The Garrison Apartments, 435 Convent Avenue

The Garrison Apartments, Inc., 435 Convent Avenue

435 Convent Avenue is a six-story granite, brick, and terra cotta cooperative apartment building called The Garrison Apartments, Inc. It stands at the southeast corner of Convent Avenue and West 149th Street on Sugar Hill in the Hamilton Heights neighborhood in West Harlem in Manhattan in New York City. The building has 29 apartments individually owned by the shareholders in the corporation, a superintendent's apartment in the basement, and a common-area garden in the back.

Architecture

Designed and built by architects Neville & Bagge for owner E. M. Krulewitch in 1909–1910, the apartment building at 435 Convent Avenue was originally named Emsworth Hall. Its architectural style has been called Beaux-Arts Classical and French Renaissance Revival.[1][2][3] 

Neville & Bagge was a Harlem-based architectural and construction firm with offices at 217 West 125th Street.[4] They were active in New York City between 1892 and 1917 and became one of the most prolific designers of multiple dwellings in Manhattan, especially in the uptown neighborhoods of Harlem, Morningside Heights, and the Upper West Side where residential construction was booming.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] In Morningside Heights: A History of Its Architecture and Development, Andrew S. Dolkart writes:

Although generally unheralded, it was Schwartz & Gross, George Pelham, Neville & Bagge, and other speculative architects who, by the sheer volume of their work, created the architectural character and texture of many of New York's neighborhoods . . .[5]

Neville & Bagge applied for at least 531 new building permits between 1892 and 1917[4] and designed and built many uptown Manhattan landmark buildings—most residential but a few religious, too—such as:

Landmark status

435 Convent Avenue is in the Hamilton Heights/Sugar Hill Historic District, which was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2000; the Designation Report discusses 435 Convent Avenue on pages 43 through 45.[2] The Sugar Hill Historic District was also registered on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002; the Registration Form discusses 435 Convent Avenue on page 33.[3][19]

History

The New York Age, October 2, 1926.

Black real estate developer Samuel J. Cottman began advertising the sale of apartments at 435 Convent Avenue "on the Co-operative Plan" to Black buyers as early as September 1926.[20] It was a story that ran on the cover of the Black newspaper The New York Age on October 2, 1926:

FINE NEW APARTMENT HOUSE ON CONVENT AVE. BEING SOLD TO COLORED TENANTS

Convent avenue, the street on which Alexander Hamilton's home still stands, is being invaded by colored people. Recently several houses on this street, considered the finest on the Washington Heights section, have been opened to colored tenants. Some of the houses in which colored are moving are private dwellings but one particularly fine apartment house is being converted into colored usage.

This house, located at 435 Convent avenue, corner 149th street, is being sold by S. J. Cottman of 2303 Seventh avenue, on the cooperative plan to colored tenants. The house is a six-story elevator structure with every modern convience [sic] and contains a six, a seven, an eight and a nine-room apartment on each floor.

Mr. Cottman, who has successfully promoted the sale of several cooperative house projects in Harlem, is convinced that this form of ownership of property will eventually succeed private ownership in the congested sections of the city.  His Convent avenue house should be especially attractive to those who formerly maintained private houses but who want the more modern comforts of an apartment.[21]

Between 1926 and 1929, Mr. Cottman regularly advertised apartments at 435 Convent Avenue for sale on the cooperative plan in the Black newspaper New York Amsterdam News.

By the summer of 1929, a significant number of shareholder-residents were in place at 435 Convent Avenue, and they took steps to form a corporation and purchase the building. On September 24, 1929, they filed the Certificate of Incorporation with the New York State Department of State under their new corporate name: The Garrison Apartments, Inc. The 9 directors of the corporation were Jules Bledsoe, Charles A. Butler, Peter B. Codrington, Helen M. Cottman, Edward David, Lily B. Dyett, Thomas C. Hall, Clyde Jammott, and Henry McNichols.[22][23] According to Peter Codrington's descendants who are shareholders in The Garrison today, the name "Garrison" was chosen to honor William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879), the American abolitionist and journalist best known for his widely read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator.

