸十余萬。」 With still plenty of verifiable historical facts around, it is quite easy to show that what Manchu tribal chiefs did to Han Chinese is comparable to what Mongols did to pre-modern Iraqi and Iran, you think so? Manchus were Jurchen were tribal peopleThere is no denying that they were all tribal people, no matter how hard they try, no matter how many titles(Kings, emperors, empress, princes they can pile on top of their heads). They were genocidal, murderous, and they were barbarians, full stop. No matter how beautiful the outside package is, the inside is rotten to the most. Any person that can read, and can use 'google search' can find out the facts. It takes a bit longer, that is all. Madalibi, lets call spade a spade. Barbarians could never disguise as Chinese scholars, which is exactly those Manchu tribal chiefs trying to cheat others. Arilang talk 12:24, 13 December 2008 (UTC) Paramount chief Chiefdom Tribal chief New answer to your comment at talk page Genocides and Atrocities committed by Manchu chiefdom Arilang talk 18:10, 13 December 2008 (UTC) Reference 10 missed outHi, my answer to your comment. Please read ref. No.10 of Genocides and Atrocities committed by Manchu chiefdom Arilang talk 03:46, 15 December 2008 (UTC) Code TangThanks ! Yug (talk) 16:23, 20 December 2008 (UTC) Merry X'mas to youLets forget our differences during the festive season and have a great time, and happy new year. Arilang talk 06:44, 24 December 2008 (UTC)
Thanks for your suggestion Madalibi, I have changed the name accordingly. All the articles I have created are on my user page, please feel free to suggest any changes, you know I always welcome your opinions, even if sometimes we do not agree with each other. Arilang talk 20:05, 28 December 2008 (UTC) Chinese holocaustJust to inform you that the article Chinese Holocaust has been moved into my sandbox for more research. Arilang talk 00:04, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
Another new articlePlease have a look 2009 CCSTV New Year's Gala, the next hot internet topic, and give me some advices on how to improve it. Arilang talk 01:38, 7 January 2009 (UTC) thanksHi, Madalibi. Many thanks for your reverting vandalism on my talk page. --Neo-Jay (talk) 12:14, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
Mr.Cannon...Regarding recent edits made to the Japanese_invasions_of_Korea and the subsequent removal of a "latvian cannon" Is there any other images you have to add for that era that you know of(especially another Cannon picture? - ive seen your good work on the Ming_dynasty) Help would be appreciated. Thanks for your tidy on the page also.--CorrectlyContentious 10:31, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
IntroductionHi Madalibi. About the literary inquisition article, if you are sure that all of the points were referenced by the content in The Cambridge History of China and they were indeed talking about the Siku Quanshu and the censorship of Qing literary inquisition, then that would be fine. I wasn't certain if all of the 7 points in the old "Burning of books" section came from sources of The Cambridge History of China as you can see only one of them was cited.--TheLeopard (talk) 10:47, 7 January 2009 (UTC) Could you keep an eye out on the Siku Quanshu article? That is in case if this user User:Arilang1234 adds back all of his/her off-the-wall, grammatically poorly-written material to the article? I don't think these randomly sorted sections added by this user (talking about Siku Jinshu?? Related to Siku Quanshu? "Literary holocaust"... etc.) should be doing on the article since they are quite poorly-written and have very little to do with the encyclopedia topically.--TheLeopard (talk) 10:45, 7 January 2009 (UTC) Characters for Nie WengyiHey, how's it going. I can't find them online; I was wondering if you could show me the character name for Nie Wengyi, that merchant from Mayi who convinced the 134 BC court conference under Emperor Wu to have Han assault the Xiongnu. Thanks.--Pericles of AthensTalk 13:39, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
It's official: the article, History of the Han Dynasty, is not only up and ready, but is linked to in a dozen different articles (ones I thought were relevant).--Pericles of AthensTalk 23:45, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
Open invitationHi, please check User talk:Arilang1234#Co-editors needed for new article Hua-Yi zhi bian 華夷之辨 Arilang talk 22:12, 9 January 2009 (UTC) User:Arilang1234/Sandbox/ Hua-Yi zhi bian(temporary name)User:Arilang1234/Sandbox/ Hua-Yi zhi bian(temporary name) Please provide content:lead section and the rest. Arilang talk 02:26, 10 January 2009 (UTC) Need your help againI have created an article:
Lao BaixingSince Lao Baixing is created, I think most of the English word Chinese in all of these history articles such as Qing, Ming and Song, Ming can be replaced with Qing Lao Baixing, Ming Lao Baixing, and Song Lao Baixing. What you think? Arilang talk 23:47, 3 February 2009 (UTC) Qing-Yuan Legitimacy debateCan you take a look at this article and add stuff to the traditioanl view and why people might think Qing and Yuan are Legitimate? Also, I have a question about your view on Ming and Qing. Is it not true that Qing was a retrogression in these ways:
So my question is, in which ways do you think Qing compares favorably with Ming.Teeninvestor (talk) 02:04, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
Sorry to interruptzh:剃髮易服 Quote:「剃髮易服」是清初主要的社會矛盾之一。針對當時各地漢人的抗爭此起彼伏的情況，當時的陳名夏曾說過：「留髮復衣冠，天下即可太平。」然而不久他就因為說了這句話而被滿門抄斬。Unquoted.
My response1. Thank you for taking time with me Madlibi. I agree with the fact that the Qing did use gunpowder weapons and did not lose as badly, but my point is that chinese technology was largely STAGNANT during Qing, while they were advancing in Song, Ming, Han, T'ang. Certainly the pace of discovery was relatively high durign these dynasties, while virtually stagnant in Qing. 2. Yes the Ming did prohibit foreign trade for a while, but they lifted the order in the 15th century. This "prohibition" is in line with what happened during Song and Yuan , because the state wanted to control the trade at certain ports(Quanzhou) and what happened during Qing(only Guangzhou(canton) was allowed to trade.). But the point is, one the prohibition was lifted, and two it was not enforced very well; as Joseph Needham was saying, there were a trade of several hundred million taels. If we put that to purchasing power, Ming government's revenues of 27 million taels would be 2.5-4 trillion(comparing to US state revenues, of course Ming had a smaller government) so you can imagine the trade was quite large. 3. Ming emperor was less powerful than Qing, but it's a natural development. The Chinese monarchy had been weakening since the T'ang; the Song and Ming rulers were much more weaker and had to respond to their subjects, which got much stronger. This is in long with what happened in 18th century Europe, where the absolutist Kings (think Louis XIV)got weaker and the parlements got stronger. Qing, however, reversed this trend and reinstated the old system. Of course the absolutist government is better in some cases(like famine relief you mentioned), but its not better in all cases, and certainly not when under a foreign ruler. Isn't Emperor Taizong a good administrator? or Emperor Wu of Han? But you would nto want to go back to mercantilism. Using stocks as an analogy(see my name, teeninvestor, it literally describes how old i am and my hobbies.) you'll get a little bounce if your stock falls too heavily, but that doesn't mean you should hold it. For example, in some ways barbarian takeover and slaughter of the Roman population, which gave birth to the modern European states, can be argued to have some good things over the old Roman Empire, but thats after what was basically a descent into barbarism. Also, about the wealth of the people, there were far more popular insurrections and famines under Qing than Ming. Ming insurrections and famines came later, when the little ice age basically caused North China to become unproductive. As well, all previous peasant rebellions in china mention division of land. peasant rebellions of Qing, however, always have to slogan "Crush the Qing, restore the Ming." This can show the sentiments of the people. 4.By what I mean by Qing banned Han chinese dress, they forcibly changed the dress of a people and killed those who did not accept. There's a saying from the Qing: leave your hair or leave your head. Qing regarded themselves as Jur'chens and they were going to benefit the Jur'chens rather than the Han chinese. Thats why we have the banner people being on a pension, etc... Their first goal is maintain their rule over China, not care about whether that country is strong or not. This is why Cixi is saying give to foreigners, rather than slaves, etc... For one, the Indians wouldn't regard the British Raj as just another dynasty(85 million bodies piling up there). As to suppression of Ming technology. First off, many Ming texts were burnt, including Tian Kan Quan Ming, a scientific encyclopedia. Secondly, Qing production of gunpowder weaposn was far fewer than Ming. one Ming battalion had 600 muskets, 200 firelances, and 50 cannnons. During Jiaqing's reign, the entire Qing empire could only produce 150 cannons. See http://gz-hanfu.cn/doc/The-Truth-of-History.pdf(in Chinese) for some information I used for my technological and economic arguments. 5. Thought is a lot freer in Ming. Thats why you have lots of scholars publishing books. In fact, there is a large number of Chinese thinkers, philosophers, etc... in 1578-1644. This is well documented by Joseph Needham. 6. By what I mean poorer is on a relative basis. During Ming, China was still one of the richest countries in the world, and certainly not stagnant. By end of Qing it was opposite. If you read wealth of nations or Lord McCartney's travels, all of them use China as a case for stagnation. Also, in Qing (until late Qing) you wouldn't found merchants that have treasures exceeding the state, like in Ming. There is also an interesting account in which portugese visitors in the 16th century considered Ming rich, while McCartney described "hordes of beggars" in Qing, but I don't consider that a reliable source. 7. Was the Ming government really more corrupt than Qing? I don't think so. FIrst of all, Ming had far fewer mouths to feed, so there would not be more corruption even if corruption per capita was equal. Secondly, there is no evidence Ming was more corrupt; in fact I think the reverse is true. As to princely estates, during Ming they were entitlement; like, the prince has the right to receive taxation revenue from so and so households, weren't collected from the peasants. Now under Qing, it basically was a restoration of feudalism, last seen in China about 1800 years ago! Qing princes basically rounded up Chinese peasants and turned them into feudal serfs! 8. Was Ming really less powerful than Qing? Ming had control over Tibet, Xinjiang and Manchuria as well. Qing just ruled them more tightly. These has more to do with the introduction of Maize into China as Han and T'ang discovered holdignt hese areas without bring food was extremely expensive. Therefore Ming did not hold these areas permanently. Nevertheless, they retained their control over these areas through periodic stationing of military troops as well as governors. To illustrate what I mean, take the case of Northern Canada. Canada stations minimal military troops there, (there are no permanent bases)and the area is extremely underpopulated(an area larger than Europe with a population below 100,000). But does Canada still retain soverignty over this area? The answer would be yes. The same thing, I suspect, is for the Ming. The area was under their control, but it was so sparsely populated and difficult to administer, they basically put it under the administration of the border generals and looked into it once in a while. Now under Qing, because of introduction of Maize, the Qing can grow food right in Xinjiang, tibet, etc..., so it can afford to station military troops there. As to Qing defeating all nomadic rivals, I would think Han and T'ang far exceeded them in that respect. Even the Jin dynasty(265-420) could herd millions of barbarians into its terroritory and basically treat them as slaves(though with bad results, see Wu Hu). I would think the Ming would be no less powerful in that respect. Chinese dynasties at their zenith have usually be much superior to the nomadic nations(Song excepted, for special reasons) and able to remain at peace for the whole duration of the dynasty except the beginning and end. Tighter Qing rule over the western provinces is best explained by introduction of maize and other American crops, which can be grown in dry regions. This also explains increase in population durign Qing rule. Had the Ming lived for another 200 years, I believe it would also tighten its conrol over Tibet and Xinjiang due to introduction of Maize(and it would have probably also advanced into industrial age.) 9. The most important part to remember about Qing(and I can't stress this enough) is that they were a foreign usurpation in China(based on logic of confucianism), and they never forgot that. They wouldn't like technology because the ones operating would be the HAN CHINESE who would then overthrow them in favor of self-governance. That wouldn't be a pretty fate(see Ran Min). This is why Cixi stopped the reforms, why Kangxi wouldn't let his subjects contact western(or Ming, for that matter) technology, why Yongzheng, Qianlong, limited trade to one port. Their first priority was to destroy anything that Han chinese could use against them to overthrow them. This, I believe is the main reason why Japan succeeded and Qing did not. If a han chinese government had been in place, they wouldn't fear that the new technology would be used to overthrow them(and that's assuming they would not be the originator of the industrial revolution in the first place, which I find to be highly unprobable.) 