Genus of ants
Tetramorium ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae that includes more than 520 species.[ 1] [ 2] pavement ants .
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Tetramorium was first described by Gustav Mayr in 1855 in the same publication as Monomorium [ 3]
Revision within the genus by Wagner et al. in 2017 recognized a complex of 10 cryptic species, 3 of which were raised from subspecies classifications and 2 of which were newly described. This revision also elevated the pavement ant introduced to North America as the species T. immigrans rather than the previous designation as a subspecies of T. caespitum . These 10 species in the T. caespitum complex are as follows:[ 4]
Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010 Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017 Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758) Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017 Tetramorium fusciclava Consani & Zangheri, 1952 Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935 Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927 Tetramorium impurum (Foerster, 1850) Tetramorium indocile Santschi, 1927 Tetramorium staerckei Kratochvíl, 1944
Description
Workers of most species have a ridged clypeus , an appendaged stinger, mandibles with 3 or 4 teeth, and antennae with 11 or 12 segments or with 3-segmented clubs on the tips.[ 2] [ 2]
Distribution
Most species are distributed throughout the Afrotropical and Indomalayan realms. Ten species have been recorded from Japan . One species of pavement ant, T. immigrans Europe and was probably introduced to North America starting in the 18th century.[ 5] [ 4]
Biology
Most known species nest in the soil, in decaying wood, or in leaf litter. Some live in trees or in termite nests.[ 2]
Species
Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr, 1866) Tetramorium adelphon Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium adpressum (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium aegeum Radchenko, 1992 Tetramorium africanum (Mayr, 1866) Tetramorium agile Arnold, 1960 Tetramorium agnum (Santschi, 1935) Tetramorium akermani Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium altivagans Santschi, 1914 Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010 Tetramorium amalae Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012 [ 2] Tetramorium amatongae Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium amaurum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium amentete Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium amissum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium amium Forel, 1912 Tetramorium andrei Forel, 1892 Tetramorium andrynicum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium angulinode Santschi, 1910 Tetramorium anodontion Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium antennatum (Mann, 1919) Tetramorium antipodum Wheeler, 1927 Tetramorium antrema (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium anxium Santschi, 1914 Tetramorium aptum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium argenteopilosum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium armatum Santschi, 1927 Tetramorium arnoldi (Forel, 1913) Tetramorium arzi Thome, 1969 Tetramorium asetyum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium aspersum (Smith, 1865) Tetramorium ataxium Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium avium Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium banyulense Bernard, 1983 Tetramorium barbigerum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium barryi Mathew, 1981 Tetramorium basum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium baufra (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium belgaense Forel, 1902 Tetramorium bellicosum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium bequaerti Forel, 1913 Tetramorium berbiculum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium bessonii Forel, 1891 Tetramorium bevisi Arnold, 1958 Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) Tetramorium bicolor Viehmeyer, 1914 Tetramorium biskrense Forel, 1904 Tetramorium bothae Forel, 1910 Tetramorium brevicorne Bondroit, 1918 Tetramorium brevidentatum (Kutter, 1932) Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017 Tetramorium brevispinosum (Stitz, 1910) Tetramorium browni Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium bulawayense Forel, 1913 Tetramorium bursakovi Radchenko, 1992 Tetramorium buthrum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus , 1758 ) Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857) Tetramorium calidum Forel, 1907 Tetramorium calinum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium camerunense Mayr, 1895 Tetramorium candidum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium capense Mayr, 1865 Tetramorium capillosum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium capitale (McAreavey, 1949) Tetramorium carinatum (Smith, 1859) Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017 Tetramorium centum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium chapmani Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium chefteki Forel, 1911 Tetramorium chepocha (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium chloe (Santschi, 1920) Tetramorium christiei Forel, 1902 Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium clunum Forel, 1913 Tetramorium cognatum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium coillum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium coloreum Mayr, 1901 Tetramorium concaviceps Bursakov, 1984 Tetramorium