Seven weeks later, on November 13, 1929, the deed to 435 Convent Avenue passed to The Garrison Apartments, Inc. The seller was the Shastocon Realty Corporation, which presumably was Mr. Cottman's holding company.[24][25]

The Garrison was the first co-op on Sugar Hill, and it was Black owned.[26] It was not, however, the first Black owned co-op apartment building in Harlem as a whole. The Strathmore at 1890 Seventh Avenue in Central Harlem had become a co-op earlier in the 1920s but failed by 1933.[3] And the Dunbar Apartments, which are named for the Black poet, novelist, and short story writer Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) and are located east of Sugar Hill at West 149th and 150th Streets between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue, had opened as the first large co-op for African-Americans in 1928 but, by the end of 1936, its cooperative plan was abandoned.[27] It may be said that The Garrison is today the oldest continuously operated Black founded, owned, and managed co-op in New York City.

At the end of 1929 a Board of Directors was elected for The Garrison Apartments with Peter B. Codrington as its first President. The Board immediately assumed all of Mr. Cottman's previous duties in the management of the building, which included selling apartments, collecting rents, paying bills, and making repairs. While Mr. Cottman had not kept regular books, the Board committed itself to record-keeping and group management by electing not only a President and Vice-President, but also a Secretary, a Treasurer, a Chair of the House Committee, and a Chair of the Finance Committee.[28] Mr. Cottman remained a friend of the Board and lived in apartment 62 at The Garrison until his death in 1941.[28][29][30]

Peter B. Codrington served as President of the Board from 1929 to 1945 and again until 1973.[28] In the 1930s, when more than 3 out of 4 cooperative apartment buildings in New York and Chicago went bankrupt,[31][32] Mr. Codrington successfully led the young corporation through the Great Depression. In his 9-page "History of The Garrison Apartments" (1979), he wrote:

The economic situation of the day made the problems of meeting our obligations extremely difficult. It must be remembered that many of our apartments remained unsold. Some of these were rented, but some remained vacant. Some of our stockholders had lost their jobs and others suffered severe cuts in pay. . . . The board of directors tackled these and all the myriad other problems with energy and determination.[28]

New York Amsterdam News, October 15, 1930; p 23.

Starting in 1930, for the remaining unsold apartments at The Garrison, the Board of Directors ran display ads in the New York Amsterdam News that featured the co-op's new name. By 1936, Mr. Codrington and his fellow Board members had placed owners in 26 of the 29 apartments.[33] The remaining 3 were purchased by families in the late 1930s and the 1940s.[28]

Residents

Adam Clayton Powell Sr., civil rights leader, a founder of the National Urban League, and the longtime pastor of Harlem's Abyssinian Baptist Church, which he built into the largest Protestant congregation in the country with more than 10,000 members. He lived in apartment 3.[25][30]

Adam Clayton Powell Jr., civil rights leader, pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church, the first Black Councilman in New York City, and the first Black US Representative from any state in the Northeast. In 1934 he supported the successful "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" boycott of Blumstein's department store organized by civil rights activists Effa Manly and the Rev. John Howard Johnson of the Citizens' League for Fair Play.[34] Powell later organized and chaired the Greater New York Coordinating Committee for Employment which, in 1938, won agreement from Woolworth's, S. H. Kress & Co, A. S. Beck Shoe Corporation, and other major businesses not to discriminate against Blacks in hiring for professional roles.[35] He lived in apartment 3.[25][36][37][38][39]

Louise Thompson Patterson, teacher, civil rights and labor activist, and a central figure in the Harlem Renaissance. She was the stenographer for Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston when they collaboratively wrote the controversial folk-comedy play Mule Bone.[40][41][42] Some of the co-writing took place in her apartment which, biographers say, was like "a second home" to Hughes and Hurston in the Spring of 1930.[41][42][43][44] An ill-fated project, Mule Bone led to one of the most infamous quarrels in American literature—and the end of Hughes and Hurston's friendship—with Thompson Patterson at its center. She lived in apartment 22.[45][46]