10. Something I find annoying about study of chinese history(doesn't just apply to westerners , also applies to chinese) is that a lot of acadmeics just think china advanced to here, and then to there, and then it stagnates for hundreds of years for absolutely no reason( see the absurd Marxist concept of Oriental despotism.]] You would think that a country that invented paper, compass, printing press, and gunpowder would not suddenly descend into stagnation without a sudden invasion or change in government. I mean, by the 17th Century, the Ming had a pretty good free market economy set up, the pace of discovery is quickening, and then after Manchu come in Poof, its all gone. the period between 1578 and 1644 sees a large number of thinkers, scientists, and philosophers born, while the period after 1644, you'd be hard pressed to name a single thinker. If the manchu conquest was indeed just a continuation of Ming, what are the reasons for the Great Divergence? that Chinese state interfered too much(Ming and Qing collected less tax than Europe)? that Chinese are hostile to capitalism(you should read some of the christian rants on usury; plus, look at how willing china embraced capitalism after the fortunate death of Mao)? Oriental despotism(don't need an explanation destroying that absurd concept, my reading of the decline and fall fo the roman empire convinces me that Roman Emperors are a lot more despotic than Chinese. Chinese emperors do not order massacres in large cities(Caracalla) and even Wu di or Taizong would have to think twice before putting hundreds of officials to death(Commodus, Nero, too many to count.)), Christianity(I say confucianism is much more hospitable to capitalism)? Teeninvestor (talk) 22:14, 4 February 2009 (UTC) From my points I have concluded Qing is not better technologically per 1. not better economically per 2. 6. 7. not better military per 8. not better progressivewise per 5. 4. 9. Basically, my conclusion is that Qing was basically a long stagnation(technologically, economically and politically) and in some cases even retrogression, similar to how the Mongols were a stagnation and retrogression of the Song. Teeninvestor (talk) 12:34, 4 February 2009 (UTC) My replyHi again Teeninvestor, and thank you for your responses. I'm glad I can get into a discussion like this with you, though I don't have enough time to give it my all. Let me respond to selected points, because I can't respond to all. [Well, turns out I went all the way to 8 and took much more time than I thought!] 1. Some scholars claim that Chinese technology started to stagnate around 1400, not 1640. Why do you claim that inventions kept appearing between 1578 and 1644? If you can name some of these inventions, we can then see if the Qing suppressed them or contributed to diffusing them. And the history of technology is more than the history of inventions. Inventions are spectacular, but in order to have any kind of effect, they have to be followed by large-scale adoption. The Qing was in a continuum with the Ming in the diffusion of innovations in manufacturing or agriculture. So were Song, Yuan, and Ming. And you haven't responded to my point about why there should necessarily be more and more pre-industrial inventions forever, or why more inventions should always leave to an industrial revolution. This is purely an assumption based on what happened in one part of the world (Western Europe) under special histoical circumstances. Why should this be a necessary process? 2. I think foreign trade was made legal again in the 1570s, not earlier. Even then, direct trade with Japan was still prohibited, and most trade with European countries (mostly Spain and Portugal at the time) was done through Macao or Manila, not directly on Ming territory. And yes the Ming got a large influx of silver that way, but you seem to assume that the Qing didn't. This is entirely false. The British started selling opium to Chinese merchants precisely because the balance of trade was too heavily in China's favor. Silver was flowing into the Qing empire despite the confinement of trade to Canton, and was stimulating the domestic economy as it did during the Ming. And until the very end of the Tokugawa period the Japanese also restricted trade to one port (Nagasaki), but this didn't keep them from modernizing. 3. Many of your points seem to be pre-oriented toward glorifying the Ming and criticizing the Qing (see also point 7 below). When the Ming government becomes ineffectual, you say it's a "natural evolution" and you compare it with the evolution of parliaments in European countries. But when Qing rule proves effective, you say it's "reverting" toward "absolutism"! But where are the Ming equivalents of parliaments? Also, one standard for judging early-modern states is how much resources they can extract from the territories they govern in order to build state institutions. The Manchus were very successful at state building before they conquered the Ming, and again in the 18h century when tax collection was smooth, famine relief was at its height, and Qing armies dominated East Asia. There were public granaries as early as the Tang (and perhaps even earlier), but no dynasty that I know of expanded famine relief activities to such a scale as the Qing did. This kind of "welfare state" is not something absolute governments are known for. And of course I wasn't defending absolutism or saying it was a good system. I was only pointing to aspects of Qing rule that compared well with their Ming (or early-modern European) counterparts. What is your source for saying that "there were far more popular insurrections and famines under Qing than Ming"? Maybe we have this kind of statistics, but even if we do, the discrepancy could simply come from documentation, because far more Qing documents have survived than Ming documents. And to use your metaphor of stocks, I'm sure you wouldn't invest on the basis of blanket premises like "big corporations always give you big returns," or "high-dividend yields are a waste of money," or "the Hong Kong market is bad." You can certainly be more flexible in your assessment of historical periods too. 4. Here I would need evidence rather than assertions. I mean evidence that:
Sorry to interruptOn 天工开物:zh:天工開物 Quote:有一種說法，說因為中國的大量古籍中存在強烈的華夷之辯意識，滿族入關後，為鞏固作為異族的統治，消滅漢族主體意識，對中國古籍進行了一次集中整理、檢查、修改和銷毀，即是通稱的對四庫全書的整理。其中凡被認為對滿清不利的，進行修改或毀滅。《天工開物》因被認為存在「反滿」思想而被銷毀。Unquoted. Arilang talk 20:52, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
5. You also had lots of scholars publishing books during the Qing. Tons of them, actually: there are simply too many Qing books to list. There were many Chinese thinkers in the Qing too. They may not be as well-known as Wang Yangming, but still. I'm not denying that the late Ming was an incredibly rich and flourishing period. Just saying that the contrast is not as strong as you seem to think. 6 If you compare 1600 to 1860, then sure "the Ming economy" was more prosperous than the Qing. Nobody would doubt that. But you get the oposite result if you compare the Ming in 1400 (or 1640) to the Qing in 1750. Everything I've read tells me that the high Ming and the high Qing experienced largely the same processes: intensification of agriculture, development of rural manufactures, increased urbanization and commercialization of the economy, development of inter-regional trade, increase of commercial capital, etc. So we apparently had the same "pre-conditions" for a scientific or industrial revolution in 1600 and 1750. In both cases, it didn't happen, but I strongly doubt it was because of the Manchus. And I'm gonna repeat myself but: in order to show that anything inhibited the scientific or industrial revolution in China, you first have to show that something like that was already under way (or was supposed to happen ineluctably). Problem is, even serious scholars have not managed to make a convincing argument for that. Portuguese visitors in the 16th century lived in a completely different world (16th-century Portugal) from Macartney. I suspect the same Portuguese visitors would have found the Qing "rich" in 1750 and Macartney the Ming "poor" in 1600. The late 18th century is when Europeans (starting with the British) started to describe China as "stagnating." This view came partly from British merchants who were frustrated by their experience dealing with officials in southern China, and from what they had seen about Chinese life and Chinese people in Canton. The value of progress had become central to European representations of themselves at the time, and they were bound to look for things like feats of engineering or things that Britain didn't have. But Macartney was at the beginning of an aggressive British imperial expansion: despite his neutral tone, he was not a neutral observer. This whole discourse of "backwardness" and "stagnation" was soon used to justify British imperialist ventures, so it's not exactly unbiased. The British (including Daniel Defoe in a sequel to Robinson Crusoe) also said things like (not exact quotations): "the Chinese are a naturally servile race"; "they are ignorant barbarians who are unable to learn," etc. Like the comments you cite, these comments say more about those who made them than about those they describe. But sure: China in 1793 (the year of the Macartney's time) was not undergoing an Industrial Revolution; it didn't have engineering schools, it didn't value technological and scientific progress for their own sake, etc. This is where people have talked of a "Great Divergence," and I agree we still have a problem to explain, but I seriously don't think we should assume that the Industrial Revolution is something that "just happens." What I mean is: one of the reasons that China didn't "have one" was that such things don't "just happen." 7. I hadn't emphasized "corruption," because it's pretty much impossible to measure. I think there was a lot of corruption in both cases, though part of it came from the expectation that officials could legitimately supplement their revenues with gifts they received while in office. The late Ming was notoriously corrupt by any standard. So were some parts of the Qing. I'm not sure what we can say about this. Your comparison that "the Ming had far fewer mouths to feed, therefore there was less corruption if corruption per capita was less" (not a direct quote) can be flipped around: if corruption was equal for every official, then corruption per capita was higher in the Ming because the Ming population was lower. Both statements are speculative. Qing princes rounded up Chinese peasants and turned them into serfs, but only until about 1700, when the system had collapsed. By then, there were very few Han (or Manchu) serfs, and a lot of land that had been given to Manchus had been mortgaged and eventually sold to Chinese. In other words the system didn't last. As for Ming princes, I think you're underestimating how much it cost the throne. There were only limited estates for princes, but the throne had to nourish all the descendants of Zhu Yuanzhang's sons. By the late Ming, there were tens of thousands of them, and (along with eunuchs and the imperial "harem"), they were a heavy burden for the Ming treasury. I'm not completely sure about the statistics, but I'm sure the original princely estates were not enough to feed the imperial clan. Also, the Ming gave tax privileges to literati: anybody who held the lowest examination degree (shengyuan 生員 or xiucai 秀才) was exempt from taxes. You can imagine what happened: people sold their lands to degree-holders and kept working on that land tax free; the tax burden was therefore shifted to those who couldn't find such protections. I'm simplifying a bit, but this was the general trend. 8 I'm about to stop because I'm totally out of time, but just one more point: the Ming controlled "Outer Manchuria" only from 1411 to 1435, when a Regional Command was established in the Amur River (or Heilongjiang) valley. But it was abandoned in 1435 because it was too costly. After that, the Ming had no direct control over the regions we now call Manchuria (except for the Liaodong peninsula, but that's a very small fraction of the land the Qing controlled). Sure, until the rise of the Manchus, there was no powerful rival state there, but this doesn't mean Ming was in control. Supposed "control" over Xinjiang was inexistent (though the tiny states over there were usually in tributary relations with the Ming), and you should check Tibet during the Ming Dynasty for Tibet. As I'm previewing, I see you added this sentence: "Had the Ming lived for another 200 years, I believe it would also tighten its conrol over Tibet and Xinjiang due to introduction of Maize(and it would have probably also advanced into industrial age.)" This is a very idealistic counterfactual. The Qing did not bring Tibet (or Xinjiang, for that matter) under its control because of maize. It did because of Manchu rivalries with the Dzungars in "Xinjiang." The Dzungars were giving their patronage to Tibetan lamas, who were in turn helping the Dzungars against the Qing. Lamas helped the Dzungars until the very end, in the 1750s, when the Dzungars were exterminated. The Qing government at the time was also considering killing lamas, but that didn't happen. Your further points would also deserve a response, but I'm really out of time, now. My concluding point is not that "the Qing is better than the Ming," by the way: I don't like this kind of blanket statement, and this is not even what I'm arguing for on individual points. I'm just saying that it's too easy to get a bad impression of the Qing when you rely only on writings that either demonize the Qing (like Du Chebie or the essay you linked to) or don't discuss the Qing at all (Needham). Feel free to answer again, though I'm not sure I can answer any time soon because I just have too many things to do in real life! Cheers, Madalibi (talk) 03:40, 5 February 2009 (UTC) My second response1. Although Ming did "prohibit" foreign trade, the prohibition wasn't exactly effective. There was still quite a considerable trade even the during the "prohibition" period. Trade to Japan was prohibited because the japanese tried to challenge Ming for hegemony(something as unspeakable as murdering your own parents in China, which warrants an immediate and brutal execution in ancient times.). 2. By what I mean "stagnation" is that the Ming were obviously better than the Song, the Song were more advanced than the T'ang, etc... But Qing were not more advanced than Ming(I'm leaving out Yuan because I think you agree with me on that part.). Ming had a government that was gradually weakening because the merchant class was getting more powerful. I would think that the examination system in China and 18th century parliaments are the same thing as they both allow the new merchant class to get into power and dilutes the power of the nobility. Ming did have a problem with feeding Zhu's descendants, but Ming tax revenues were quite low compared to Qing. 3. As to peasant rebellions, Ming did not have severe peasant uprisings until onset of Little Ice Age(1627) until the end. There were a few uprisings before, but they were extremely brief(a few months at most.). Now the Qing had a 10-year Miao rebellion starting in 1796, a white lotus rebellion at the same time that also lasted several years, and the Taiping rebellion which lasted 20+ years, plus some minority rebelliions. From 1796 to 1880's Qing was basically constantly in civil war. Now that's longer in any other chinese dynasty, even the military rebellions of the Late Tang(751-814), which had many power-hungry generals. Also, all the peasants had slogan of "crush the Qing, restore the Ming." Also, reasons were different. the Large Qing uprisings were to some extent motivated by Manchu oppression, rather than starving. Qing did have a pretty good famine relief system. The rebellions during the Ming were simply because you cannot grow food for 20 years as all the land is freezing up! Think of hte disorder in the world right now if suddenly all the temperate zones couldn't grow food. That's what happened during Ming.