Surya Bonaly

Surya Bonaly
Bonaly in 2001
BornSurya Varuna Claudine Bonaly
(1973-12-15) 15 December 1973 (age 51)
Nice, France
Height1.56 m (5 ft 1 in)
Figure skating career
Country France
Began skating1985
Retired1998
Medal record
Representing  France
Women's trampoline gymnastics
World Championships
Silver medal – second place 1986 Paris Tumbling team
Figure skating: Ladies' singles
World Championships
Silver medal – second place 1993 Prague Ladies' singles
Silver medal – second place 1994 Chiba Ladies' singles
Silver medal – second place 1995 Birmingham Ladies' singles
European Championships
Gold medal – first place 1991 Sofia Ladies' singles
Gold medal – first place 1992 Lausanne Ladies' singles
Gold medal – first place 1993 Helsinki Ladies' singles
Gold medal – first place 1994 Copenhagen Ladies' singles
Gold medal – first place 1995 Dortmund Ladies' singles
Silver medal – second place 1996 Sofia Ladies' singles
World Junior Championships
Gold medal – first place 1991 Budapest Ladies' singles
Silver medal – second place 1990 Colorado Ladies' singles
Bronze medal – third place 1989 Sarajevo Ladies' singles

Surya Varuna Claudine Bonaly (born 15 December 1973) is a French retired competitive figure skater. She is a three-time World silver medalist (1993–1995), a five-time European champion (1991–1995), the 1991 World Junior Champion, and a nine-time French national champion (1989–1997).

Bonaly is the only Olympic figure skater to land a backflip on one blade; she performed it at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

Early life

Surya Varuna Claudine Bonaly was born in Nice, France, on 15 December 1973.[1][2] She was initially named Claudine and placed in an orphanage by her birth mother. She was adopted at eight months by Suzanne and Georges Bonaly, who named her Surya,[3] meaning "the sun" in Sanskrit.[4] Suzanne worked as a physical education teacher and Georges as an architect.

In the late 1980s, journalists claimed that Surya Bonaly was born in Réunion, an island off the coast of Madagascar, and was found lying on a coconut-strewn beach. However, the skater's passport documented her birth in Nice.[5] Bonaly believes that the media could not accept that a young black adoptee could have been born in France. Didier Gailhaguet, the first coach in her competitive skating career, later admitted fabricating this exotic backstory in order for her to gain more media attention and achieve better results in international competitions. Gailhaguet also told reporters that she had been raised on a macrobiotic diet, ate birdseed for breakfast, and that the 17-inch ponytail she wore in her first Olympic appearance had never been cut.[6] When Surya began researching her birth history, she discovered that her biological mother was from Réunion and her biological father from Ivory Coast.[7]

Two years after adopting her, the Bonalys bought a rural property, renovating a decrepit sheepfold to use as a house. Surya grew up here, 50 kilometers from Nice. The house never had running water or electricity. Her parents also kept 26 goats.[6] Surya took part in the daily farmwork. The parents nicknamed their house Sannyasa, a Sanskrit term that refers to a stage in a person's life. It is a period of spiritual development during which one renounces material possessions to concentrate purely on spiritual matters. Surya had flute lessons at eight in the morning and English lessons.[6] She also practiced fencing, ballet, horse riding, and diving.[8][4]

Her mother was a physical education teacher and practiced many sports; she encouraged Surya to do the same. When Suzanne Bonaly took her students to the ice rink, she also took toddler Surya with her. At around two years of age, Surya began to skate on double blades, to keep busy while her mother was teaching. At age four, Surya developed a passion for gymnastics, training with Éric Hagard, who later coached Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos. Although she loved gymnastics as a teenager, Surya preferred figure skating and finally chose that. Nicole Erdos, her first childhood coach in that sport,[6] has suggested that Bonaly's gymnastics practice had strengthened her and given her an advantage on the ice over other competitors.[6]

Didier Gailhaguet in 2012

Skating career

In 2011, figure skating historian James R. Hines called Bonaly "the most successful black skater in the history of the sport".[9]

In 1984, Surya Bonaly watched the Winter Olympic Games. Trying to perform a double Axel, she broke her ankle and had to wear a cast for nearly two months.[6] When she returned to the ice rink, the French team trained by Didier Gailhaguet was taking every available space. Her mother asked Gailhaguet to give her daughter an hour on the ice, and the coach agreed. Bonaly tried again to do a double Axel with her newly healed ankle, which impressed Gailhaguet. He later said that "France had no hard fighters."

