Timeline of Argentine history

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This is a timeline of Argentine history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Argentina and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Argentina. See also the list of heads of state of Argentina.

Millennia: 1st BC · 1st–2nd · 3rd
Centuries: 5th BC · 4th BC · 3rd BC · 2nd BC · 1st BC

BC

Year Date Event
c. 10,000 BC The earliest traces of humans are dated from the Paleolithic period, and there are further signs in the Mesolithic and Neolithic.[1] However, large areas of the interior were apparently depopulated during an extensive dry period between 4000 and 2000 BC.[2]
500 BC Irrigation permitted development of sedentary agriculture of staple crops in western and northwestern Andean region

Centuries: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th – 9th – 10th – 11th – 12th – 13th – 14th – 15th – 16th – 17th – 18th – 19th – 20th

1st century

Year Date Event
1 Several corn-based civilizations developed in the western and northwestern Andean region (Ansilta, Condorhuasi, Cienaga, Aguada, Santa Maria, Huarpes, Diaguitas, Sanavirones, among others)

6th century

Year Date Event
600 Development of metallurgical technologies, permitting elaborate bronzeworks

7th century

Year Date Event
700 Cueva de las Manos was last inhabited, with the final cave dwellers possibly being ancestors of the Tehuelche tribes.[3][4][5]

9th century

Year Date Event
850 Emergence of fortified urban settlements

15th century

Year Date Event
1480 The Inca Empire, under the rule of emperor Pachacutec, launched an offensive and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina, integrating it into a region called Qullasuyu

16th century

Year Date Event
1516 Spanish navigator Juan Díaz de Solís first European explorer to visit Río de la Plata, on territory which is now Argentina; Díaz de Solís killed and supposedly cannibalised by native Charrúa, Querandí or Guaraní
1526 Sebastian Cabot sailed up Paraná River and built short-lived fort near modern Rosario
1536 Santa María del Buen Ayre founded by Pedro de Mendoza on site of modern Buenos Aires
1541 Santa María del Buen Ayre settlement abandoned after indigenous attacks
1553 Santiago del Estero founded by Francisco de Aguirre (some claim 1550)
1561 Mendoza founded
1562 San Juan founded
1573 Córdoba and Santa Fe founded
1580 Permanent colony re-established by Spain on the site of Buenos Aires as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru; initial settlement was primarily overland from Peru
1582 Salta founded
1591 La Rioja founded
1593 San Salvador de Jujuy founded

17th century

Year Date Event
1609 First Jesuit missions to the Guaraní founded in the Upper Paraná area. San Ignacio in Misiones
1613 National University of Córdoba founded by Jesuits
1657 Diaguita rebellion led by Spanish rebel, Pedro Bohórquez
1661 San Ignacio school in Córdoba founded by Jesuits
1680 The Portuguese established a trading post across the Rio de la Plata from Buenos Aires
1685 City of Tucumán moved to present location

18th century

Year Date Event
1767 Jesuits expelled from Spanish territories
1776 Establishment of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: Virreinato del Río de la Plata) comprising today's Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, as well as much of present-day Bolivia, declared with Buenos Aires as its capital
1794 Establishment of the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