(and also reason why Manchu took over. They were not a strong nomadic race by any standard compared to Mongols or Huns, which were defeated.) 3. As to suppression of texts, thousands of Ming texts were destroyed and now can only be find in Japanese, English, etc.. similar to how Roman texts were destroyed by christians and now only found in arabic, etc. Now, the number of texts lost during Ming, considering it was rightly one of china's "golden age" dynasties, is considerable. You wouldn't think that thousands of books, especially ones so famous, would suddenly go out of circulation. Also, what about the Literary inquistion, in which Manchus burned thousands of literary texts. 4. As to the western terroritories, I say this as first, Ming did estabelish commandries as far as Tian Shan, Xinjiang(not sure how long they lasted). But Ming control was weaker than in Han and T'ang because the expenditure from these two previous dyansties were too high. Think about it. How come Han and Tang didn't send an army and conquer Russia or something? are they dumb? no. It's logistics. In history, a certain level of agriculture allows you to support a certain extent of terroritory. Han and T'ang estabelished control over Xinjiang and Manchuria, but frankly, at a massive expense. Ming had control over Xinjiang and Tibet(handed out titles, intervened to depose rulers, etc..) as well as Manchuria(same thing). Now if Ming had maize and other crops that could grwo in dry regions, they would have been able to hold these areas permanently as any chinese dynasties would have, as they regarded this area(xinjiang, Manchuria, etc..) as part of CHina's terroritory. That's why Han and T'ang held it, and why Ming at least estabelished commandries in it(though the extent of control is lose.). 5. Your point about hte High ming and qing fits my point. High Ming was not a repeat of High Song. High Song was not a repeat of HIgh Tang. High Tang was not a repeat of Han, even with barbarian invasions(304-581) How come Qing was a repeat of Ming? does a country suddenly stagnate for no reason? that I find hard to believe. 6. Even assuming your right and Ming was stagnant, Ming/or any other han chinese dynasty would have dealt with reforms better. Ming was learning from Portugese firearms the whole time; they did not try to suppress it like the Manchu. If a han chinese dynasty had been in power, they wouldn't fear being overthrown with new technology like the Manchu. Look at the success of Japan(which was far more backward than Qing at the time). 7.My main point is that the previous chinese dynasties were welcome to advance, and even had they fallen behind, they would have pursued reforms like Japan. Manchus did not because that would jeopardize their contorl over China, therefore causing China to fall back behind for a long time(and that's assuming Manchu technology were same as Ming, in which case, they were not.) Would you expect the British to rule India in India's interests, or the interests of hte Anglo-Saxon race? 8. How come Hanfu disappeared? A good question. Hanfu has been woren for over 2000 years, during all those times China was pretty advanced. How come it suddenly disappears during Manchu? The reason is pretty obvious. The Queue order is in effect a ban because according to confucian norms, your hair is inherited from your parents, so don't remove it(doesn't mean you shouldn't ever cut hair, but you can't have pigtails). If the hair is removed, its a symbolic act of servitude for the chinese. 9. If the stagnation occured during Ming, what are the reasons? Ming certainly didn't lack thinkers, scientists(think of Li's book on medicine) or people that lacked reserach. In the field of firearms, Ming was far more advanced than Qing. In terms of industry, Ming-era enterprises were also larger. Some merchants in Ming had treasures of 30 million taels. A clan like the Zheng clan could not appear in the Qing(pre-1870, after that han chinese had some power, but Cixi still obstructed reforms.). 10. Even with the lower taxes of the Ming(this is well attributedm import/export tax only had 40000 taels and there was trade of several hundred million) Ming had revenues of 27 million taels. Qing could only manage 60 million taels with 3 times the population(due to introduciton of Maize, same thing happened in Europe.) This alone can show the economy decreased per capita. And I don't think China had a deflationary spiral there, so that argument is out of effect. Teeninvestor (talk) 12:49, 5 February 2009 (UTC) Teeninvestor (talk) 12:38, 5 February 2009 (UTC) Another replyI agree with you on some points, but on many others I think you're making a lot of ungrounded claims or relying on overly optimistic counterfactuals. 1. I know that the Ming prohibition against foreign trade was not very effective. I was just specifying the date (the Longqi reign, I think) and pointing out that the Qing prohibition was not effective either (I'm talking about the 18th century and later, not about the Oboi regency's policy of moving all the coastal population inland in the 1660s). 2. I'm not sure how you can say that "the Ming were obviously better than the Song." Sure the Song were among equals (the Liao, and then the Jin, the Xi Xia, the Mongols gave them a hard time), but in terms of economic achievements most experts would say that the Song was closer to an industrial revolution than the Ming (look at Mark Elvin's book The Pattern of the Chinese Past and all the Japanese historians he cites), or that the Ming was at best a repetition of the Song, though on a larger territory and with more people. So I don't accept your premise. As for "Ming had a government that was gradually weakening because the merchant class was getting more powerful," I disagree with your causal explanation. The local gentry was indeed more and more able to resist tax extraction, but that's not the sign of the emergence of civil society in the same way as the parliaments were in some European countries. It was because degree-holders were exempted from taxation, and there were more and more degree holders. And sure, the examination system allowed a lot of different people to compete for service in the government (and therefore for upwards social mobility), but the exam system served the land-holding class rather than the merchant class. And the exam system was re-established by the Yuan in 1313 and it went pretty much uninterrupted until 1905, so I don't understand how the Ming is different from the Qing in this regard. Finally, I'm not sure I understand the sentence "Ming did have a problem with feeding Zhu's descendants, but Ming revenues were quite low compared to Qing": it seems to contradict your main point. 3. Major civil wars lasted from about 1850 to 1875. There was no major civil war between 1800 (the end of the White Lotus rebellion) and 1850 (the beginning of the Taiping rebellion). 3. (Keeping with your numbering.) Roman texts that were lost in the West were not necessarily destroyed by Christians, and Ming texts that were lost were not necessarily destroyed by the Qing. The Tiangong kaiwu was a remarkable book, but you have to be open to the possibility that it was not famous at the time, because it was not a very useful handbook for practical purposes and it didn't serve the official ideology. Maybe it was simply not reprinted. Of course I know the Qing burned books (though mostly in the late 18th century), but this censorship campaign was not as effective as you think. For example, hundreds of these prohibited books have been retrieved from obscure places (I would have to look up the exact figures). And the Qing government (both central and local) went out of their way to publish and circulate agricultural manuals (one kind of genre that contributes to the diffusion of technology). Don't get me wrong: I'm not saying that the Qing monarchs were nice guys or that they were right to burn books and persecute authors. I'm saying that the goal of these persecutions was not to suppress technology (except for gunpowder technology, as I said above). I still need evidence that the Qing wanted to keep technology from spreading, or counter-evidence that the Ming encouraged gunpowder technology to spread. If you just say that the Qing rulers were foreigners who kept technology from spreading because they feared the wrath of Han Chinese, you're only assuming what you need to demonstrate. 4. I wouldn't say any state is "dumb" for not conquering territories that are culturally different from itself. I was disagreeing that the Qing succeeded just because of maize, which was introduced into China (through Manila and Macao) during the Ming. Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts (all new world crops) allowed the domestic population to grow because unfertile land on mountain sides could now be cultivated. Where did you read that maize played a key role in Xinjiang and Tibet? And I completely disagree that the Ming saw Manchuria and Tibet as "part of China's territory." Manchuria was outside the Great Wall and not controlled by Chinese agents. 5. "does a country suddenly stagnate for no reason? that I find hard to believe." This is a rhetorical question, or at best an "argument from personal incredulity" (as Richard Dawkins says about religious people who doubt evolution because they "don't believe that something as complex as the eye could be the result of evolution without design"). Why not see the mid 18th century as a golden age instead of speaking of stagnation? And you still have to show me that the Ming was far more advanced than the southern Song. 6. I did not mean to say that the Ming was stagnant! The Ming was also very prosperous by pre-modern standards. I'm only saying that the country and era Macartney came from would have made him look down upon the Ming as well, because (like the Qing in the late-Qianlong reign), it was not driven by an ideology of progress, was not building an industrial infrastructure, etc. I'm saying that his gaze was very different from that of the Portuguese who visited the Ming in the sixteenth century, because the Portuguese came from a country that had just come out of the Middle Ages, and was far from being the most prosperous country in Europe at the time. The implied point was that you can't compare Ming to Qing on the basis of what two completely different observers said about them. And yes the Ming learned from Portuguese forearms, but so did the Qing soon after they were defeated by Yuan Chonghuan for the first time! One of the reasons why they managed to defeat the Ming is that they relied on heavy artillery. They kept using cannon in Central Asia, so much that many comparative historians call the Qing one of the world's "gunpowder empires" of the time (with the Mughals, Russia under the Romanovs, etc.). The Tokugawa shogunate had also imposed very strict restrictions on the circulation of firearms. It's just that the new state managed to muster resources (and repress local rebellions) quickly enough to become just strong enough to repel external invaders until they were able to compete with them. And you keep comparing Manchu rule in China with British rule in India. Sure, the Qing ruling class had lots of Manchus in them. As I keep insisting, the reasons for the Qing failure are very complex, and they couldn't be expected to succeed as if modernizing quickly was an easy task. 7. Your first sentence is just a hopeful statement (or an idealistic counterfactual). Once again, you seem to assume that countries can modernize and industrialize almost automatically as long as they're not hindered. And after the shock of the opium wars, the Qing reforms were actually going pretty well, until "China" was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War. People tend to read the failures of the Qing after that into the period between 1850 and 1895. The Qing was very resilient during this time, managing to repress several major rebellions (at enormous human and economic cost), keeping most of its territory intact, and engaging in useful reforms. But building a scientific and industrial infrastructure is not a walk in the park: it's extremely difficult, and I see no reason to assume (a priori) that a Chinese dynasty would have done it better simply because it was Chinese. 8. Despite your claim that "the reason is pretty obvious," you didn't present a reason. I still know no evidence saying that the Qing suppressed Han costume. Of course Ming hairstyles disappeared (because of the queue), but what about clothing? And I'm puzzled by your apparent correlation between the wearing of Hanfu and economic prosperity. 9. Traditional historians of science who looked for the reasons behind the world's "failure to industrialize" (apart from Europe). Why would one man like Li Shizhen have anything to do with scientific progress. His point was not scientific progress. Modern interpreters of the Bencao gangmu (and other texts that seem to have a "scientific content") have the annoying habit of reading these texts as if they were scientific treatises written for scientific purposes. That's just not true. And there were tons of Qing works on materia medica (bencao 本草) that contributed to distributing pharmacological knowledge. Qing salt merchants were extremely rich, especially in the 18th century. And they were Han Chinese. What you call "stagnation" looked like prosperity for the rest of the world. There can be prosperity without industrialization and an ideology of progress. History looks different if you stop assuming that the Ming, or the Qing, or the Yuan "stagnated" and that this stagnation (as opposed to Europe's success) is the first thing that needs to be explained. I wrote all this a little fast (and before you added a 10th point) but I don't have time to proofread because I'm going to see a movie! I hope my writing doesn't sound too convoluted. Madalibi (talk) 13:57, 5 February 2009 (UTC) Third reply1. If Hanfu was woren for 2000 years, why would Chinese suddenly not wear it in a period? even if it was going out of circulation, it would have taken at least 20-50 years. But there was a sudden disappearance. Also, hair is part of the traditional chinese dress, if it is removed it is considered "barbaric". Sudden disappearance of Hanfu would be equivalent to suddenly all westerners stopped celebrating Christmas in a year.