Jules Bledsoe, baritone opera singer, stage and film actor, composer, and pioneer in American music. A leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance,[47] he earned enduring success on Broadway and international renown in opera. He crossed the color line to perform with major opera companies such as the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, the BBC Symphony in London, the Royal-Dutch Italian Opera Company, the Cleveland Stadium Opera, the Chicago Opera Company, and the Cosmopolitan Opera Association at the New York Hippodrome.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54] A gay man, Mr. Bledsoe was one of the original shareholders and a member of the first Board of Directors at The Garrison Apartments in 1929.[23]

Countee Cullen, acclaimed poet of the Harlem Renaissance and one-time son-in-law of W. E. B. Du Bois. He lived in apartment 43.[55][56]

Elise Johnson McDougald, also known as Gertrude Elise Ayer, pioneering educator who in 1935 became the first Black principal in the New York City public school system. James Baldwin, who was her pupil in the 5th and 6th grades at Harlem's P.S. 24, later said, "She proved to me that I didn't have to be entirely defined by my circumstances. . . . [Mrs. Ayer] was a living proof that I was not necessarily what the country said I was."[57] She lived in apartment 33.[58][59]

Thomas Ben Dyett, "The Dean of Black Lawyers," an assistant district attorney in Manhattan from 1927 to 1937, a member of the New York Constitutional Convention of 1938, a member of the New York State Commission of Correction from 1940 to 1946, a founding officer of Carver Federal Savings & Loan (the oldest and largest Black operated bank in the US) in 1948, the first Black member of the New York City Civil Service Commission, a member of the Board of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, the first Black member of the Committee on Character and Fitness of the New York State Bar, and a founding partner of Dyett, Alexander & Dinkins, the leading Black law firm in New York City whose other partners, Fritz Alexander and David Dinkins, became the first Black judge on the New York Court of Appeals (the highest court in the State of New York) and the first Black mayor of New York City, respectively.[60][61][62][63] He lived in apartment 63.[30][64]

Henry Kempton Craft, a 1907 Harvard graduate, an electrical engineer, a teacher at the Tuskegee Institute, the executive director of the Harlem YMCA from 1932 to 1946, and the field coordinator for the New York State Commission Against Discrimination, now known as the New York State Division of Human Rights.[25][65][66][67] In 1941, along with A. Philip Randolf,  Walter White, Lester Granger, Frank Crosswaith, Layle Lane, and Rayford Logan, Mr. Craft was an organizing member of Negroes’ Committee to March on Washington for Equal Participation in National Defense, which planned to mobilize 50,000 to 100,000 marchers on July 1, 1941 to protest the Jim Crow defense program after previous efforts to persuade President Franklin Roosevelt to desegregate the military were unsuccessful.[68][69] A week before the march, Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, which prohibited ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry (including in companies, unions, and federal agencies engaged in war-related work) and created the Fair Employment Practice Committee. Though not a law, Executive Order 8802 was the first federal action to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States, and it represented the first executive civil rights directive since Reconstruction. As a result of this victory, the 1941 March on Washington was called off by its organizing committee. Mr. Craft was the grandson of William and Ellen Craft, abolitionists famous for their daring escape from slavery in 1848 and their 1860 book, Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; Or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery.[70] He lived in apartment 35.[71]

Cornelius W. McDougald, Jr., lawyer, a commissioner on the New York City Commission on Human Rights, a longtime leader on NAACP national committees for Life Membership and the Freedom Fund Dinner, a trustee of the New York Bank for Savings, and chair of the Board of Trustees of the Community Church of New York in the 1960s when CCNY was the most successfully integrated congregation in the Unitarian Universalist Association.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] He lived in apartment 52.[81]