He suggested to Bonaly's mother that her daughter come for his training sessions, each lasting three weeks.[4] At the end of the course, Bonaly had progressed rapidly and almost reached the level of members of the French team. She had learned to land a double Axel and a triple jump.[6] Seeing her athletic gifts, Gailhaguet recruited her parents to move with her to Paris so that she could train with him year-round.[4]

The Bonaly family moved to Paris with their daughter. For six months, while training in Champigny-sur-Marne, she was home-schooled and lived in a van with her parents.[10] Philippe Candeloro described her mother as pushing the girl to train hard and closely monitoring her social life and hobbies.[11]

A year later, Surya joined the French National Team. She was often a center of media attention, encouraged in the spotlight by Gailhaguet.[4] At age twelve, she learned to do a backflip on the ice. Gailhaguet said that he encouraged her to do on ice what she was already performing in gymnastics. She made her first backflip on ice and in public at a gala in Annecy in 1986.[11] She also became a world junior tumbling champion that year.[4] The same year, again in gymnastics, she was a world senior silver medalist in team at the 1986 World Championships with Sandrine Vacher, Corinne Robert and Isabelle Jagueux at the Palais omnisports of Paris-Bercy.[12]

1987–1988 to 1989–1990

During the 1987–1988 season, Surya Bonaly became the French junior figure-skating champion at Cherbourg. At the French Senior Championships in Grenoble, she placed fourth. She was sent as a junior to her first ISU Championship, the 1988 Junior Worlds in Brisbane, Australia. She finished 14th.

During the summer of 1988, Bonaly watched the Summer Olympics and was inspired by American sprinter Florence Griffith-Joyner, who dressed in a colorful running suit. She decided to adopt more original and colorful skating costumes, something unusual at the time.

Bonaly usually made eight to nine jumps during her programs, whereas conventional programs usually contain six.[13]

In 1989, Bonaly won the gold medal at Trophée Lalique.[9] Bonaly won the bronze medal at 1989 World Junior Championships and her first senior national title. She began appearing regularly on the senior level, placing eighth at the 1989 European Championships and tenth at 1989 World Championships.

Bonaly was awarded the silver medal, behind Japan's Yuka Sato, at the 1990 World Junior Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado. She finished fourth at the 1990 European Championships and ninth at the 1990 World Championships.

1990–1991 season: World Junior and European titles

Bonaly began the season with a pair of senior international medals – gold at the 1990 Grand Prix International de Paris[9] and bronze at the 1990 Skate Electric. Making her final junior appearance, she won the 1991 World Junior Championships in Budapest, Hungary.[9]

After taking her third national title, Bonaly competed at the 1991 European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. She was awarded the gold medal, placing ahead of two German skaters, Evelyn Großmann and Marina Kielmann. During the invasion of Kuwait, she designed a gala skating program that included a magic trick of a dove appearing, a symbol of peace.

Bonaly placed fifth at the 1991 World Championships in Munich, Germany. She nearly completed the first ratified quad by a female skater.[14]

1991–1992 season: Second European title and first Olympic appearance

Bonaly won Skate Canada in 1991.[9] In January 1992, Bonaly outscored Kielmann and Patricia Neske for the gold medal at the European Championships in Lausanne, Switzerland. In February 1992, she participated in the Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. During a practice session, she landed a back flip close to Japan's Midori Ito. Officials told her to avoid that action, as they believed that other skaters might be intimidated in practice sessions.[15] Her costumes were custom made by French designer Christian Lacroix.[4]

Bonaly became the first woman to attempt a quadruple toe loop in competition but the jump was not fully rotated in the air and she had to complete the rotation on the ice. Due to the under rotation, the quad was downgraded under the ISU Judging System.[16] Poised to win a medal after Ito and Harding had finished in 4th and 6th respectively in the short program, Kristi Yamaguchi and Nancy Kerrigan both made major errors in the free skate before her. Bonaly placed 6th in the free skate and 5th overall.