19th century

Year Date Event
1806 British invasions of the River Plate unsuccessfully attempt to establish control over Spain's southern colonies as part of the Napoleonic Wars. Spanish troops offer no defence but British repelled by local civilians and militias (to 1807)
1810 May Secret meetings in 1810 organised a petition for an open meeting – Cabildo Abierto
The petition was refused by viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, but popular protest forced his hand on 22 May.
22 May The Cabildo opened its session with 251 of the city's most prominent citizens, and discussed the future government of the provinces.
23 May The assembly voted for the removal of the viceroy and the creation of the Primera Junta of locals to govern Buenos Aires, proclaiming loyalty to Ferdinand VII. This was properly agreed and the Junta sworn in on 25 May.
Unsuccessful military campaigns in Paraguay and Alto Perú failed to gather support for joint action by the entire viceroyalty against Spanish forces (to 1811).
May News of Napoleon's invasion of Spain caused a power vacuum in Buenos Aires leading to a series of events known as the May Revolution.
December Junta Grande, with delegates from other provinces of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, replaced Primera Junta.
1811 September First Triumvirate of Feliciano Chiclana, Juan José Paso and Manuel de Sarratea replaced Junta Grande.
1812 23 August The Jujuy Exodus was led by Manuel Belgrano, with several thousand soldiers and civilians retreating from Jujuy and Salta, to avoid military defeat and defections.
8 October Second Triumvirate of Nicolás Rodriguez Peña, Antonio Álvarez Jonte and Juan José Paso replaced First Triumvirate.
1813 3 February The Battle of San Lorenzo, the first battle of José de San Martín in the Argentine War of Independence.
31 January The Assembly of the Year XIII called in February to plan further military campaigns and organise defence of Buenos Aires
1814 14–17 May Battle of Buceo saw United Provinces' fleet defeat Spanish navy securing coast.
Second Triumvirate replaced by position of Supreme Director, first occupied by Gervasio Antonio de Posadas
1815 Defeats in battles in late 1815 led to final loss of modern Bolivia
1816 March An assembly of provincial delegates met as the Congress of Tucumán to discuss future military and political developments
9 July The Congress declared the independence of Argentina
1820 The Battle of Cepeda took place between Unitarians who supported a strong centralised state, and Federals, largely provincial caudillo warlords who wanted decentralised authority. The Federals won and the February 1820 Treaty of Pilar declared Argentina as a federal country, although Unitarian ideals continued
1825 The United Kingdom recognises Argentine independence.
Deputies from the eastern bank of the Río de la Plata declare independence from Brazil, leading to the Cisplatine War. The 1827 Battle of Ituzaingó saw tactical success for Argentina. The war ended in 1828 with a treaty giving independence to Uruguay
1828 Luis Vernet establishes settlement on the Falkland Islands
1829 6 December Juan Manuel de Rosas became governor of Buenos Aires Province
1830 Yaghan aboriginal Jemmy Button (Orundellico) taken from Tierra del Fuego to England by Robert FitzRoy on HMS Beagle
1831 4 January Pacto Federal signed between provinces to protect federal nature of country
The Voyage of the Beagle with Charles Darwin and Robert FitzRoy visited the Río de la Plata, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (to 1834)
Argentine Governor of the Falkland Islands Luis Vernet is expelled by USS Lexington following his seizure of United States interests. New governor murdered in 1832 mutiny
1833 Juan Manuel de Rosas begins the First Conquest of the Desert
2 January British forces re-occupy the Falkland Islands
1839 Rosas made Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation
1852 Rosas overthrown by Justo José de Urquiza following Battle of Caseros
1853 1 May Constitution of Argentina agreed by assembly in Santa Fe, creating modern system of government
1854 Urquiza became first President of Argentina in modern sense but opposed by Buenos Aires, still opposed to federal project
1859 Defeat of Unitarian forces led by Bartolomé Mitre by Urquiza and federals at Battle of Cepeda; Buenos Aires re-enters confederation
1861 20 March Mendoza earthquake kills 6,000 to 12,000 citizens of Mendoza.[6]
1864 13 November Start of Paraguayan War between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, leading to utter defeat of Paraguay by 1870
1878 Commencement of the Conquest of the Desert against indigenous inhabitants of the south led by Julio Argentino Roca; final surrender by 1884
1880 Roca became president, finally defeated federals and moved capital to Buenos Aires from Rosario
1884 September Gold is discovered near Cape Virgenes sparking the Tierra del Fuego gold rush
1890 26 June Founding of the Radical Civic Union (UCR) or Radical Party
The Panic of 1890 brought the Baring Brothers bank in London close to collapse after disastrous investments in Argentina
1895 Mandatory military service (Conscription) established