References

  1. ^ "Office for Metropolitan History, Building Permit Search, New building application NB 715–1909, "Convent Avenue, West 149th Street, southeast corner"". Office for Metropolitan History. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, Hamilton Heights/Sugar Hill Historic District Designation Report, June 27, 2000" (PDF). NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Sugar Hill Historic District, February 25, 2002". National Archives Catalog. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Office for Metropolitan History, Architect Search, Neville & Bagge, 217 West 125th Street". Office for Metropolitan History. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Dolkart, Andrew (1998). Morningside Heights: A History of Its Architecture and Development. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 279, 295, 297, 299–300, 307, 313. ISBN 9780231078504.
  6. ^ a b Diamondstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2016). The Landmarks of New York: An Illustrated, Comprehensive Record of New York City's Historic Buildings, Historic Districts, Interior Landmarks, Sidewalk Clocks, Streetlights, and Cultural Medallions (Sixth ed.). New York: Washington Mews Books. pp. 311–312, 404, 780, 791, 794, 797, 803, 809–811. ISBN 9781479883011.
  7. ^ a b c White, Norval (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 382, 387, 515, 549, 553, 652, 827, 833, 853. ISBN 9780195383850.
  8. ^ Spady, Matthew (2020). The Neighborhood Manhattan Forgot: Audubon Park and the Families Who Shaped It. New York: Empire State Editions. p. 262. ISBN 9780823289424.
  9. ^ Leadon, Fran (2018). Broadway: A History of New York City in Thirteen Miles. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 257. ISBN 9780393357929.
  10. ^ Dunlap, David W. (1990). On Broadway: A Journey Uptown Over Time. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 254–255, 262, 270–271, 276, 281, 284–293, 296, 301, 304. ISBN 9780847811816.
  11. ^ Goldberger, Paul (1979). The City Observed, New York: A Guide to the Architecture of Manhattan (First ed.). New York: Vintage. pp. 290–291, 314–315. ISBN 9780394729169.
  12. ^ Dolkart, Andrew (1997). Touring Historic Harlem: Four Walks in Northern Manhattan. New York: New York Landmarks Conservancy. pp. 7–16, 108. ISBN 9780964706118.
  13. ^ Francis, Dennis Steadman (1979). Architects in Practice, New York City, 1840-1900. New York: Committee for the Preservation of Architectural Records, Inc. pp. 13, 57.
  14. ^ Stern, Robert A. (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 303–304. ISBN 9780847805112.
  15. ^ "LandmarkWest Building Database". LandmarkWest!. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  16. ^ "NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, Saint Paul Roman Catholic Church Designation Report, June 28, 2016" (PDF). NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  17. ^ "NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, Saint Cecilia Convent Designation Report, September 14, 1976" (PDF). NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  18. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, Saint Cecilia's Church and Convent, January 5, 1984". National Archives Catalog. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  19. ^ "Sugar Hill Historic District, National Register Information System ID 02000360". National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  20. ^ "Washington Heights Finest Building". The New York Age. September 25, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  21. ^ "Fine New Apartment House on Convent Ave. Being Sold to Colored Tenants". The New York Age. October 2, 1926. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  22. ^ "New York State, Department of State, Division of Corporations database". New York State, Department of State, Division of Corporations, Corporation and Business Entity Database. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  23. ^ a b "Certificate of Incorporation, The Garrison Apartments, Inc., September 24, 1929, Department of State, State of New York". Certificate of Incorporation, The Garrison Apartments, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  24. ^ Abstract Index, New York County, Block 2063, Lots 25–139. NYC Department of Finance Archive, 14406 94th Avenue, Jamaica, NY 11435: NYC Department of Finance. p. 125.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  25. ^ a b c d James, Davida Siwisa (2024). Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill : Alexander Hamilton's Old Harlem Neighborhood Through the Centuries. New York: Empire State Editions. p. 171. ISBN 9781531506148.