Numerous Ming industries were coming of scale, reminiscent of late 18th century Europe. Ming factories were employing large numbers of wage laborers, and what's more they were privatized. That shows that Ming society already accumulated a large pool of capital that Song could not, as all large song enterprises were state-run. Technology was also better. Ming saw introudction of cannon, muskets and rockets, as well as shipping. Zheng HE's expeditions would have been very difficult to manage under Song. Agriculture also improved. Large plantations producing cash crops began springing up under the Ming. Despite lower taxes, the Ming state was more effective than Song. Ming and Song had same system, but whiel Song was crushed by barbarians, Ming was able to stay strong militarily for a long time(Manchu conquest is entirely due to Surrender of Wu SanGui). Thinking was also freer. New philosophies under Wang, Li, etc.. showed that the Ming had free thinker. I believe the Ming would be what the Song was if Song had survived until 1320(and with out Jur'chen and Mongol invasions). From this we can see Ming was an improvement over Song. Was Qing an improvement over Ming? Not really. As far as I know, and what you stated, Qing was a repeat of Ming. From this alone we can see Manchu Qing was a stagnation. Despite lower taxes, the Ming state was more effective than Song. Ming and Song had same system, but whiel Song was crushed by barbarians, Ming was able to stay strong militarily for a long time(Manchu conquest is entirely due to Surrender of Wu SanGui). - - 3. Maize played a part because it could be grown in Xinjiang, Manchuria, etc... so troops would be self sufficient agricultural colonies. You would not have to supply hundreds of thousands of troops on a permanent basis! - 4. And as to your point that a chinese dyansty wouldn't have done better, at least they wouldn't have rejected reforms completely like the Manchu. The Chinese during T'ang, Song, and Ming were not xenophobic or too arogant to learn. In fact, there was a time during Ming where Ming imported large numbers of European muskets to see whether Ming muskets could be improved from European muskets' design. Manchu did use gunpowder as well, but Ming used it much more and had better technology. Being a horse archer empire, manchus were more afraid of cannons and other weapons that could undermine their hegemony. 5. Manchu rulers have an incentive not to modernize quickly as modernization would definitely involve the following: -Getting rid of bannermen's pension and special privelege of Manchu -increase in power for Han chinese merchants, who may or may not harbor resentment towardS Manchu rule. In confucian ethics, when barbarians come in, it is the duty of the Huaxia to kick them out. That's it. In the long run, modernization would give the people more power. and the Manchu feared Han chinese wrath so much, they didn't modernize(if they did, I wouldn't be criticizing them here now.) 6. I never said that modernizing and catching up was an easy thing but the Qing almost failed completely in doing so. They did some reforms between 1875 and 1895, and that was mainly due to the influence of the challcenor, Li Hongzhou. Quite simply, it was heavily opposed by the Manchus. Qing share of world GDP declined preciptously even AFTER they started their reforms and china's share of world GDP did not really stop dropping until Deng came to power and restored capitalism. When you compare the rapid modernization china went through under Deng, and under the Manchus, you can see a real difference. 7. Now if the Manchus are not the cause of stagnation, what is? Ming technology and scales of economics was advancing quickly, especially before the Little Ice Age. There would be no reason for them to slow down. Do you think a people that has lead the world since about 500BCE(invention of crossbow allowed Chinese to have military superiority over other nations), would suddenly go, na, let's just keep things they are now . China was innovating throughout the Han, T'ang , Song and Ming. The song fire-lance didn't become the musket overnight. The Ming junk didn't jump from Han river ships overnight. There is no evidence whatsoever that China was less favorable to industrial revolution than Europe. Is the country who first advanced past feudalism(Ancient Egypt may have set up a post-feudal state, hard to tell) impotent to produce the industrial revolution? are you saying that the industrial revolution can only happen in Europe? only Europe is destined to receive industrial revolution? There is no evidence for that. Therefore, I can only conclude that Manchu repression is the cause of stagnation that set in after the 17th century in China. 8. Now in terms of the Song, I would say that the Song were not defeated because the toughness of their enemies, but rather because the Song emperors and bureaucracy in general were suspcious of the generals, and did not give htem enough leeway to command. Able generals like Yue Fei or Wang Chin existed throughout the Song, but the Song government ended up killing or exiling them. Part of the reason why Mongols conquered Song is because Wang Jian, who had killed Mongke Khan, was actually fearing for his life from teh Song court, despite having won such a great honor. Filled with dread, he surrendered his troops and cannons to the Mongols and they were able to capture Xiangyang, conquering the Song. Now, I would agree the early part of the Ming dynasty was a repeat of the Song, due to Mongol devastation, but in terms of technology Ming was ahead by a lot, and in terms of economic scale china had recovered to Song levels by 1450's at the latest. 9. I realize the case of Europe is a special one, in that Europe was very lucky(first got free gold ,silver, and land from 50 million defenceless natives which were all genocided, and then got free wealth from India, which was still mired in feudalism due to caste system. Then coal is very close to Britain.) But the point is, i'm pretty sure with the science of the Ming, they would have been able to (assuming Ming or some successor dynasty survivies) discover the industrial revolution! Even had the Ming been thrown behind, the Chinese would have doubtlessly learned and caught up very fast. Even the Turks and Egyptians had railways by the 1860's, and their condition was far behind China. And I'm not even going to talk about what would have happened if the Song weren't destroyed(which by the way led to Ming destruction, because Ming's fall is because of Littel Ice Age. A bit more advanced and Ming would have been able to handle it.) 10. To be fair to the Qing they were not as bad as the Mongols or British in India(85 million deaths, 30 million more if you count chinese deaths from opium they dumped, Boer war, Australia, Canada, etc..). By the end of the Qing it was like Northern Wei there was a faction who regarded themselves as chinese, and a faction(cixi) whose minds are still focussed on their Jur'chen roots. But pre-Taiping Qing was definitely a Manchu despotism; Manchus had special prileveges, filled 80% of high government positions, etc... 11. In terms of what Ming saw as terroritory as not, I have a map showing that Ming established commandries as far as the Dzungarian basin. Now, as far as I know, Ming handed out titles for Tarim basin, tibet, and Manchuria until little ice age forced Ming to contract its teroritory massively. this is a sign of soverigty. Ming also periodically deposed rulers it didn't like in the above regions, and appointed new ones. I would think that if Ming did not regard it as its own terroritory, it would not intervene it so much, establish commandries there, and appoint rulers. For example, Ming was not crying when Khmer Empire fell because of invasions because it regarded it as merely a tributary. Also, the Great wall is not a border. China expanded outside of it during Han, T'ang and Ming. 12. Examination system would serve the merchant class later, because the people who pass(just like early parliaments in Europe, you should not exaggerate their democrtaicness)are more abd more merchants during Song/Ming, who fused with the gentry. In fact, during Ming many gentry are Merchants, and vice versa. Therefore, eventually, the Song and Ming bureaucracies was populated with mostly merchants, rather than aristocrats, like the Han and T'ang. So overall , I conclude five points: 1. Ming accepted innovation better than Manchu, and were not isolationistic. Since other chinese dynasties behaved similarly, if a chinese dynasty was in power they would have been able to catch up quickly even if they fall behind. 2. Ming was more advanced than Song. 3. Stagnation happened under Qing. 4. Qing have an incentive to stagnate China(keep manchus in power). 5. No other reason for explaining stagnation rather than Qing takeover, and Qing did have incentive to stagnate China. Now you might think I'm a racist here, but I'm not. The important thing is whether the rulers IDENTIFY with the culture fo the country they're governing. For example, the emperor of T'ang, Taizong, was half-Xianbei, but he self-identified as Chinese. That's why no chinese thinks that Sui and T'ang were foreign despotisms. Manchu could have done that also, but they chose to suppress Chinese culture(queue order) and milk them(feudal estates) for as long as possible. Manchu rulers said it very clearly WE ARE NOT CHINESE. Yongzheng, Cixi, all said it. Even late in the dynasty they were still saying, protect our Jurchen state, not the chinese, etc... One example, Ming 1600 vs Qing 1840after 240 years, in some ways Qing was a retrogression of Ming Navy: Ming had one of the best navies in the world, Qing had none. Weaponry: Ming had lots of gunpowder weapons. As one of my sources allude, one battalion has 200 muskets, 400 firelances and 3600 rockets. The entire Qing dynasty in 1820 could only produce 160 cannons a year. Trade: Ming merchants were very rich. There were a trade of millions of taels. Ming merchants established trading posts in many places(Lanfang republic, and some other chinese states set up in Indonesia at this time is descended.) Qing closed off trade and prohibited contact with foreigners. Thought: Ming had many philosophers, Qing had virtually zero during this period. Economics: In many commodities, such as Iron, salt, etc.. Qing was only able to maintain the production levels of the Ming. Happiness of the people: Ming did not have large peasant insurrections until 1620, after little ice age. Qing had one wave from 1780's to 1800's and another from 1850's to 1870's. Massive loss of life, cannot compare with any other rebellions during Song and Ming. Although this is an imperfect comparison, it shows that China is stagnating and sometimes even going backwards under Manchu. Now if you do same , say Ming 1600 to Song 1100, Ming is better. Same with Song 1100 to Tang 700, etc.... Teeninvestor (talk) 20:42, 5 February 2009 (UTC) Final reply (maybe?...)Hi again, Teeninvestor, and thanks again for your long and thoughtful response. I unfortunately don't have time to reply in detail again, because I'm already taking far too much time off my "wiki break." [EDIT after previewing: I did answer at length after all, but I really shouldn't do it again, even if it's so interesting!] And I'm not quite sure we're going anywhere, because we seem to be working within very different frameworks. You seem to imagine history (or at least the topic we're discussing) as taking place on a line where entire civilizations move either forward or backward. The main criteria of progress on this line are technological innovativeness and economic sophistication. Then you say that since the Qing did "no better" than the Ming, the Qing were therefore "stagnating." You then blame this supposed "stagnation" only on the Manchus. For my part, I don't see history on this kind of line (it's too, hmmm, linear, but also too teleological). And I don't know if the Qing went "further" than the Ming (to determine that, we would need much more solid data than what we've cited so far), but I see that the Qing achieved one of the greatest centuries of growth and prosperity in human history between about 1680 and 1780, when the population doubled and (that's the crucial point) the productivity of labor was increased, and standards of living didn't diminish. Some scholars (references on demand) say that the Qing in the 18th century contributed far more to the growth of world GDP than did British growth at the time. I refuse to call this prosperity "stagnation" just because on a-priori scheme tells me to. On more specific points, and without dwelling on side issues like what "feudalism" is, etc.: 1. You're still asking a rhetorical question instead of giving me evidence. Where is the evidence that Han costume "suddenly disappeared"? And once you find that evidence, what is the evidence that this disappearance was caused by Manchu prohibitions? Otherwise, I agree that Chinese people felt that cutting their hair was barbaric (I even added a reference to this effect on the Qing Dynasty page), and I would say that Chinese people (both the elite and the common people) saw the haircutting as some kind of symbolic castration. 