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St. Louis Estes
St. Louis Albert Estes (April 2, 1876 – May 2, 1951) was an American dentist, convicted fraudster and proponent of a raw food diet. In 1929, he was credited as being the founder of the raw food movement in the United States.[1] Originally a dentist, Estes was unhealthy at the age of thirty and began a raw food diet to improve his health. He later began speaking on the topic in lectures around the country.[2] Estes also believed in breathing techniques that would achieve maximum absorption of oxygen. Early life and family lifeEstes was born in Missouri and died in Los Angeles County, California at age 75 years.[3] When interviewed for newspaper and magazine articles in the 1920s–1930s he claimed to be approximately 15 years older than records show that he actually was. Estes was the son of Louis A. and Emma Medora Estes. Estes graduated from Northwestern College of Dentistry. and originally practiced dentistry in Chicago, Illinois. His first wife was Clara Augusta Neimann Estes (1872–1936), and he had three children from this marriage—in birth order, two daughters, Clara Lucille (born c. 1909) and Phoebe Estes (born c. 1911), and a son, St. Louis Estes Jr. (born c. 1913).[4] Circa 1928, Estes and his second wife (marriage 1922–1923), Esther Moraine Estes (born Esther Moran in Kentucky in 1895), settled in Van Nuys, California at the adobe built Spanish style ranch hacienda located on 10 acres at the corner of Bessemer and Woodman Avenue, which formerly belonged to American actor Noah Beery Sr. In February 1930, Clara Estes filed suit in Los Angeles County California Superior Court against Estes for $500,000 for desertion and non-support, and for the same dollar amount against "Esther Moran" for alienation of affection. Estes responded that he had obtained a divorce against Clara Estes in Mexico in 1922. The suits were eventually settled out of court. During the late 1920s through the 1930s, Estes was particularly active with health lecture tours in various cities throughout the United States, including Carnegie Hall in New York City. Mrs. Estes and whatever number of children were generally included in both the promotion and the tour program itself according to newspaper coverage of the day. In addition to his book "Raw Food and Health", Dr. and Mrs. Estes established a company called "Back to Nature", along with a magazine publication by the same name. "Back to Nature" also had a complete line of vitamins (with a photo of the Estes children on the label) and health food products. In the late 1930s, Estes and his wife moved to San Francisco, California, where their last child, St. Louis Estes VII, was born. They later returned to Southern California and were residing in Van Nuys, California, at their respective deaths. In Los Angeles, California, in March 1941 Dr. St. Louis Estes filed for bankruptcy, listing his debts as $245,369 (including an unpaid Federal income tax bill of $104,000), and assets of $4,400 (including $600 worth of health foods). Estes and his wife had 12 children (six boys and six girls) by 1938, raising them all on a raw food diet from birth. It was decided that Estes would name the boys, which he did as "St. Louis Estes" with the suffix "II" thru "VII". Mrs. Estes named all the girls. The family employed a man by the name of "Prince de Vigni", who claimed to be the last surviving member of the royal family of Silesia, to tutor their children four hours each day.[5] Raw foodismIn 1923, Estes authored Raw Food and Health. It was republished in 1927 and went through many editions. He founded the American Raw Food, Health and Psychological Club. He was the editor of Back to Nature Magazine.[6] ConvictionsIn 1936, Estes pleaded guilty to mail-fraud charges.[7] He was granted leniency by Federal Judge William P. James who postponed his sentencing for one year. Estes was ordered to refrain from engaging in any promotional venture and had to report to a probation officer every sixty days for the year.[7] In 1940, Estes was convicted of ten counts of practicing medicine without a license.[8][9] In 1942, a bench warrant was filed for Estes to execute sentence for his 1940 conviction for the violation of Section 2141 of the California Business and Professions Code which was affirmed by the Superior Court in December 1941. Estes was apprehended in Los Angeles and returned to San Francisco where he served 150 days in county jail. An imposed $2500 fine was not collected due to Estes filling bankruptcy.[10] DeathEstes slipped and fell around the large pool at the family ranch hacienda in Van Nuys, California. He fell into a coma and never recovered. According to his death certificate (Los Angeles County D/C #6879), and due to his service in the Spanish–American War, Estes died at the Veterans Administration Hospital, West Los Angeles, California, He and his wife, Esther Estes, are buried at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California. ReceptionLouis Estes's raw food health claims were criticized as pseudoscientific. The State of California Board of Medical Examiners noted that Estes was a "notorious health food quack".[11] Estes fabricated details about his background.[12] Estes claimed that he was a "Lecturer on U. S. Public Health Service". The Surgeon-General of the United States Public Health Service in October 1924 notified the American Medical Association that Estes is not connected with the Public Health Service.[12] Physician Morris Fishbein described Estes as a "notorious charlatan" who sold "bogus health foods".[13] Selected publications
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