Smith family (Sierra Leone)

The Smith family is a Sierra Leone Creole family of English, Jamaican Maroon and Liberated African descent based in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The Smiths were first-generation Sierra Leone Creoles of Gold Coast Euro-African and Caribbean origin who settled in Sierra Leone during the early 19th century. There are several descendants of the family in the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as in the Ghanaian cities of Accra and Cape Coast. Several members of the family were active in business, women's education, civil administration, the arts, medicine, poetry, the judiciary, cultural studies, Pan-Africanism and anti-colonial activism.

Prominent members

• William Smith Jr. (1816–1895) was a Gold Coast-Sierra Leonean civil servant who worked in Freetown, Sierra Leone, as a registrar for the Mixed Commissionary Court. Due to his position and through his marriage to wealthy Freetown Creoles, Smith Jr., became a prominent figure in Sierra Leone, where he had 14 children. He was born in Cape Coast in 1816[1] to a Fanti mother[2] and William Smith Sr (1795–1875) from Yorkshire, England. William Smith Jr., was married to Charlotte Macaulay, the daughter of Mary Harding, a Jamaican Maroon, and Kenneth Macaulay, a distant relation of Lord Macaulay and second cousin to Zachary Macaulay.

• Robert Smith (1840–1885), was born in Freetown, Sierra Leone, to William Smith Jr.,[3] and Charlotte Smith (née Macaulay). He attended school in Yorkshire, England[4] before entering the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, completing his studies and becoming registered in 1866.[5] He became the first West African[6] to become a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1871.[7][8] Robert Smith returned to Sierra Leone and was eventually appointed Assistant Colonial Surgeon.[9][10] In 1881 he became a non-resident fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute.[11] In 1865, Smith married Annie Mary Pine, the daughter of Governor Benjamin Chilley Campbell Pine. The couple lived at Smith's family house at Charlotte Street and had at least three children, Chilley Smith,[12] Charlotte A. Smith,[13] and Florence Mary Smith (1869–1883).[14]

• Francis Smith (1847–1912), was born in Freetown to William Smith Jr., and Charlotte Smith (née Macaulay).[15] He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield in Yorkshire.[4] After completing his secondary education, he entered Middle Temple in 1868 and was called to the bar in 1871.[12] Francis Smith was appointed Chief Magistrate of The Gambia in 1879[16] and as a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast Colony in 1887.[15] He was later considered for appointment as Chief Justice.[17][18] Francis Smith was the younger brother of Robert Smith and the maternal grandfather of Frances Wright through her mother, Eva Wright (née Smith), and his great-grandson and namesake is Emile Francis Short, the first justice on the Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice.

• Anne Spilsbury (1840–1876), became the second wife of William Smith Jr., after their marriage in 1858 at St. George's Cathedral.[1] She was half-sister to Thomas Hamilton Spilsbury, the first African to be appointed Head of a Medical Department in British West Africa. Their father was Joseph Green Spilsbury and Thomas also married one of Smith Jr's daughters, Philippa.[19] Anne's mother was Hannah Carew Spilsbury.[20] The Spilsbury family were wealthy merchants[2] and Anne was of English, Jamaican Maroon, and Sierra Leone heritage.[21]

• Adelaide Casely-Hayford (née Smith) (1868–1960), was born in 1868 Freetown, to William Smith Jr., and a Creole mother, Anne Spilsbury.[22] Casely-Hayford was an advocate, activist of cultural nationalism, a teacher, fiction writer and feminist. As a pioneer of women's education in Sierra Leone, she played a key role in popularizing Pan-Africanist and feminist politics in the early 1900s.[23] While in England, Adelaide Smith married J. E. Casely Hayford. Their daughter Gladys Casely-Hayford became a well-known Creole poet.[24]

Other descendants

Charlotte Macaulay and William Smith Jr., had seven children, William Henry, Robert, Philippa, Mary, John Frederick, Francis, and Charlotte (who died at the age of 36).[25] Mary Smith was married to William Broughton Davies (1831–1906), a Creole physician of Yoruba Liberated African stock.

The children of William Smith Jr., by his second wife included Joseph Spilsbury, Thomas, Emma, Casely, Elizabeth, Hannah, Adelaide, and Annette. Adelaide married and was later known as Adelaide Casely-Hayford. Elizabeth and Hannah married noted brothers William and Peter of the prominent Awoonor-Renner family. Annette married prominent doctor John Farrell Easmon.[26] After Anne's death in 1875, Smith married a third time.[1]