4. Careful, here. I didn't say that a Chinese dynasty wouldn't have done better. I'm saying that there's not reason to assume a priori that a Chinese dynasty would have done better, and I refuse to pose this purely hypothetical success as a standard for comparison with what really happened. And the Qing were not "xenophobic or too arrogant to learn." Qing rulers spoke and wrote many languages, understood many religions, were aware that they were governing a multi-ethnic empire, etc. Xenophobia against Westerners in the 19th century was shared by Manchus and Han alike, and came in part from Western aggression. 5. It seems that you're again assuming that whoever wants to modernize can. 6. Reforms were not "heavily opposed by the Manchus." This problem didn't even apply before the 1850s, and for many years after that, the reforms were led by Prince Gong, a Manchu imperial prince. Sure, the Qing's share of world GDP probably declined in the 19th century (after rising in the 18th), but that was also because of enormous rebellions and because industrial economies are far more productive than any pre-industrial economy. 7. Your points seem to be based purely on the usual assumption that things develop linearly, and that progress toward industrialization happens naturally. A lot of your argument rests on this idealistic counterfactual. 9. Europe didn't industrialize because of New World silver (most of it ended up in China anyway) or because of Indian resources (the kind of growth allowed by that was pretty much the same as the one the Qing went through in the 18th century). And even access to coal was not sufficient. China had plenty of coal, and Japan didn't, yet China didn't industrialize and Japan did. Then you say "I'm pretty sure" this and "doubtlessly" that: all these are assertions based on your idealistic counterfactual of a slope leading naturally toward capitalism or industrialization. 10. During the pre-Taiping Qing, culturally Chinese regions went through one of the most prosperous eras in their history. Not too bad for an occupation regime or for a "Manchu despotism." Nothing like that ever occurred in India under the British. What started after military campaigns ended in 1683 (when the Three Feudatories had finally been defeated)? One of the most prosperous eras in human history! It seems that the Qing conquest was only an interlude (a very violent one, of course) between two stages of spectacular pre-industrial growth and prosperity. 11. There are other reasons for sending delegates or establishing military commands than saying "I think this is Chinese territory." The Ming sent envoys to Outer Manchuria in the early 15th century in order to counter possible alliances between Mongols and Jurchens that would have threatened Chinese control over Liaodong. They tried to install sympathetic rulers in Hami in order to counter the Oyrat Mongols and to protect trade routes. I don't want to discuss the issue of Tibet, because it's too much of a quagmire, but the situation was far, far more complex than statements like "Tibet belonged to the Ming" imply. PericlesofAthens has written a great wiki on Tibet during the Ming Dynasty where the main points of view are summarized. Handing out titles was not a sign of sovereignty in the modern sense of territorial control, ability to collect taxes, and control over foreign policy. Titles could be purely nominal, and official recognition by the Ming court was usually an occasion for foreigners to conduct trade with China under the thinly veiled pretext of sending "tributary missions." And to give a counter-example about titles and sovereignty, the Ming clearly didn't consider Malacca part of "Chinese territory," but they still gave the Malaccan ruler titles, and they were pretty upset when the Portuguese deposed the King of Malacca in the 16th century and the King's envoys came to Beijing to complain! The tributary system and the territorial conceptions that went with it can't be translated into the modern language of nation states and territorial sovereignty as defined by international law. By contrast, Qing control over all these regions (ok, not Malacca) was direct and uncontested: all these regions that the Ming never controlled directly were stably under Qing control by 1760 (all of Manchuria, "Inner" and "Outer" Mongolia, Dzungaria, Qinghai, and even Tibet). Apart from Tibet, they all officially became provinces in the 19th century. There is no Ming equivalent of this, and the territory of modern China simply cannot be conceived of without the Qing. Also, you can't seriously blame only the Manchus for the fall of the Ming. By the time Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing in late May 1644, northern China was already devastated, Li Zicheng had already captured Beijing, and the south's economy was already in pretty bad shape. Even without the Manchus, the result would have been something like a Li Zicheng regime in the north and some kind of corrupt Ming regime around Nanjing. Who knows what would have happened? Would the Nanjing regime have reconquered the north? Would Li Zicheng have re-unified China? Would the Zhengs' have created an independent maritime-oriented state on Taiwan? These area all fun possibilities to speculate about, but no matter what, the Manchus didn't just interrupt a Ming party. And don't get me wrong: I'm not saying that the Qing was an example of benevolent rule or that Qing rulers just loved those Chinese subjects so much, and I don't get teary-eyed when I hear that some people disliked the Qing or called the Manchus barbarians. I'm just taking an external observer's point of view to say that the Qing was not ruled by backwards Manchu barbarians who dragged China down after 1644. I think there's a more promising avenue for continuing this discussion about why China failed to do what Britain (or Japan) did. I think we've actually been mixing two different problems: A. Why didn't the Industrial Revolution happen first in China (including under the Qing)? B. Why did China (or the Qing) not implement modern reforms more smoothly after it could see how other countries had done it before? These two questions are logically distinct and we can therefore answer them completely differently. My answers would be: A. Why should it? Cultural and technological advances alone are not sufficient to trigger industrialization. Most historians today (and I mean those who specialize in world history, in the history of European modernization, or in Chinese economic history) say that industrialization happened because of an extraordinary set of circumstances that converged together only in England, and that it only started to make an economic difference in the early 19th century (decades after Macartney visited the Qing). New World silver didn’t do it, cotton production and access to coal didn’t do it. The key elements were the steam engine and all the institutions that made its invention, development, and exploitation possible. These factors included a scientific mindset (more than just curiosity about nature: really a mechanical view of nature), mathematics and engineering, "engine science," and some kind of popular mindset that allowed workers to accept new methods of production. These things don't just happen when countries continue to grow as they did before, and there's no reason to assume that if it didn't happen to the Ming, then something must have actively stopped it from happening. Because these circumstances were so extraordinary, we can even imagine counterfactuals in which the world would have continued to evolve for a long time without industrialization. To conclude on question A, in view of the extraordinariness of these circumstances and of the extent of Qing prosperity in the 18th century, I see no reason to blame the Manchus for China's supposed "backwardness" at the time. China under the Qing was not "backward": it was one of the most prosperous places in the world, and on a much larger scale than any European countries that could compete with the Qing in terms of prosperity per capita. B. Now we get into late-Qing reforms, and the more serious possibility that Manchus slowed down the modernization process by resisting change in order to clinge to power. I'm very aware of factional struggles, especially those involving Cixi and other imperial princes in the last decades of the 19th century, and I know about the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform (though you should check out the wiki for interesting evidence about Kang Youwei's apparent intention to hand control of the state over to Ito Hirobumi and the Japanese!). Here I'm more open to the idea that the Manchu imperial clan hindered reforms, because this idea doesn't depend on speculation: we're actually discussing real historical events. It's true that. Whether the reforms would have succeeded is a moot question, but in case we finally have some real Manchus trying to hinder concrete processese that had actually started (as opposed to some speculative walk toward capitalism or industrialization during the Wanli reign). As a historian by training, I would still insist on looking at specific historical circumstances before concluding that the Manchus were reactionary. Take Prince Gong, for example. After the burning of the Summer Palace in 1860, he became the main policy maker in the government (along with the young Cixi), and he was a great advocate of reforms. He willingly delegated power to the great Han-Chinese Governor-generals (Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong), and the reforms he directed (notably military modernization, translation bureaus, the "Maritime Customs Service," and the "Jiangnan Arsenal") were far more successful than people take them to be when they look at them from the point of view of their eventual failure after the Sino-Japanese War. Remember that these reforms took place against the background of large-scale rebellions in multiple places in the empire. [Side point: these rebellions were not always anti-Manchu; the Yunnan Panthay Rebellion, for example, started after repeated massacres of Muslims by Han Chinese in collusion with local Qing officials.] I think the collective memory that you're defending, identifying the Manchus as guilty for hindering China comes from a few things: 1. Acceptance of a stage-by-stage view of the development of human societies (derived directly from the brand of dogmatic Marxism that was current in Chinese scholarship until about the 1990s, though it's been reduced mostly to labels by now) 2. Because this evolution along "stages" is assumed to be natural (the metaphors are chosen so that growth appears natural: "sprouts" of capitalism can either bloom or be crushed; Du Chebie's metaphor of the growth of a person is even cruder because it's more explicit: societies develop from infancy to adolescence to adulthood; and what is more natural for plants and people than to grow? if it didn't grow, something must have kept it from growing) 3. Memory that the Qing failed to modernize in the late 19th century, and that the Manchus of the conservative faction played an active role in hindering reforms. 4. Projection of this memory of the late Qing onto the entire Qing dynasty, making it seem like the Manchu rulers were all reactionary barbarians. 5. Seen in this light, the narrative becomes clear: China during the Ming was about to pass into adulthood (capitalism, industrialization), but it didn't. Why? It must have been the Manchus, because they happened to China just as it was "about to industrialize." Here it's not even a case of a fallacious post hoc ergo propter hoc, because the first "hoc" is not even a fact: it's an idealistic counterfactual that depends on a rigidly linear model of the development of human societies. What I think is that "1" is untenable (a mechanical, linear, and teleological view of history); "2" is extremely misleading (historical arguments shouldn't rest so directly on unexamined metaphors); "3" is plausible; "4" is a non sequitur (since Cixi is of no help for explaining Kangxi) and it saves people from having to look at history to discover the incredible prosperity of the Qing (and of its Han-Chinese subjects) in the 18th century; and "5" just crumbles down once 1, 2, and 4 are undermined. I think you know much more about the Ming than about the Qing, and you've read much of what you know about the Qing in texts that tried to blame the Manchus for interrupting China's development. I hope you keep reading more scholarly works about the Qing (as opposed to cherry-picking blogs), so that you can assess what happened under the Qing without preconceived ideas. Smart people like you can accommodate more complexity in their views of history! Cheers,