After the Olympics, Bonaly started working with a new coach, André Brunet, who coached her for one month.[17][18] She concluded her season at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California. Ranked tenth in the short and 12th in the free, she finished 11th overall. She had made a number of jumping errors in both programs. She felt she was unfairly marked and later said that she had considered turning pro midway through the event.[19]

Bonaly performing in 1992

1992–1993 season: First World silver medal

From April to September 1992, Bonaly was coached mainly by her mother. She made two-month-long visits, in June and September, to coach Frank Carroll in southern California. Although she wanted to stay to work with him, the French skating federation was opposed to its skaters training abroad.[18] Alain Giletti became her coach, commuting four times a week by train from Tours to Paris, and her mother filled in during his absences.[18]

During the summer of 1992, Bonaly signed a contract to join Tom Collins' troop, Champions on Ice, two months a year. It enabled her to show her technical abilities without limitations, because she could perform somersaults and other actions that were prohibited in competition.

In 1992, Bonaly won the Nations Cup and the NHK Trophy.[9] Bonaly won the 1993 European Championships in Helsinki, having placed first in both segments ahead of Ukraine's Oksana Baiul and Germany's Marina Kielmann. At the 1993 World Championships in Prague, she took silver behind Oksana Baiul, who had higher presentation scores.[9][20] But Bonaly had significantly more technical content than the winner. Bonaly performed seven triples, a triple-triple combination, and two triple Lutzes, while Baiul performed five triples but did not attempt a jump combination.

1993–1994 season

Bonaly came in first place at the 1993 NHK Trophy.[9] In January 1994, Bonaly placed first in all segments on her way to her fourth consecutive continental title at the Europeans Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark. The other medalists were Ukraine's Oksana Baiul and Russia's Olga Markova.

A month later, Bonaly competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Ranked third in the short program and fourth in the free skate, she finished fourth overall behind Ukraine's Oksana Baiul, American Nancy Kerrigan, and Chen Lu from China.[9]

The media criticized Surya's mother, Suzanne Bonaly, for allegedly being too strict with her daughter. Surya ran every morning, was forbidden to eat sugar, and had to be in bed by nine.[13] Because Suzanne Bonaly was a physical education teacher, she stressed athletic prowess rather than the grace of a dancer in Surya's skating routines.[13] Suzanne Bonaly believes that she was criticized because of others' jealousy about Bonaly's abilities.[21] Bonaly and her mother moved to Pralognan-la-Vanoise, where the skater could train out of the public eye.[22]

1994 World Championships

At the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan, Bonaly's final overall score was equal to that of home country favorite Yuka Sato. Sato was awarded the gold medal after a 5–4 tiebreaker decision.[23]

Bonaly had expected the judges to reward her for improving her gracefulness, having stopped trying to land quadruple jumps, and having improved from previous championships, where she also finished second. Bonaly also cut her thickly braided ponytail because the judges didn't like it.[24] She claims to have made concessions to please the judges but did not believe she was sufficiently recognized or rewarded for them. Bonaly told the French podcast Surya Bonaly, corps et lames: "I did everything I could, but I didn't paint myself white, that's for sure."[25]

Upset by the result in Chiba, Bonaly stood beside the medals platform rather than on it. She eventually was coaxed onto the platform but took off her silver medal after it was presented to her; the crowd booed her for this action.[26] After the medals presentation, Bonaly's only statement to reporters was: "I'm just not lucky."

The international judge Anne Hardy-Thomas, from France, who did not participate in this competition, commented on the judges' decision. She said that the judges are under great pressure, as their names are displayed opposite their notes. She said she had sometimes placed a French skater lower in order to avoid being accused of favoritism.[13] American judges were thought to value a graceful skater who meets the beauty standards, such as Nancy Kerrigan, while European judges, particularly of the Eastern bloc, favored skaters who were strong athletes and creative in their programs, such as Bonaly.[13]

The international federation first thought of punishing Bonaly for her actions, but decided to let it go, understanding that she was severely disappointed by the results.[27]

1994–1995 season: Fifth European title

Bonaly came in first place at the 1994 Skate America.[9] In 1995, Bonaly won the European Championships for the fifth time, overtaking short-program winner Markova. At the 1995 World Championships in Birmingham, England, she placed fourth in the short program but rose to second after the free skate. She was awarded her third World silver medal, behind Chen Lu of China.[28][9] For the third consecutive year, she lost the gold medal by one-tenth of a point, the score of one judge. Her free skate had the most difficult technical content, with two triple Lutzes, two triple-triple combos, and seven triples.