confine Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990 Tetramorium confusum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium constanciae Arnold, 1917 Tetramorium convexum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium coonoorense Forel, 1902 Tetramorium crepum Wang & Wu, 1988 Tetramorium cristatum Stitz, 1910 Tetramorium crypticum (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium cuneinode Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium curtulum Emery, 1895 Tetramorium curvispinosum Mayr, 1897 Tetramorium cynicum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium davidi Forel, 1911 Tetramorium decamerum (Forel, 1902) Tetramorium deceptum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium dedefra (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium degener Santschi, 1911 Tetramorium delagoense Forel, 1894 Tetramorium densopilosum Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990 Tetramorium depressiceps Menozzi, 1933 Tetramorium desertorum (Forel, 1910) Tetramorium dichroum Santschi, 1932 Tetramorium difficile Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium diligens (Smith, 1865) Tetramorium diomandei Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium distinctum (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium do Forel, 1914 Tetramorium dogieli Karavaiev, 1931 Tetramorium dolichosum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium dominum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium doriae Emery, 1881 Tetramorium dumezi Menozzi, 1942 Tetramorium dysalum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium dysderke Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium edouardi Forel, 1894 Tetramorium eleates Forel, 1913 Tetramorium electrum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium elidisum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium elisabethae Forel, 1904 Tetramorium emeryi Mayr, 1901 Tetramorium eminii (Forel, 1894) Tetramorium erectum Emery, 1895 Tetramorium ericae Arnold, 1917 Tetramorium etiolatum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium exasperatum Emery, 1891 Tetramorium fergusoni Forel, 1902 Tetramorium ferox Ruzsky, 1903 Tetramorium feroxoide Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985 Tetramorium fezzanense Bernard, 1948 Tetramorium flabellum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium flagellatum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium flaviceps Arnold, 1960 Tetramorium flavipes Emery, 1893 Tetramorium flavithorax (Santschi, 1914) Tetramorium forte Forel, 1904 Tetramorium frenchi Forel, 1914 Tetramorium frigidum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium fulviceps (Emery, 1897) T. fulviceps Tetramorium furtivum (Arnold, 1956) Tetramorium fusciclava Tetramorium fuscipes (Viehmeyer, 1925) Tetramorium gabonense (Andre, 1892) Tetramorium galoasanum Santschi, 1910 Tetramorium gambogecum (Donisthorpe, 1941) Tetramorium gazense Arnold, 1958 Tetramorium gegaimi Forel, 1916 Tetramorium geminatum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium gestroi (Menozzi, 1933) Tetramorium ghindanum Forel, 1910 Tetramorium glabratum Stitz, 1923 Tetramorium gladstonei Forel, 1913 Tetramorium goniommoide Poldi, 1979 Tetramorium gracile Forel, 1894 Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, 1913 Tetramorium granulatum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium grassii Emery, 1895 Tetramorium guineense (Bernard, 1953) Tetramorium hapale Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium hippocrate Agosti & Collingwood, 1987 Tetramorium hispidum (Wheeler, 1915) Tetramorium hortorum Arnold, 1958 Tetramorium humbloti Forel, 1891 Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935 Tetramorium ibycterum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium ictidum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium imbelle (Emery, 1915) Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927 Tetramorium impressum (Viehmeyer, 1925) Tetramorium impurum (Foerster, 1850) Tetramorium incruentatum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium indicum Forel, 1913 Tetramorium indocile Tetramorium indosinense Wheeler, 1927 Tetramorium inerme Mayr, 1877 Tetramorium inezulae (Forel, 1914) Tetramorium infraspinosum Karavaiev, 1935 Tetramorium infraspinum Forel, 1905 Tetramorium inglebyi Forel, 1902 Tetramorium insolens (Smith, 1861) Tetramorium intextum Santschi, 1914 Tetramorium intonsum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium invictum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium isectum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium isipingense Forel, 1914 Tetramorium jauresi Forel, 1914 Tetramorium jejunum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium jiangxiense Wang & Xiao, 1988 Tetramorium jizane Collingwood, 1985 Tetramorium jordani Santschi, 1937 Tetramorium juba Collingwood, 1985 Tetramorium jugatum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium kabulistanicum Pisarski, 1967 Tetramorium karakalense Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985 Tetramorium katypum (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium kelleri Forel, 1887 Tetramorium kestrum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium kheperra (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium khnum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium khyarum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium kisilkumense Dlussky, 1990 Tetramorium kraepelini Forel, 1905 Tetramorium krynitum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium kydelphon Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium laevithorax Emery, 1895 Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870 Tetramorium laparum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium laticephalum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium latreillei Forel, 1895 Tetramorium legone Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium lobulicorne Santschi, 1916 Tetramorium longicorne Forel, 1907 Tetramorium longoi Forel, 1915 Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler, 1905 Tetramorium lucidulum Menozzi, 1933 Tetramorium luteipes Santschi, 1910 Tetramorium luteolum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium magnificum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium mai Wang, 1993 Tetramorium manni Bolton, 1985 Tetramorium marginatum Forel, 1895 Tetramorium matopoense Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium maurum Santschi, 1918 Tetramorium mayri (Mann, 1919) Tetramorium megalops Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium melanogyna Mann, 1919 Tetramorium menkaura (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium meressei Forel, 1916 Tetramorium meridionale Emery, 1870 Tetramorium meshena Bolton, 1976 Tetramorium metactum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium mexicanum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium microgyna Santschi, 1918 Tetramorium microps (Mayr, 1901) Tetramorium minimum (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium minusculum (Santschi, 1914) Tetramorium miserabile Santschi, 1918 Tetramorium mixtum Forel, 1902 Tetramorium monardi (Santschi, 1937) Tetramorium mossamedense Forel, 1901 Tetramorium muralti Forel, 1910 Tetramorium muscorum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium mutatum Bolton, 1985 Tetramorium myops Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium nacta (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium naganum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium nautarum Santschi, 1918 Tetramorium navum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Tetramorium nefassitense Forel, 1910 Tetramorium nigrum Forel, 1907 Tetramorium nipponense Wheeler, 1928 Tetramorium nitidissimum Pisarski, 1967 Tetramorium nodiferum (Emery, 1901) Tetramorium noratum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium notiale Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium nube Weber, 1943 Tetramorium nursei Bingham, 1903 Tetramorium obesum Andre, 1887 Tetramorium obtusidens Viehmeyer, 1916 Tetramorium occidentale (Santschi, 1916) Tetramorium ocothrum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium oculatum Forel, 1913 Tetramorium ornatum Emery, 1897 Tetramorium osiris (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, 1870 Tetramorium palaense Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium parasiticum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium parvispinum (Emery, 1893) Tetramorium parvum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium pauper Forel, 1907 Tetramorium peringueyi Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium perlongum Santschi, 1923 Tetramorium persignatum Bolton, 1995 Tetramorium petersi Forel, 1910 Tetramorium peutli Forel, 1916 Tetramorium phasias Forel, 1914 Tetramorium pialtum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium pilosum Emery, 1893 Tetramorium pinnipilum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium placidum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium platynode Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium pleganon Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium plesiarum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium plumosum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium pnyxis Bolton, 1976 Tetramorium pogonion Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium politum Emery, 1897 Tetramorium postpetiolatum Santschi, 1919 Tetramorium poweri Forel, 1914 Tetramorium praetextum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium proximum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium psymanum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium pulchellum Emery, 1897 Tetramorium pulcherrimum (Donisthorpe, 1945) Tetramorium pullulum Santschi, 1924 Tetramorium punctiventre Emery, 1887 Tetramorium punicum (Smith, 1861) Tetramorium pusillum Emery, 1895 Tetramorium pylacum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium pyrenaeicum Roeszler, 1937 Tetramorium quadridentatum Stitz, 1910 Tetramorium quadrispinosum Emery, 1886 Tetramorium qualarum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium quasirum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium ranarum Forel, 1895 Tetramorium regulare Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium rekhefe Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium repentinum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium repletum Wang & Xiao, 1988 Tetramorium reptana Bolton, 1976 Tetramorium reticuligerum Bursakov, 1984 Tetramorium rhetidum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium rigidum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium rimytyum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium rinatum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium robustior Forel, 1892 Tetramorium rogatum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium rossi (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium rothschildi (Forel, 1907) Tetramorium rotundatum (Santschi, 1924) Tetramorium rufescens (Stitz, 1923) Tetramorium rugigaster Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium ruginode Stitz, 1917 Tetramorium saginatum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium sahlbergi Finzi, 1936 Tetramorium salomo Mann, 1919 Tetramorium salvatum Forel, 1902 Tetramorium scabrosum (Smith, 1859) Tetramorium schaufussii Forel, 1891 Tetramorium schmidti Forel, 1904 Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898 Tetramorium schoutedeni Santschi, 1924 Tetramorium sculptatum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium scytalum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium semilaeve Andre, 1883 Tetramorium semireticulatum Arnold, 1917 Tetramorium seneb Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium sepositum Santschi, 1918 Tetramorium sepultum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium sericeiventre Emery, 1877 T. sericeiventre Tetramorium sericeum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium setigerum Mayr, 1901 Tetramorium setuliferum Emery, 1895 Tetramorium severini (Emery, 1895) Tetramorium shensiense Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium shilohense Forel, 1913 Tetramorium sigillum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium signatum Emery, 1895 Tetramorium sikorae Forel, 1892 Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, 1851) Tetramorium simulator Arnold, 1917 Tetramorium sitefrum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium sjostedti Forel, 1915 Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Tetramorium smithi Mayr, 1879 Tetramorium solidum Emery, 1886 Tetramorium somniculosum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium spininode Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium spinosum (Pergande, 1896) Tetramorium splendens Ruzsky, 1902 Tetramorium splendidior (Viehmeyer, 1925) Tetramorium squaminode Santschi, 1911 Tetramorium staerckei Tetramorium steinheili Forel, 1892 Tetramorium striativentre Mayr, 1877 Tetramorium strictum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium striolatum Viehmeyer, 1914 Tetramorium subcoecum Forel, 1907 Tetramorium sudanense (Weber, 1943) Tetramorium surrogatum Bolton, 1985 Tetramorium syriacum Emery, 1922 Tetramorium tabarum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium talpa (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium tanakai Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium tantillum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium taueret Bolton, 1995 Tetramorium taylori Bolton, 1985 Tetramorium tenebrosum Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium tenuicrine (Emery, 1914) Tetramorium termitobium Emery, 1908 Tetramorium tersum Santschi, 1911 Tetramorium thalidum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium thoth (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium titus Forel, 1910 Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870 Tetramorium tortuosum Roger, 1863 Tetramorium tosii Emery, 1899 Tetramorium traegaordhi Santschi, 1914 Tetramorium transversarium Roger, 1863 Tetramorium tricarinatum Viehmeyer, 1914 Tetramorium trimeni (Emery, 1895) Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925 Tetramorium turcomanicum Santschi, 1921 Tetramorium turneri Forel, 1902 Tetramorium tychadion Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium tylinum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium typhlops Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium ubangense Santschi, 1937 Tetramorium umtaliense Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium unicum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium urbanii Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium validiusculum Emery, 1897 Tetramorium vandalum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium vernicosum Radchenko, 1992 Tetramorium versiculum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium vertigum Bolton, 1977 Tetramorium vexator Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium viehmeyeri Forel, 1907 Tetramorium viticola Weber, 1943 Tetramorium vombis (Bolton, 1976) Tetramorium wadje Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium wagneri Viehmeyer, 1914 Tetramorium walshi (Forel, 1890) Tetramorium warreni Arnold, 1926 Tetramorium weitzeckeri Emery, 1895 Tetramorium xanthogaster Santschi, 1911 Tetramorium xuthum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium yarthiellum Bolton, 1976 Tetramorium yerburyi Forel, 1902 Tetramorium youngi Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium zahrae Santschi, 1923 Tetramorium zambezium Santschi, 1939 Tetramorium zapyrum Bolton, 1980 Tetramorium zenatum Bolton, 1979 Tetramorium zonacaciae (Weber, 1943) Tetramorium zypidum Bolton, 1977
Gallery
References
^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Tetramorium " . AntCat . Retrieved 3 July 2014 .^ a b c d e Sharaf, Aldawood, Taylor (2012). "A New Ant Species of the Genus Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Saudi Arabia, with a Revised Key to the Arabian Species" . PLOS ONE 7 (2): e30811. Bibcode :2012PLoSO...730811S . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0030811 PMC 3289629 PMID 22389667 . {{cite journal }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )^ Mayr, G. (1855): Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5 : 273-478.
^ a b
Wagner, Herbert; Seifert, Bernhard; Muster, Christoph; Schlick-Steiner, Birgit; et al. (2017). "Light at the end of the tunnel: Integrative taxonomy delimits cryptic species in the Tetramorium caespitum complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" (PDF) . Myrmecological News . 25 . S2CID 163158395 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-25.
^ Jacobs, S. Pavement Ant. Penn State Extension. 2014.
External links
Further reading