Hopefully last replySorry for getting this conversation for too long, but I still have issues. 1. As for proof of hanfu banned, one of the key resistance slogans of the Southern Ming was Fu Yi Guan 复衣冠 (wrong character but you get the point) which meant "recover the clothing." This can prove that Manchus did ban the original dress, Hanfu. Also, removing Hanfu in Ming china, would be tantamount to banning christmas here in the west. It would not happen in just a day "Oh, lets stop dressing in ways we have for 2000 years." 2. By premodern standards, Manchu was successful. Not to be chauvinistic here, but by premodern standards, most chinese regimes were successful. Qing must be measured according to other dynasties. Did it progress? did it increase terroritory? etc... Ming was an improvement over Song, and you seemed to have acknowledged my premise there. You also agreed with my assessment that Qing was a repeat of Ming(or worse). Therefore, My reading is that you think that after Ming(or during it) China hit basically what was a wall in development; can't develop any farther, but Britain had all the right circumstances, so it developed industrially. I see no evidence for that, so I refuse to accept the claim. My point is that even if things like the industrial revolution are a random chance, the law of large numbers say that eventually they will happen. China was already in "Industrial revolution possibllity area" by song, as most historians acknowledge. Why didn't it happen? There are 2 explanations that most people follow. 1. My view: It didn't happen because of Mongol and Manchu invasions that wiped it out. 2. Your view: It didn't happen because it needed a special set of circumstances so that it would happen. For view 2., however, I would have to ask: What was this special circumstance? Was China unable to produce inventors like James Watt? Was It anti-capitalist, anti-merchant? Was It self-satisfied and not progressing? I would have to say no. By Song and Ming, rudimentary mechanical devices and books describing possible devices were appearing. It would not be difficult for a watt-esque figure to appear, and invent the steam engine. The conditions for industrial revolution were already there. It would depend when the watt-esque figure to appear(and in the case of Ming, with inventors coming in hordes by 1578-1644, it shouldn't have taken long). By Manchu Qing, however, I believe these conditions had disappeared due to ethnic repression. As you have attested, the amount of thinkers and science carried out during Qing was far less than the late Ming era. My point is that had the Qing not existed(For example, no Little Ice Age, Jur'chens repelled) the seed would have definitely come during the period (1644-1800). Although My point may be a bit confusing, consider this: 1. If a field is fertile, and I sow it with seeds, the plants may not appear in July; they may not appear in August; but they have a high chance of appearing sometime(unless I bought fake seeds from a fraud.). In other words, the more Ming and Song had stayed in the IRPA(industrial revolution possiblity area) the more chance the industrial revolution would actually happen. 2. But if the field is set on fire and salt is dumped into it, the probablity of plants appearing is very small. So my view is now changed. My point is that Ming and Song might have not necessarily developed into industrialization if there was no invasion by barbarians, but they had a very high chance (say 80%) that they would have done so, because they had all the institutions that early 19th century Britain had that lead to the industrial revolution(lots of free capital, inventors, market economy, etc..). Even if the industrial revolution had not been in their terroritory, they could have adopted it very quickly(did France fall behind Britain despite industrial revolution in Britain.) However, Qing took a long time to adjust, as I will show below. Economic statistics of Ming and Qing3. As part of my demonstration that the Qing were a retrogression, comapre this: In 1600, Ming reported revenues of about 27 million taels. <http://gz-hanfu.cn/doc/The-Truth-of-History.pdf> , In 1714, Qing's revenues at about 29 million taels. http://books.google.ca/books?id=crs62qbGz38C&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=Revenue+of+Qing+dynasty&source=web&ots=UPaX8ngth-&sig=yA1T_K4EudzXhHwNMEpwCDH1jCg&hl=en&ei=5fiMScmkN5j-NIjcmLQL&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result. McCartney estimates the Qing tax revenue at 36 million taels of silver. Remember, the Qing also took over the salt and iron industries which were private during Ming, so revenue should be higher(salt and iron industries are like oil and banking today.) Now Ming had 1/3 the population(Maize). So, the High Qing's per capita income is slightly more than 1/3 that of the per capita income of High Ming! If you compare the per capita income of High Ming to High Song, and High song to High T'ang, you will find the income(in real purchasing power) is much higher among the latter. Also, there is the account that Qing had lower taxes. I can safely say that is not true Ming's tax on agriculture was 1/30th, later lowered to 1.5%. Qing rised it to 3.3%<http://gz-hanfu.cn/doc/The-Truth-of-History.pdf> , Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7, 2001. As agricultural tax was 70%+ of income of all Pre-1978 Chinese governments(including Mao's despotism), this single fact can show that Qing did not have lower taxes than Ming. Also, I'm sure Qing's commercial, and other taxes were not lower than Ming. Even if they were, It would not had such an effect. Of course, there is also another possibility: Deflation. Did deflation occur during Ming-Qing transition? It would appear not, as you have stated: Silver flowed at a reduced rate into China, so there would have been no shortage of silver. It would appear that the silver introduced into China stayed in China(China did not have trade deficit in 1790). Therefore that would rule out deflation. These figures can show the economic contraction that happened under Qing. So Qing is not just a stagnation, its even a retrogression! So my conclusion from this statement is that while there was almost certainly going to be a industrial revolution during Ming as there was capital, by time of Qing, the capital pool, demand, revere for science, etc... did not exist. The capital available during Ming is much greater than in Qing. As I said, we have to study regimes on a relative basis. What's successful in other places might not be counted as successful in China(at that time and perhaps in the future.) From this we can see Qing per capita income might have diminished by 50, even 70 percent. Qing did increase its percentage of world GDP(by 2 percent, I might add), but Qing's population was 35%(of the world) while Ming's was only 28%. Also, the industrialization speed depends to a large extent on the availabilty of capital(that's why guys liek me trade on stocks). In Ming, capital was very loose; it was avilable in large quantities. In Qing, adam smith record percent of interest is 12%; that indicates a scarcity of capital as interest is the price of money. If in 110 years of recovery, a dynasty cannot recover to 1/3 or 1/2 the income of the previous dynasty, is absolutely not heard of(except during Yuan and Wu Hu)! if under 134 years of the supposed "Kang-Qian Golden Age" China's per capita income is less than 1/2 of Ming, on that count alone Manchus can be indicted for reverting China so heavily through their despotic rule. This devastation alone would have taken China out of the IRRA, as seen in my "agricultural field" example above. I think you would agree that Ming was still ahead of Europe in 1600, but by 1700's China's lead was narrowed considerably, even non-existent over some richer European nations. Having the economy contract 50% may have something to do with this. So from this, I conclude that: 1. Ming was farther ahead than Qing , technologically/economically 2. Warring states, Qin, Han, T'ang, Song, and Ming all saw technological advances that kept China's lead over other regions, and none of these dynasties were stagnant technologically. It wouldn't be reasonable to assume that at least had there been a han chinese dynasty after Ming, they would have continued the advance into industrial revolution, as there are virtually no other discoveries available(and the innovation of a people cannot be restrained for long). 3. Even had IR occured somewhere else, that dynasty would have imitated much quicker, as they would be more IRR(industrial revolution ready) than Qing. The more a country is suitable for industries, the faster it will adopt. This is seen throughout the world: For example, China, after its period of disruption ended(1840-1976, went through Manchu, warlords, Japs, Mao), industrialized very quickly because it had institutions that were IRR already. Now in Africa, India, etc.. which did not develop to the proto capitalistic societies before they were exposed to capitalism, took a longer time to adopt. I also use this observation to compare how a hypothetical han chinese dynasty would have adopted, and the Qing.Teeninvestor (talk) 16:50, 7 February 2009 (UTC) Chinese dynasty has incentive to modernize4. Would a chinese dynasty have done better? I would think so. I would think that a chinese dynasty would have had much more incentive to reform than Manchu. A chinese dynasty on the lines of Song and Ming would have incentive to reform heavily(Yikes, we're being surpassed by barbarians? Does that mean we lost the mandate of heaven?). In addition, the Song and Ming showed a very high tendency to copy reforms. For example, when Ming discovered to their shock that portugese muskets were in some areas better than chinese muskets, they immediately imported large numbers of muskets and cannon. There was xenophobia among Han, but also a desire to learn. Hitler despised the US, but Nazi Germany still learned US industrial techniques. Now, considering the amount of trade occuring between previous Han chinese dynasty and Europe, I believe that China (even if there is no industrial revolution) would have doubtless heard of steam engine by 1800(20 years after its invention) and considering what the Chinese did in the case of the portugese muskets(sounds like sherlock homes), don't you agree there would have been a high possibility of China imitating or at least importing the invention. Had this occured, China would have been one of the first to industrialize, and would have doubtlessly retained her lead over Europe. The result would have been much better for China. Now Qing did some thing completely different. Qing actually prohibited and limited contact with foreigners unless you were a very high ranking Jur'chen noble. Now I know Kangxi and others were contacting foreigners(and they weren't fools). But why did they not let their subjects do so? Their behavior in this regard validates what I had to say. They DID NOT CONSIDER THEMSELVES CHINESE. the first thing that would happen had chinese resumed their track would eventually end with the end of Jur'chen monarchy and possibly the end of the Jur'chen ethnic group(as what happened to Jie). Kangxi even foresaw, i think, once that "western barbarians would be ruin of Huaxia", but he did not do anything about it? Why would a ruler not mobilize his country which is very rich and strengthen it? The only answer is that the ruler would fear that modernization would end his rule. The only case when that can happen, is when the ruler's rule is based on continuing the status quo, or in other words, stagnating the country. Qing rule would not survive without special prileveges to the Jur'chens. 