1995–1996 season

In autumn 1995, Bonaly competed in the inaugural ISU Champions Series. She finished third and fourth at her assignments, which was not enough to qualify to the seven-woman final. Ranked first in the short program and second in the free skate, Bonaly took silver behind Russia's Irina Slutskaya at the 1996 European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. She finished fifth at the 1996 World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She had placed seventh in the short, where she fell on a triple Lutz, and fifth in the free.

1996–1997 season

In May 1996, Bonaly ruptured her achilles tendon while doing acrobatics.[29] Due to the injury, she missed much of the following season.[30] The French federation initially decided not to name her to the 1997 European Championships in Paris, believing that she lacked fitness, but Bonaly successfully appealed.[29] She finished 9th overall after placing 6th in qualifying group B, 6th in the short program, and 10th in the free skate. She was not included in France's two-women team to the World Championships, passed over in favor of Vanessa Gusmeroli, the top French finisher at Europeans, and Laetitia Hubert, who placed behind Bonaly at the same event.

1997–1998 season: Third Olympics

During the season, Bonaly was coached by her mother Suzanne Bonaly and Tatiana Tarasova in Marlborough, Massachusetts, United States.[1] For her free skating program, Bonaly returned to music from Vivaldi's Four Seasons, which she had used in previous seasons.[31]

Prior to the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Bonaly ruptured her achilles tendon.[32] She placed 6th in the short program. Knowing that she was out of medal contention, unable to complete her planned routine or a successful triple Lutz due to injury, she decided to perform a backflip with a split landing on one blade during the free skate. (This move is now dubbed a "Bonaly"). Backflips had been banned since 1976 from competitions held under ISU rules. Having landed on one foot, Bonaly hoped to avoid a deduction but did have points deducted.[7] She was still pleased to have performed it.[33][34] Bonaly is the first and only Olympic figure skater to land a backflip on one blade.

She turned her back to the judges when she completed her program. Anne Hardy-Thomas, the French judge of the event, was approached by the technical delegate, who told her that Bonaly was insolent and had behaved unacceptably. The judge replied, "She did well for all the past years".[21] According to figure skating writer and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum, represented Bonaly's statement that at that point in her career, she was skating more for her fans than for the judges. Kestnbaum reports that observers interpreted Bonaly's behavior as disrespectful towards the judges and towards figure skating officials, and that it "signified Bonaly's decision to play a game she could win—popularity with fans—rather than placing herself in the position of being determined worthy, or on this occasion more likely unworthy, according to the technical judging criteria".[31]

Bonaly finished tenth in Nagano and retired from amateur competition after the event.

Her skating clubs were CSG Pralognan[1] and CSG Champigny.[2]

Technical statistics

Jump combinations

Bonaly was known for her way of performing jumps and making very difficult new combinations :

  • 1989 European Championships in Birmingham and 1989 World championships in Paris: 1st female figure skater to attempt the Lutz – triple toe loop combination.
  • 1991 Skate America in Oakland: 1st female figure skater to attempt the flip – triple toe loop combination.
  • 1991 Skate Canada in London: 1st female figure skater to attempt the triple – triple – double (triple toe loop – triple toe loop – double toe loop) combination.
  • 1992 NHK Trophy in Tokyo: 1st female figure skater to attempt the Salchow – triple toe loop combination.
  • 1993 World Championships in Prague: 1st female figure skater to attempt the toe loop – half loop – triple Salchow combination.
  • 1993 Piruetten in Hamar: 1st female figure skater to attempt two triple – triple combinations in a free skate. She attempted the combination again at the 1994 Olympic Games and at the World Championships in 1994 and in 1995 by performing in the same free skate the flip – triple toe loop combination and the toe loop – half loop – triple Salchow jump sequence.
  • 1998 Olympic Games in Nagano: 1st female figure skater to attempt a triple – triple combination at the Olympic Games in the short program (triple toe loop – triple toe loop).