  26. ^ Jackson, Nancy Beth (June 6, 2004). "Living In/Sugar Hill; Reclaiming a Place Where the Music Once Played". New York Times. p. Sec 11, p 7. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  27. ^ "NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, Dunbar Apartments Designation Report, July 14, 1970" (PDF). NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d e Codrington, Peter (1979). "The History of The Garrison Apartments". The History of The Garrison Apartments (1979) by Peter Codrington. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  29. ^ "Samuel J. Cottman [Obituary]". New York Times. August 10, 1941. p. 37. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  30. ^ a b c "United States Census, 1950". FamilySearch.org. May 1, 1950. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  31. ^ Sazama, Gerald (January 1996). "A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States. Working Paper 1996-09". Economics Working Papers: 2 – via DigitalCommons.
  32. ^ "A History of Housing Cooperatives". National Cooperative Law Center. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  33. ^ "Arrange Dinner". New York Amsterdam News. January 11, 1936. p. 6. ProQuest 226221673. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  34. ^ Anderson, Christie (2019). "'Don't Buy Where You Can't Work:' Protest and Riot in Harlem, 1932 -1935. Master of Arts Thesis, Hunter College". CUNY Academic Works: 28–33.
  35. ^ Gray, Christopher (November 20, 1994). "How a Black Boycott Opened the Employment Door". New York Times. p. 7. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  36. ^ "General Election Candidate List, Democratic Party, 16th District". Daily News. October 28, 1952. p. 47. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  37. ^ "Fighter for Civil Rights: Adam Clayton Powell, Jr". New York Times. July 4, 1956. p. 12. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  38. ^ "U.S., Departing Passenger and Crew Lists, 1914–1966; A4169 – New York, 1948–1956, Roll 390, SS United States, sailing from New York bound for Southampton, England on July 19, 1956". Ancestry.com. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  39. ^ "General Election Candidate List, Democratic Party, 16th District". Daily News. October 30, 1956. p. 29. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  40. ^ Hemenway, Robert E. (1977). Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography (First ed.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 130. ISBN 9780252008078.
  41. ^ a b Rampersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume I (1902-1941): I, Too, Sing America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 174, 183. ISBN 9780195146424.
  42. ^ a b Gilyard, Keith (2017). Louise Thompson Patterson: A Life of Struggle for Justice. Durham, NC: Duke university Press. pp. 70–72. ISBN 9780822369929.
  43. ^ Boyd, Valerie (2003). Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-7432-5329-1.
  44. ^ Louise Thompson Patterson papers. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. Manuscript Collection No. 869, Box AV1, Louise Thompson Patterson interview with Carol Yates, May 19, 1998, Tape 2, Side A, 14:00.
  45. ^ "United States Census, 1930". FamilySearch.org. April 22, 1930. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  46. ^ Louise Thompson Patterson papers, Emory University, Box 16, Folder 28, Letter from Homer Smith to Louise Thompson, May 25, 1932.
  47. ^ White, Walter, "The Negro Renaissance" (1926). In Gates, Henry Louis; Jarrett, Gene Andrew (eds.). The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892 - 1938. Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2007). pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-691-12652-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ "For the First Time in This Country! A Negro in Grand Opera". The Gazette [Cleveland, Ohio]. July 16, 1932. p. 1. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  49. ^ Sawyer, Amanda. "Jules Bledsoe". Waco History. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  50. ^ Geary, Lynnette (November 1, 1994). "Bledsoe, Julius Lorenzo Cobb". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  51. ^ Jones, Randye (January 4, 2022). "Jules Bledsoe Biography". Afrocentric Voices in "Classical" Music. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  52. ^ "Stadium Opera". Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 22 May 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  53. ^ "Bledsoe To Sing in 'Aida'". New York Times. November 13, 1934. p. 22. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  54. ^ "Jules Bledsoe Is First Negro in U S. to Sing King's Role in 'Aida'". The Montreal Star. July 11, 1932. p. 6. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