5. Was Europe the perfect place for IR(industrial revolution)? I don't think that before the 18th century, despite influx of New world silver and Indian gold, Europe could not match living standards in China. Now Europe's development was faster(Paper and printing press were already invented for them when they came out of feudalism) but they probably did not arrive at Song-Ming development levels before 1700. If Europe was able to give birth to the industrial revolution so quickly despite not arriving as fast, it shows that the industrial revolution may not necessarily happen, but it has a high probablity of doing so. Although New world silver and Indian wealth did not bring about industrial revolution, a certain amount of capital is needed for the transformation that Britain oversaw(for example, even if steam engine is invented, someone would have to market it, there would have to be markets, mines rich enough to buy it, etc...) New world silver and Indian wealth certainly helped it along quite a bit. In China, the accumulation is not so rapid; it is accumulated through dynasties, with each transition destroying a part of the stock(with Mongol and Manchu conquests particularly devastating; entire coastlines were cleared and villages burned! think of the destruction of stock(Adam Smith's word for capital). 6. As to my knowledge of Qing, I have read all the history of China, just like I have read the history of Rome, Europe, Economics, stock market, physics, etc... (Pretty weird for a teenager), so my information about Qing comes from many sources. It's not like my sole source about Qing is Du(Whose Marxist economics I'm not a big fan of anyways; he wants to abolish the stock market! What would a "Teen investor" do then?) 7. Lastly, I accept that Ming had weaker control over Xinjiang, Tibet, Manchuria, etc.. than Qing. But i think it is stronger than you would think; In the Mingshi, it is stated Ming appointed officials to govern two halves of Tibet, and appointed commandries' governors there. Also, in Xinjiang, Ming had commandries as west as the Tian Shan ridge, at least under Yongle. Had Ming had been able to acquire New world crops earlier, I believe they would be able to hold these regions on a permanent basis(They were certainly not incapable of doing so; the poorer Han and T'ang held these regions for hundreds of years. Song, again is exception due to special circumstances I mentioned in my 3rd reply.) I believe assertion that the Tibetan region was somehow "completely independant" are highly politically motivated. 8. As to speculation post-Ming, it is a pattern that appears too often in Chinese history. You should see Sui-Tang transition and others. I would say that even with collapse of Ming(which I attribute to Little Ice Age) China probably would have become reunified very quickly. Manchu conquest of China was probably the most devastating way; Li zicheng or Nanjing regime would have reunified Ming much quicker(didn't cut off Chinese heads for their hair!). 9. I would disagree with your contention that I think civilizations advanced rigidly forward. Civilizations can advance backwards, or stagnant. For example, the fall of the Roman empire, followed by the virtual extermination of the Roman population, was a move heavily backwards and went back to feudalism(not that Rome was a perfect model of pre-printing press mercantilism anyways; its dependence on slave laborers hampered its progress, so its economy was less advanced than Han. As adam smith observed, slaves appear to be inexpensive but in the end is most expensive.) The Wu Hu uprising in China in 304CE was also an example of going backwards(though not as much as Rome). Half the population died! Think about it, how much would history change if all the chinese had been killed in 350CE , Wu Hu now rules China and China was populated by millions of caucasians, eager for killing and looting and with tech of Han dynasty. They might make the Anglo-Saxons look peaceful!(no offence, I'm not a racist but British conquest of India and settlement of Americas is pretty bloody). India after the Gupta dynasty and before Mughals would be an example of stagnation, as the caste system reinforced feudalism)son must succeed father; basis of feudal society). 10. One example of Qing repression can be seen in this light: While rebellions in Han, T'ang, Song, Ming, etc.. are usually short in duration(except at end) and their slogans are something like: We need land, give us food, etc... in Qing all the slogans of rebellions(which were much longer) were something like this: 恢复中华, 驱逐鞑虏, 反清復明, etc... This can show that the Qing were highly unpopular due to their rule being more brutal(also, see my economic statistics above.)Teeninvestor (talk) 02:58, 7 February 2009 (UTC) Teeninvestor (talk) 22:20, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
Check out new draftsI've been working on User:PericlesofAthens/Draft for Economy of the Han Dynasty and User:PericlesofAthens/Draft for Science and technology of the Han Dynasty. I've developed the Economy draft a bit further than sci and tech, which is still in the making. Take a look at Economy, though; it won't disappoint (at least I hope).--Pericles of AthensTalk 20:31, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
Wait a minute. Are you sure? The Cambridge Histories Online says to cite his name like this:
Why would they put Sadao first, if it was not his surname?--Pericles of AthensTalk 04:29, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
SichuanAs a native of this province, i would ask you is the population decline of Sichuan attributed more to Manchu or Zhang? Although I'm not doubting ZHang's devastation of Sichuan, but Sichuan was able to continue resisting Manchu for another 16 years; Scorch-earth areas can't support warfare between hundreds of thousands of troops that long.Teeninvestor (talk) 23:55, 6 February 2009 (UTC) Also, on an unrelated note, what would you think are the differneces between Qing and Yuan? I tend to think that they're both foreign despotisms, but I tend to think also Qing is more advanced than Yuan. This may have something to do with China having more contact with Jur'chens. on the plus side, Yuan is better than Wu Hu who fought chinese troops with civillians as provisions or the Germans who overran Roman Empire. Had the Wu Hu succeeded, chinese civilization wouldn't exist today. Instead, you'd find a race of blond-haired caucasians. On an unrelated note, I'm sure you would agree that characterization of all pre-industrial eras into one is not correct. THe feudal society was very backward compared to Han, T'ang or Rome, Abbasid. Han, T'ang, Ababsids is not as advanced as Song, Ming, 18th century Britain. These are all different stages. Teeninvestor (talk) 23:57, 6 February 2009 (UTC) Economic history of ChinaI plan to completely revamp it something like this: Feudal Era
Mercantilist Era
"Proto-capitalist" Era
Modern Era:
I have only one source dealing with pre-ROC Chinese economic history, a 2000 page book called "5000 years of CHinese history". It has some details, but one paragraph for each section would do. Can you help me get some sources? thank you. Note: if you have info about Qing, i would thank you to provide as you would think im a bit biased towards Qing.Teeninvestor (talk) 01:23, 9 February 2009 (UTC) I'll rename the "proto-capitalist" era, the late imperial era, or something.Teeninvestor (talk) 22:41, 9 February 2009 (UTC) Hua-Yi zhi bianAs to OR, I had some issues with it before, as in Comparisons between Roman and Han Empires. In the end, I had to find 4-5 sources comparing both to win afd. I restored the secitons and added references. More are coming. My view on wikipedia is that rather than deleting stuff, you should add references and do some research. This saves everyone pain and trouble. Unfortuantely, I will be working on other things(Economic history of China), so you and Arilang will have to find the references; don't worry, ive already added some(5000 years, book of Jin, etc...). As to Qing-Yuan Legitimacy debate, I will look over it once I'm done Economic history of China. I will need your help in editing these articles. We may have our own views, but I'm proud to have a scholar like you editing Chinese articles. Regards.Teeninvestor (talk) 21:45, 9 February 2009 (UTC) Economic history of ChinaI have a sinking feeling my ambition overran itself; check Economic history of China.Teeninvestor (talk) 01:21, 10 February 2009 (UTC) I have a new plan. As I finished the details for one section, I move it off to another article Economic history of Feudal China Economic history of Han dynasty, etc.. Because economy of and economic history of are two different things. As to modern era, the economic history is incomplete so I'll keep it on my own page.Teeninvestor (talk) 12:36, 10 February 2009 (UTC) Take a look at economic history of china in my sandbox, I have already written the lead of all the eras and the article. What do you think of the prose? By the way, I think that I'll need some help. Maybe you can help?Teeninvestor (talk) 00:17, 12 February 2009 (UTC) Hua-Yi DistinctionThe article has indeed improved immensely and is much more comprehensive. It still seems a bit fragmentary to me, perhaps because the editors have been trying hard to avoid any original research, as they should. I am very busy in the real world at present, but may tinker with the wording. Not changing the sequence, argument or facts, on which I am ashamed of my ignorance, but trying to improve the flow and focus. But this is a very interesting article reflecting a great deal of thought and effort, and clearly is a completely valid and useful article. I am very impressed. Aymatth2 (talk) 13:00, 10 February 2009 (UTC) Qing section on Economic history of ChinaHere's the update Pericles Agreed to do Han and Song sections. I have already finished Xia, Shang, Zhou, Spring & autumn, Warring States, Qin, Wei & Jin, and I wrote the intro for all the eras(Feudal, absolutist, mercantilist, modern). I am taking a break, but I will soon work on Wu Hu(barbarian uprising) and North-South soon. Would you object to working on the Qing section????Teeninvestor (talk) 14:54, 16 February 2009 (UTC) You bet your ass it isScience and technology of the Han Dynasty is here to stay...bitch. Lol! I hope you enjoy that read; it's pretty long and packed with detail. Drop a message on its talk page if you notice anything that needs to be fixed or improved (the weaponry section is still in need of expansion, but everything else is fine). Later dude!--Pericles of AthensTalk 20:00, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
Hi again. Take a look at Government of the Han Dynasty. Cheers.--Pericles of AthensTalk 08:33, 21 March 2009 (UTC) Wanyan HanpuHello, Madalibi, and thanks for writing on my talk page. I completely agree with what you said regarding the translation of the sentence from the 滿洲源流, and you'll find that I promptly reverted that sentence back to a state close to how you had left it, after some consideration as to the literal meaning of '新羅王金姓則金之逺派.' This was done only a few minutes after the first edit I made. Having read your guess as to why the Manchus would have supplied that sentence in the 滿洲源流, please let me inform you of my own. It is my belief that although there is a chance that the information about the origin of Hanpu from Goryeo is inaccurate, it is almost surely not without merit. The fact that the names of the Jin Dynasty and the Kim royal family of Shilla are identical cannot be a mere coincidence, and I am sure that the life story of Hanpu as mentioned in the 滿洲源流 must have at least a bit of truth, if not a vast majority of it. Having studied the history of the Manchus just as you have, I am sure that you recognize that the Korean people and Manchu people sprung up from the same nation, a nation that called itself Joseon, and that before Hung Taiji renamed his people, the Manchu people were known as 'Jurchen,' which was pronounced jušen in the Jurchen language. The very similar prounciations of these two nations also cannot be just a coincidence -- what I am trying to prove is that the two people are not very dissimilar and that there has been an overwhelming amount of peaceful interaction between the two peoples in history, even from the very beginning. Another curious fact is that 愛新覺羅 contain the characters 新羅; although I do know that these characters were chosen for their phonetic value, it is hard for me to accept that the correlation between the two is mere coincidence as well. In essence, I think that the idea that Hanpu originated from the royal family of Shilla is not very far-fetched, if it is at all, and may very well be grounded in historical truth. I have also found a few more sources that confirm what the aforementioned sentences says, although I have not been able to find nor read the entirety of their texts of origin. With that said, having never seen these texts, I am not completely sure of the credibility of the following sources, but perhaps there is something from them that can be of use.