References

1. Browne-Davies 2014.^[incomplete short citation])
2. Hunter 2016, p. 4.^[incomplete short citation])
3. Butt-Thompson, Frederick William (1926). Sierra Leone in History and Tradition. H.F. & G. Witherby. p. 153. William Smith was born on the Gold Coast in 1816, and reached Freetown on a captured slave ship. He was educated by the Church Missionary Society, taken into employment at this Court, and was eventually promoted to be its Registrar and a Police Magistrate. He died in Jersey in 1896. He was the father of Dr. Robert Smith, assistant colonial surgeon at Freetown ; Francis Smith, who acted as senior puisne judge and as acting chief justice of the Gold Coast.
4. Peacock, Mathew Henry (1892). History of the Free Grammar School of Queen Elizabeth at Wakefield ... W.H. Milnes. p. 217. 1855. JAN. ...Robt.Smith.
5. The Medical Register. London: The General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom. 1871. p. 435. 1866 May 12 Smith, Robert... Freetown, Sierra Leone... Lic. Fac. Phys. Surg. Glasg. 1865.
6. Tee, Dee (14 January 1890). "Some Notables of Sierra Leone in the Past: Early Impressions: V. Dr. Robert Smith, F.R.C.S., J.P.". Sierra Leone Weekly News. Freetown.
7. Wakley, James G., ed. (4 November 1871). The Lancet. Vol. 2. John James Croft. p. 660. The following gentlemen were admitted Fellows of the College at the annual meeting held on Oct. 18th:- Robert Smith, L.F.P.&S.G., Assistant Colonial Surgeon, Sierra Leone;
8. The Medical Register. London: The General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom. 1874. p. 473. 1866 May 12 Smith, Robert... Freetown, Sierra Leone... Lic. R. Coll. Surg. Glasg. 1865. Fell. R. Coll. Surg. Edin. 1871.
9. Patton, Adell (1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa. University Press of Florida. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8130-1432-6. Robert Smith (MRCS, 1865, England; FRCS, 1871, Edinburgh) began his career in 1865, holding a position as deputy inspector of health and shipping and later becoming an able assistant colonial surgeon in charge of the Colonial Hospital, Freetown.
10. Sibthorpe, A. B. C. (1970). The History of Sierra Leone. Psychology Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-7146-1769-5.
11. Royal Colonial Institute (Great Britain) (1882). Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. pp. 408–.
12. Cromwell, Adelaide M. (4 February 2014). An African Victorian Feminist: The Life and Times of Adelaide Smith Casely Hayford 1848–1960. Routledge. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-317-79211-6. In 1868 Francis Smith entered the Middle Temple to begin the study of law and was called to the bar in 1871, as the first African so qualified.
13. Staff writer (25 November 1886). "Births, Marriages, and Deaths". The Pall Mall Budget. Vol. 34, no. 648. p. 32.
14. Staff writer (27 January 1883). "Deaths". The Medical Times and Gazette. Vol. 1. p. 112.
15. The Law Journal. Vol. 22–1887. London: F.E. Streeten. 28 January 1888. p. 248. Mr. Francis Smith, barrister, has been appointed a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast Colony, in succession to Mr. Justice Macleod, who has been appointed Chief Justice of the Colony. Mr Justice Smith is the fifth son of Mr. William Smith, of Sierra Leone. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in Hilary Term, 1871, and has been for some years chief magistrate in the Gambia.
16. Edward Fairfield, ed. (1886). The Colonial Office List for 1886. Vol. 25. London: Harrison and Sons. p. 452. Smith, Francis, – Chief magistrate, Gambia, 7th April, 1879.
17. "Colonial Service Gossip". The Colonies and India. London. 27 April 1895. p. 12. Retrieved 30 August 2016. The appointment of Chief Justice of the Gold Coast Colony continues to occupy the attention of many officials in search of promotion. It was at one time thought that probably the important office would be given to Mr. Justice Francis Smith, the Senior Puisne Judge of the Gold Coast, who for the past eight years has held that office, previous to which he was Chief Magistrate of the Gambia for eight years. Other names have been mentioned as probable candidates, but it is very unlikely that Sir Joseph Hutchinson's successor will be selected from the present West Coast legal officials.
18. "Colonial Service Gossip". The Colonies and India. London. 6 July 1895. p. 10. Retrieved 31 August 2016. Mr. Francis Smith, who is at present acting as Chief Justice of the Gold Coast, pending the arrival of Mr. W. Brandford Griffith, is a native of West Africa, and has held the appointment of a Puisne Judge of the Colony for the past eight years.
19. Cromwell 2014, p. 33.
20. Cromwell 2014, p. 29.
21. Gale, Cengage Learning.
22. Rogers, Brittany Rose, "Hayford, Adelaide Smith Casely (1868–1960)", BlackPast.org.
23. Blain, Keisha (28 March 2016). "EMERGING FEMINISMS, A Historical Note: Pan-African Feminist Adelaide Casely Hayford". The Feminist Wire.
24. "Gladys May Casely-Hayford ('Acquah Laluah')", in Margaret Busby (ed.), Daughters of Africa, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, biographical note, pp. 217–18.
25. Cromwell 2014, pp. 31–32.
26. Cromwell 2014, pp. 34–36.