20th century

Year Date Event
1902 The Drago Doctrine is announced by the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs Luis María Drago.[7]
1912 February Sáenz Peña Law introduces universal, secret and compulsory male suffrage, end of the Generation of '80
1916 12 October Start of presidency of Hipólito Yrigoyen, UCR democratic reformist
1918 Students strikes and demonstrations enforce the university reform of shared powers between teachers, graduates and students
1927 10 October Fabrica Militar de Aviones aircraft factory founded in Cordoba
1930 Military coup deposed Yrigoyen, starting the 'Infamous Decade'
1931 General Agustín Pedro Justo declared winner of Presidency following 'patriotic fraud' in election
1943 'National Revolution' led by nationalist military officers including Colonel Juan Perón; ensured continued non-intervention in World War II
1944 15 January San Juan earthquake destroys provincial capital, kills 10,000.[8]
1945 Argentina enters World War II on the side of the Allies and admitted as founding member of United Nations
Perón arrested then freed after major popular protest by those known as the Descamisados
1946 4 June Perón elected president; re-elected to presidency in 1951
15 May Indigenous people march in Malón de la Paz to Buenos Aires to demand land rights
1947 Women's suffrage is approved
1950 First flight of the FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II, the first jet fighter to be entirely developed and built in Latin America.
31 May The National Atomic Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, CNEA) is founded
1952 26 July Death of Eva Perón
1955 September Perón ousted in 'Liberating Revolution' military coup
1956 INTA (National Agricultural Technology Institute), is created
1957 INTI (National Institute of Industrial Technology), is created
1958 ARA Independencia, the first aircraft carrier of the Argentine Navy, enters service
1962 29 March Military coup ended presidency of civilian Arturo Frondizi
1966 General Juan Carlos Onganía assumed power and represses political parties
1967 9 October Death of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
1969 May In the Cordobazo protests, thousands of citizens routed the army and police and took control of Córdoba for two days
A counterinsurgency aircraft, the FMA IA 58 Pucará, flies for the first time
Aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo replaces ARA Independencia
1970 General Alejandro Agustín Lanusse emerged as president after Onganía toppled
Civil conflict and terrorist attacks, principally by left-wing Montoneros and Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo opposed by paramilitary Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (to 1976)
1973 20 June The Ezeiza massacre takes place upon Perón's return from exile, when members of the Triple A open fire on the crowd awaiting him.
Democratic elections brought Peronist Héctor José Cámpora to power; Perón elected president in fresh elections later that year
1974 Atucha Nuclear Power Plant, the first nuclear power plant in Latin America, began operation
Death of Juan Perón, leaving widow Isabel Perón as president
1976 24 March A military coup deposed Isabel Perón
The Proceso de Reorganización Nacional military government led by Jorge Videla repressed political and armed opposition through use of torture, forced disappearance and extrajudicial killing up of to 30,000 people (to 1983)
1 September The high tech company INVAP is created.[9]
1978 June Argentina hosted and won the 1978 FIFA World Cup
Argentina refused the binding Beagle Channel arbitration and started the Operation Soberanía in order to invade Chile
1982 April Leader General Leopoldo Galtieri sent troops to the Falkland Islands triggering Falklands War; British task force retook islands by mid-June
1983 10 December Military government collapsed; election of Radical Raúl Alfonsín as president
1984 20 January Embalse Nuclear Power Station began operations
6 October The trainer aircraft FMA IA-63 Pampa flight for the first time.
29 November The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina ends border dispute over Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands
1985 La Historia Oficial film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1986 Argentina wins 1986 FIFA World Cup, captained by Diego Maradona
1987 April First uprising by Carapintadas, commanded by Colonel Aldo Rico,[10] two arrested. Alfonsín declares La casa está en orden (The house is in order)
1988 January Second Carapintada revolt, again under Rico's command in January, 300 arrested
Third and last Carapintada uprising, led by Mohamed Alí Seineldín, two arrested
1989 Dissident military group attacks La Tablada regiment, but are finally seized
Hyper-inflation and political turmoil brings Peronist Carlos Menem to power in election
1990 Neo-liberal economic policies and privatisations brought general strikes, hunger strikes and political party realignments
1991 Argentine peso pegged to United States dollar
Argentina is the only Latin American country to participate in the first Gulf War under mandate of the United Nations
Mercosur customs union founded by the Treaty of Asunción
Argentina, Brazil and Chile signed the Mendoza Declaration prohibiting Chemical Weapons
1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires killed 29 in terrorist attack
1993 Argentina joins UNFICYP mission at Cyprus. As of 2006, ground troops and helicopters are serving there and since 1999 have other Latin American countries troops embedded.
1994 Following the Pact of Olivos, the constitution reform is agreed, allowing Presidents to serve second consecutive term
Bombing of AMIA Jewish Community Centre in Buenos Aires, killing 85
The murder of Conscript Omar Carrasco led to the abolition of Conscription
1995 Menem won second term
Argentina acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
FMA privatized into Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina
1996 Radical Fernando de la Rúa elected first Mayor of Buenos Aires
1997 Radicals, left-wing FrePaSo and others joined forces as Alianza electoral alliance to oppose Menem and Peronists
The A-4AR Fightinghawk enter service in the Argentine Air Force
1998 U.S. President Bill Clinton designated Argentina as a major non-NATO ally
1999 De la Rúa won Presidency as head of the Alianza, but was confronted by growing economic crisis
In one of the worst accidents in the history of Argentinian aviation, LAPA Flight 3142 crash at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery airport resulted in 65 fatalities.
2000 High tech company INVAP is chosen by Australia to design and construct the OPAL nuclear reactor
Vice-President Carlos Álvarez resigned in protest political bribes scandal, precipitating crisis in ruling alliance