Quadruple jumps

  • Bonaly was the first female figure skater to attempt a quadruple jump in competition at the 1990 European Championships.
  • She tried at least thirteen times to do the quadruple toe loop or / and the quadruple Salchow in competition: two attempts at quad jumps at the 1990 European Championships (salchow and toe loop), a quad toe loop attempt at the 1990 World Championships, a quad toe loop attempt at the 1990 Goodwill Games, a quad Salchow attempt at the 1990 Trophée Lalique, a quad toe loop attempt at the World Championships in 1991, a quad toe loop attempt at the 1991 NHK Trophy, a quad toe loop attempt at the 1991 French Championships, a quad toe loop attempt at the 1992 Olympic Games, a quad toe loop attempt at the 1992 World Championships, a quad Salchow attempt at the 1993 Skate America, a quad Salchow attempt at the 1993 Piruetten and a quad Salchow attempt at the 1996 World Championships.
  • She landed four times the quad toe loop in competition: at the 1991 World Championships, at the 1991 NHK Trophy, at the 1992 Olympic Games, and at the 1992 World Championships, but always with incomplete rotation that cost her points.
  • At the 1990 European Championships in Leningrad, she was the first figure skater to attempt two different quads in the same free skate (Salchow and toe loop).

Backflip

  • As Hines put it, Bonaly is "remembered especially for her signature back flip".[9] She performed her first backflip at an exhibition at the age of twelve in Annecy. Bonaly is also the first and only Olympic figure skater to land a backflip on one blade. On several occasions she has completed a backflip landing on two blades, followed by a triple toe loop, a backflip landing on one blade, followed by a triple Salchow, and two backflips in a row. Bonaly performed a backflip at her last amateur competition at the 1998 Olympic Games where she received a deduction for doing it. The deduction was mandatory given that backflips had been classified as an illegal move since 1976. After turning professional, at age 40, she performed her last backflip in public at an exhibition in São Paulo, Brazil. The backflip remained prohibited in competitions until the 2024-25 season when the ban was finally lifted.
Bonaly performing at a gala in 2007

Later professional career

As a professional, Bonaly had a "long and successful career".[9] She performed in many ice shows and competed and won many professional competitions.[9] She toured with the Champions on Ice skating show for several years;[35] it went out of business after 2007. She also performed in shows in Russia with Evgeni Plushenko and was a guest skater at Ice Theatre of New York's December 2008 gala in NYC. She successfully performed her backflip there.[36]

Bonaly was an off-screen character on the "Will on Ice" episode of NBC's Will & Grace, which originally aired on 12 January 1999.[37] In 2010, she was a finalist on La Ferme Célébrités season 3.[38]

She appeared in the Netflix documentary series Losers, which explores the lives of individuals who bounced back from loss or perceived failure. Bonaly's episode, entitled "Judgement", focused on her defiance, "longevity" on the ice, and refusal to submit to conventions.[39] In 2015, she underwent surgery after the discovery of numerous cysts along her spinal cord. This ended her performing career.[40]

Bonaly is coaching in Las Vegas while regularly doing seminars abroad.[41]

Racism in figure skating

In an interview with the BBC, when asked if she ever felt that things were harder for her as one of the first black figure skaters, Bonaly said:

"It was a mix of so many things. First, because I was black for sure and I didn't try to copy anyone. Second, because I came from a small country. Third, because I've had a different hairstyle and look and also because my mother made my skating costumes for so many years. All those things together was just too much for some people to handle."[7]

In an interview with The Root, Bonaly said: "...Race matters for sure, because I know that if I'd been white, I would have had more [endorsement] contracts and been bigger."[42]

Bonaly elaborated on the matter when interviewed by Mathieu Méranville for his book Sport, malédiction des Noirs? (2007):

"There aren't many black figure skaters in the world. In France, it's starting to get better. If I were white, I would have been a gold medalist a long time ago. My motto was to tell myself that there was this obstacle but that I had to go beyond and work more because I knew it would be harder for me. I told myself that if my rival made five triples, I had to make seven. I tried not to think about race even if it was a reality. But how much influence race had on my marks? Two percent? More? I don't know. If I were light-skinned, it probably would have been easier. I preferred to be philosophical about it, since I was evolving with white parents."[43]