  55. ^ Molesworth, Charles (2012). And Bid Him Sing: A Biography of Countée Cullen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780226533643.
  56. ^ Cullen, Countee. "Letter to Edward Atkinson, May 19, 1943. Yale University Library Digital Collections, Countee Cullen Collection, 1903-1946; Box 1, Folder 3, Image 16731193 (PDF image 90 of 133)". Yale University Library, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  57. ^ Johnson, Lauri (2004). "A generation of women activists: African American female educators in Harlem, 1930–1950". Journal of African American History. 89 (3): 231–232. doi:10.2307/4134076. JSTOR 4134076 – via Academia.edu.
  58. ^ "Mrs. Vernon Ayer, 86, A Retired Principal". New York Times. July 12, 1971. p. 30. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  59. ^ The Garrison Apartments, Inc., Ledger, October 1965.
  60. ^ "The Justice of Judge Alexander". The Buffalo News. October 18, 1989. pp. B7 – B8. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  61. ^ "Thomas B. Dyett, Leading Lawyer [Obituary]". New York Times. November 3, 1971. p. 50. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  62. ^ "Carver Bancorp, Inc. 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). AnnualReports.com. 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  63. ^ "Supreme Court of the State of New York, Appellate Division, First Judicial Department, Justices of the Court (Historical), Fritz W. Alexander II". NYCourts.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  64. ^ "United States Census, 1940". FamilySearch.org. April 9, 1940. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  65. ^ Yenser, Thomas, Ed. (1944). Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons of African Descent in America, 1941–1944 (Sixth ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Thomas Yenser. p. 139.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ "Henry K. Craft Honored After 14 Years at YMCA". New York Amsterdam News. April 6, 1946. p. 3. ProQuest 225929109. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  67. ^ "Henry Craft Dies; YMCA Official, 90". New York Times. September 2, 1974. p. 18. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  68. ^ "Call to Negro America! To March on Washington for Jobs and Equal Share in National Defense Work". The Call [Kansas City, MO]. May 9, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  69. ^ "Want 50,000 to Stage Big Mass Protest". The Call [Kansas City, MO]. May 9, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  70. ^ "Father of Harlem Y Secretary Dies in Charleston at 84". The New York Age. January 22, 1938. p. 2. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  71. ^ "Friends Since Junior High Days to Take Vows June 10". New York Amsterdam News. June 10, 1939. p. 8. ProQuest 226058886. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  72. ^ "New Fledged Lawyers Are Given Pledge". New York Amsterdam News. December 19, 1936. p. 3. ProQuest 226228125. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  73. ^ Bracy, John H. Jr. (ed.). "A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Black Studies Research Sources, Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections, Papers of the NAACP (Part 24: Special Subjects 1956–1959; Series B: Foreign Affairs—Leagues and Organizations)" (PDF). ProQuest.com. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  74. ^ "Special Guest". New York Amsterdam News. September 12, 1964. p. 21. ProQuest 226789103. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  75. ^ Morrison-Reed, Mark (January 16, 2012). "The Empowerment Tragedy". UUWorld. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  76. ^ Ross, Warren R. (March 17, 2015). "The UUA meets black power". UUWorld. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  77. ^ Morrison-Reed, Mark (September 1, 2017). "The black hole in the white UU psyche". UUWorld. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  78. ^ "Cornelius McDougald [Obituary]". New York Times. October 5, 1997. p. 43. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  79. ^ "Harlem Manager". Baltimore Afro-American. September 6, 1975. p. 12. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  80. ^ "Order Agent Pay $570 in Damages". The Troy Record, Morning Edition [Troy, NY]. November 9, 1970. p. 2. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
  81. ^ The Garrison Apartments, Inc., Ledgers, January 1965, October 1965, February 1974.

40°49′37″N 73°56′40″W / 40.8270°N 73.9444°W / 40.8270; -73.9444