21st century

Year Date Event
2001 In March, the remaining FrePaSo ministers resigned from government in protest at economic and labour reforms
November The government responded to a run on banks by limiting access to bank deposits in the corralito
December Events that have become known as the Argentinazo took place:
  • Middle classes, exasperated with constraints of corralito, took to streets in protest in the Cacerolazo
  • Trade unions and piqueteros began protests, and shops and businesses were ransacked
  • Violent protests and mass demonstrations in the Plaza de Mayo; 26 die in protests nationwide
  • Finance minister Domingo Cavallo and President de la Rúa resigned in quick succession on 19 and 20 December
  • Provincial governor Adolfo Rodríguez Saá appointed president by Argentine Congress on 22 December
  • Rodríguez Saá declared a short-lived debt moratorium. After a few days, Argentina officially defaulted on $93 billion of its debt to the International Monetary Fund and creditors
  • Rodríguez Saá resigned after a week following lack of support from colleagues
  • Eduardo Duhalde, losing candidate in the 1999 presidential elections, appointed president with broad cross-party support
2002 Duhalde imposes further financial measures, including converting dollar accounts to pesos, scrapping 1:1 parity with the dollar, and social measures to bring economy under control
2003 Former President Carlos Menem wins first round of presidential election but pulls out facing certain defeat, handing victory to fellow Peronist Néstor Kirchner
2004 April More than 100,000 people demonstrated in Buenos Aires in support of Juan Carlos Blumberg, father of murdered student Axel Blumberg, demanding harsher criminal laws.[11]
Kirchner pursued Argentine debt restructuring
Natural gas supply shortage produced tension with Chile
1 September Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty established in Buenos Aires
30 December A fire in the República Cromagnon nightclub in Buenos Aires kills 194 people and injures over 1,000.[12]
2005 February Relations between Catholic Church and government broke down between military chaplain and minister over abortion
Supreme Court overruled 'Laws of Pardon' that were used to pardon military figures of the Dirty War
First disputes of the Cellulose plant conflict between Argentina and Uruguay
October Mid-term elections saw a massive split in the Justicialist Party between Kirchner's centre-left Front for Victory faction and the rump of his former patron Duhalde and other provincial leaders; Front for Victory wins by large margin
Massive demonstrations against U.S. President George W. Bush at the 4th Summit of the Americas in Mar del Plata
December Kirchner announced cancellation of IMF debt with single, final payment
2006 March Buenos Aires mayor Aníbal Ibarra removed from office following accusations of negligence regarding the República Cromagnon nightclub fire of 2004
2007 9 October Catholic priest Christian von Wernich is found guilty of involvement in seven murders and 42 cases of kidnapping and torture related to the state-sponsored Dirty War. Von Wernich is sentenced to life imprisonment.
10 December Cristina Kirchner assumes as new president of Argentina.
2010 22 July Same-sex marriage has been legal in Argentina
2020 December The abortion law was liberalized when the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill was passed by the National Congress.[13][14][15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Santillán, p. 17
  2. ^ A Gil, M Zárate & G Neme (2005), Mid-Holocene paleoenvironments and the archeological record of southern Mendoza, Argentina. Quat. Intern. 132: 81-94.
  3. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  4. ^ Art & Place: Site-Specific Art of the Americas. Editorial Director: Amanda Renshaw; Text & Expertise provided by Daniel Arsenault et al. Phaidon Press. 2013. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-0-7148-6551-5. OCLC 865298990. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Fanning, Irene; Glusberg, Jorge; Frei, Cheryl Jiménez; Perazzo, Nelly; Hartop, Christopher; Pérez, Jorge F. Rivas; Corcuera, Ruth; Reyes, Marta Arciprete de; Vaquero, Julieta Zunilda (9 March 2020). "Argentina, Republic of". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press (published 2003). doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t003988. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  6. ^ "Historical earthquakes". www.inpres.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  7. ^ United States Army Combined Arms Center (17 September 2008). "Drago Doctrine". United States Army.
  8. ^ Listado de terremotos históricos Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  9. ^ "INVAP - ECyT-ar". cyt-ar.com.ar. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  10. ^ A., Payne, Leigh (2000). Uncivil movements : the armed right wing and democracy in Latin America. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801862426. OCLC 42289653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Argentine crime sparks protests". BBC News. 2 April 2004.
  12. ^ "Argentina: 7 Members of Band Convicted in Club Fire". nytimes.com. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  13. ^ Goñi, Uki; Phillips, Tom (30 December 2020). "Argentina legalises abortion in landmark moment for women's rights: Country becomes only the third in South America to permit elective abortions". Abortion. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  14. ^ Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (30 December 2020). "Argentina Legalizes Abortion, a Milestone in a Conservative Region: The Senate vote on Wednesday was a major victory for Latin America's growing feminist movement, and its ripple effects are likely to be widespread". Americas. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Abortion becomes legal in Argentina as Chile starts a debate". Buenos Aires Times. Retrieved 15 January 2021.