Activism

Bonaly takes part in numerous conferences and events directed to encourage the participation in sport of people of colour.[4]

She also became active in animal issues, participating in numerous PETA's campaigns against Canada's seal hunt and the fur trade.[44]

Bonaly is also against bullfighting. She asked to meet with president of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, who received her at the Élysée Palace on 26 September 2007, to address the abolition of bullfighting and to prohibit attendance at bullfighting by children under age 16.[45]

Bonaly was a member of the federal council of the French Federation of Ice Sports from 2010 to 2014. She served as the cultural attaché for the Monaco consulate in Las Vegas.[46]

She was the ambassador of the association "France of talents and colors", which aims to fight against racism, violence, and discrimination in sport.[47]

Personal life

Bonaly became an American citizen in January 2004.[48] She lives in Las Vegas, Nevada.[41] Bonaly became engaged to skating coach Peter Biver on 18 September 2016.[40]

Bonaly was raised as a vegetarian by her parents and has maintained that practice.[49][50]

Awards and honors

Programs

Season Short program Free skating Exhibition
1997–98
[1]
  • Caravan
1995–96
  • The Wall
  • Check Point
  • Un Parfum de fin au Monde
  • Love for Ever
    by Osvaldo Camahue and the Czech Jazz & Symphony Orchestra
1994–95
  • From the Death of Innocence
    by DJ Trastornado
1993–94
1992–93
1991–92
1989–90
1988–89

Competitive highlights

International[1]
Event 87–88 88–89 89–90 90–91 91–92 92–93 93–94 94–95 95–96 96–97 97–98
Olympics 5th 4th 10th
Worlds 10th 9th 5th 11th 2nd 2nd 2nd 5th
Europeans 8th 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 9th 6th
Cup of Russia 4th
Lalique 7th 1st 1st 5th 1st 1st 1st 3rd
Nations Cup 1st
NHK Trophy 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 4th
Skate America 6th 5th 3rd 2nd 1st 4th
Skate Canada 7th 1st 3rd
Goodwill Games 3rd 1st
Nebelhorn Trophy 2nd 1st
Piruetten 4th
International: Junior[1]
Junior Worlds 14th 3rd 2nd 1st
National[3]
French Champ. 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd

References

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  2. ^ a b "Surya Bonaly". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Biographies: BONALY Surya" (in French). Fédération Française des Sports de Glace. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Episode 3 : Judgement". Netflix. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Surya Bonaly, Corps et lames: episode 5". Binge. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Surya Bonaly, Corps et lames: episode 1". Binge. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "The backflip that shocked the Olympics". BBC. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Willing to change the rules for a brighter future". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2018 – via YouTube.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hines, James R. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8108-6859-5.
  10. ^ "Les bons mots de Geogres Bonaly,père de Surya". L'Humanité. 25 February 1994. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
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  15. ^ "Bonaly kicks up controversy, draws warning for back flip". The Baltimore Sun. 21 February 1992. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  16. ^ "French skater comes close in bid for first quad toe loop". Toledo Blade. 22 February 1992. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  17. ^ "Surya s'eclipse". L'Humanité (in French). 31 March 1992.
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  25. ^ Rozec, Thomas. "Surya Bonaly, corps et lames : Episode 4". Binge Audio.
  26. ^ 1994 World Figure Skating Championship Medal Ceremony, Youtube.com
  27. ^ Méranville, Mathieu (26 September 2007). Sport, malédiction des Noirs ?. Calmann-Lévy. ISBN 978-2702137949.
  28. ^ Clarey, Christopher (12 March 1995). "FIGURE SKATING; Chinese Skater Glides to World Title as Bobek Falls to the Bronze". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
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  30. ^ Penner, Mike (20 February 1998). "It's a Small World – Kwan, Lipinski Will Be in a Class of Their Own". Los Angeles Times.
  31. ^ a b Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan Publishing Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-8195-6641-1.
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  37. ^ "Will on Ice" of NBC's "Will and Grace".
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  41. ^ a b "Player's Own Voice podcast: Surya Bonaly's quiet revolution". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  42. ^ Goff, Keli (18 February 2014). "Figure Skater Surya Bonaly Flipped Her Way into Our Hearts". The Root. Univision Communications.
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