You stated that the 滿洲源流 is a primary source, but I do not believe that this is so, especially in the context of Hanpu. As you probably already know, the 滿洲源流 was written a little under a millenium after Hanpu's existence -- in my eyes, this conclusively disqualifies it as a 'primary source' in the case of Hanpu's life story. In addition, I noticed that you mentioned that the 滿洲源流 is not a credible source to draw information from and that you also cited an article by Pamela Crossley. If you do not mind me asking, I would like to know what portions of the 滿洲源流 are inaccurate, and if these inaccuracies occur in the sections mentioning Hanpu's life. If you happen to have a copy of Crossley's article, would you mind if I asked you for one? Thank you. Thank you also for providing that interesting bit of detail for me! I see that the 滿洲源流 expounds on the Hanpu/Shilla theory a bit further and even explicitly mentions a link between the Jin Dynasty's name and the Shilla royal family's family name. In my opinion, there seems to be no malicious intent in writing that sentence, especially since the state of Shilla collapsed a little under a millenium before the 滿洲源流 was written; I believe that this contributes to the potential credibility of the 滿洲源流, at least in regard to Hanpu's history. In fact, as the as of yet uncited, but potentially plausible tale of Hanpu's rise to power points out, it was because of the collapse of Shilla that Hanpu found his way to Manchuria and became accepted into the Wanyan clan. Maybe it was because of the fact that he was accepted into the pre-existing Wanyan clan (and being unable to use his former family name 金) that his son chose to name his country 金, finding no place else to leave the legacy of his former family name. Of course, this is all just speculation on my part. As Hanpu existed on the borderline of the transition from Shilla to Goryeo, I believe that there really is nothing odd about the 金史 using the names Goryeo and Shilla interchangeably. Perhaps it could be said that Hanpu came from both Shilla and Goryeo, Shilla being his former country and Goryeo being the then-contemporary name of the territory he was born in. Perhaps it could also be said that I have gone on long enough with this post. It was nice to have the opportunity to read and respond to your post on my talk page -- thanks. (= Flamarial (talk) 11:06, 3 March 2009 (UTC) Disruption at Inner Asia during the Tang dynastyThis article has been heavily disrupted by a tag team, seeking to delete/merge it. My attempts to improve you have resulted in an edit war. Please check.Teeninvestor (talk) 20:04, 16 March 2009 (UTC) Economic history of China updateIt is mostly finished, except for Han and Song sections in which Pericles did, and the Qing section, which I hoped you could do. Now I have to start the gargutan task of citign the damn article, and finding pictures.Teeninvestor (talk) 14:41, 22 March 2009 (UTC) Han Dynasty is completeSeriously though. All five sub-articles and now...(drumroll)...the main article! Han Dynasty. Have a look.--Pericles of AthensTalk 20:50, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
Can you help me with this dispute?An obstinate editor accused me of various things(I don't know what as of yet, as he is a terrible communicator). But what I've gathered is that he thinks my source "5000 years of Chinese history" is not necessarily what I said it is: "a chinese history book". Can you go to (Chinese) - "http://book.jqcq.com/product/30157.html", affirm this book is actually a chinese history book, and then go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration and make a comment. This would help the dispute a lot. Thank you. P.S. that Qing section at user:Teeninvestor/sandbox/Economic history of China is still open!Teeninvestor (talk) 23:02, 27 March 2009 (UTC) Hi MadalibiHaha! No, I'm very much a soon-to-be graduate of George Mason University. And somehow, someway, on the weekends I find the time to go out to the bar and hang out with friends. Thanks for looking at Han Dynasty. Let me know if you see any glaring errors or mistakes. Cheers.--Pericles of AthensTalk 14:59, 18 April 2009 (UTC)
It's done(sort of). I'm hoping you and Pericles can add some images + citations, while I am going to expand the PRC section(which is a bit rushed). It is a 161 kb beauty. 174kb now.Teeninvestor (talk) 22:05, 17 May 2009 (UTC) The article has been split into Economic history of Modern China and Economic history of China (Pre-1911). The prose size in the later article is calculated at no more than 91 kilobytes, solving our problem.(as some 22 kb were removed to the Modern article]]. A notice at top of both articles will alert reader to section he/she needs. Also, Did you say something like Qing Dynasty being neglected?Teeninvestor (talk) 21:55, 20 May 2009 (UTC) Hey old friendHow's it going? I hardly frequent CHF anymore, but I did notice that you were logged in to CHF today. I'm sure you heard all about the staff defection and the quarrel with General Zhao Yun (aka "GZ") over the whole hacker incident. Staff members and others such as Yun, Mok, Francois, Ur, Kenneth, Yang Zongbao, etc. have joined together to form a new forum. I am also a member there. We are still as dedicated as ever to the pursuit of knowledge and study of Chinese history. I was wondering if you would be so kind as to join us. Please consider the offer. It is a close-knit group, so you should already know much of the people there from CHF. Talk to you soon. Eric.--Pericles of AthensTalk 02:23, 22 May 2009 (UTC)
Dude, check out these pictures I just downloaded to Wikimedia Commons: Awesome.--Pericles of AthensTalk 06:33, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
Man, this is weirdCheck this out (color footage from WWII, German soldiers being escorted out of Italy by US troops BEFORE the war's end): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kowbXGifALU Granted, the war is about to end a couple weeks after this, but still, it is very strange to watch these two sides sitting around, chatting, directing traffic together while the war is still going on.--Pericles of AthensTalk 20:31, 29 May 2009 (UTC) Improving coverage of the Qing DynastyPerhaps when you start editing voraciously again, maybe you can finish History of the Qing Dynasty? I just finished my coverage of the Wu Hu Era after the Economic history of China Task(took me several months to write). My next plan is to help write History of the Jin Dynasty. Also, can you keep an eye on Economic history of Modern China and Economic history of China (Pre-1911)? Thanks.Teeninvestor (talk) 01:47, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
Ridiculous argumentWhen you have time, please go to commons:File talk:Flag of the Republic of China.svg have a look, you will find out how silly people can be, can't even tell the difference between Black and Blue Arilang talk 01:52, 12 June 2009 (UTC) HeheTake a look at the new version of my user page, User:PericlesofAthens.--Pericles of AthensTalk 09:02, 3 June 2009 (UTC) HelpHelp: Chinese to English 1 历史 1.1 明朝的建立 1.2 初期的強盛（1368-1436） 1.2.1 洪武時期 1.2.2 靖難之役與永樂時期 1.2.3 仁宣之治 1.3 中期（1436－1573） 1.3.1 土木之變與英宗復辟 1.3.2 憲宗時期 1.3.3 弘治中興 1.3.4 武宗亂政 1.3.5 嘉靖隆慶二朝 1.4 后期（1573－1644） 1.4.1 張居正變法 1.4.2 萬曆怠政 1.4.3 明末三大案 1.4.4 阉党专权 1.4.5 灭亡 1.5 南明抗清（1644－1683） 2 疆域和政区 2.1 明朝疆域 2.2 明朝行政区划 3 政治制度 3.1 主要機構 3.2 其它机构 4 軍事制度 5 外交 6 經濟 7 人口 7.1 明代户籍制度 8 教育与科举 9 文化与科技 9.1 西學東漸 9.2 人文学科 9.3 自然科学 10 社会风气 11 艺术成就 11.1 美术 11.2 书法 11.3 建筑工艺 12 帝王年表 13 注释 14 参考资料 15 参見 16 外部链接 --Trương Hoàng Phong (talk) 00:55, 19 June 2009 (UTC) Iranian protestsYou keeping up with this? 2009 Iranian election protests. I don't think I've seen anything like this in my lifetime. The Tiananmen protest of '89 just does not compare.--Pericles of AthensTalk 01:33, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
Shepherds of the AnusHahaha! I love that title. See? I told you that you would get a kick out of the medical stuff I could find. From: Chadwick, Robert. (2005). First Civilizations: Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt (Second Edition). London and Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1904768776. Page 122.
Now that's a messy job! Hah.--Pericles of AthensTalk 10:03, 22 June 2009 (UTC) Pictures I've downloaded recentlyAlso, for your amusement, here are some lovely images I've uploaded to Wiki recently.--Pericles of AthensTalk 12:44, 24 June 2009 (UTC) Voting on color soonHi Madalibi, looks like there is going to be a consensus voting on the color of ROC flag:commons:File talk:Flag of the Republic of China.svg, please go there and voice your opinion. Arilang talk 23:08, 22 June 2009 (UTC) Along the River During the Qingming Festival, meet your RivalAll your base are belong to this painting. It simply competes with Along the River During the Qingming Festival.--Pericles of AthensTalk 10:30, 25 June 2009 (UTC) helpupload file from [5] File name: Ming Dynasty. Yongle the Great —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yongle the Great (talk • contribs) 01:54, 14 August 2009 (UTC) Several changes have been made per your recommendations. Teeninvestor (talk) 18:47, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
Erlitou cultureThis is in no way related to the FAC, but just a simple inquiry from myself. If the Erlitou culture is an advanced bronze age society, which is much more organized and advanced than the peoples around it, and is contemporous with the Xia, then how could it not be the Xia? What else would it be? Isn't what the Xia is simply what Erlitou is: An advanced early bronze age state?Teeninvestor (talk) 01:57, 2 September 2009 (UTC) Oracle bonesI would not call these "written records", which is technically correct but will probably mislead the uninformed reader. How about "inscriptional" or "epigraphic evidence"? these are closer to the Linear B evidence at Pylos or the (rather doubtful) Hittite mention of Atreus than the archives of the Han. You are probably right that silence is best in the lead; the section on Chinese prehistory might mention the traces of nomadic life that Waley mentions in his introduction to The Way and its Power. But this is - and was - a comment, not an oppose; the WP:PEACOCKery constitute the oppose. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 13:34, 2 September 2009 (UTC) Continued reviewPerhaps Economic history of China (pre-1911) could benefit from more of your insight, Madalibi? The new Xia-Shang-Zhou section is excellent.Teeninvestor (talk) 19:32, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
Hi againHi, it has been long time since we interact again. I know you are trying to stick to your scholar view point, but I am trying to push the independent historian view point, which is at the extreme end of the spectrum, opposite to the Chinese government's official line. However, I have faith in the independent historian view, and I think their view will prevail. Regarding Siku Quanshu, I shall continue to search for independent historian essay, and translate them accordingly. Cheers. Arilang talk 13:40, 20 September 2009 (UTC) Your comments would be appreciated. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:33, 21 December 2009 (UTC) Your inputYour input would be appreciated at Talk:Qing_and_Yuan_Dynasties_debate#Propose_for_deletion [sic] initiated by LLTimes (talk · contribs) since you appear to be interested in solving the problems in "Qing and Yuan Dynasties debate" article. --LLTimes (talk) 06:49, 13 February 2010 (UTC) Hua-Yi distinction had been renamed by user:Quicktool, which looks like a sockpuppet of some sort, and he had single-handly changed the lead section. Please have a look at Talk:Barbarians in East Asian cultures. Arilang talk 03:39, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
Hi againHi, if you have spare time please have a look:1900 National Upheaval, Nine Gates Infantry Commander and suggest ways to improve thees articles, thanks. Arilang talk 04:56, 8 June 2011 (UTC) RFCHello. I request you participate in Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/CWHDÜNGÁNÈ (talk) 00:32, 26 July 2011 (UTC) Nomination of Changning (prince) for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Changning (prince) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted. The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Changning (prince) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Avenue X at Cicero (talk) 07:21, 14 August 2011 (UTC) Feedback requestI'm hoping to improve a couple of articles about alternative/traditional healthcare that could use some of the neutrality and cooperative discussion I've seen you display on the TCM article. If you have time, please take a look at 'yoga as exercise or alternative medicine' [6], and 'maharishi ayurveda' [7]. This last one has a discussion about 'pseudoscience' and I'd appreciate your perspective on the use of that infobox, as an experienced wiki editor who is familiar with tradition medicine. I'm just an observer of that discussion. I haven't stepped into the fray. Octopet (talk) 18:14, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
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