Sketch (music)

A sketch page of Beethoven's Piano sonata, Opus 101. At upper left can be seen the theme that opens the final movement.

In music, a sketch is an informal document prepared by a composer to assist in the process of composition.

Sketches may range greatly in scope and detail, from the smallest snippets to full drafts; concerning Ludwig van Beethoven's sketchbooks, for instance, Dean writes that they "include every imaginable state between unaccompanied melodic motifs of a few notes to thoroughly worked-out full scores; even his fair copies of essentially 'finished' works show the signs of continuing composition."[1]

Whether a composer's sketches survive past their lifetime depends on the composer's own practice and partly on posterity. Some composers habitually discarded their sketches when a composition was completed (for instance, Johannes Brahms),[2] while others kept their sketches; sometimes in great numbers, as in the case of Beethoven. Mozart kept a great many sketches, but some were given away to friends as keepsakes following his death, and lost.[citation needed]

Why composers sketch

One reason for sketches is the fallibility of human memory. But there are more sophisticated reasons to sketch: most of classical music arranges the themes of each movement into a substantial architecture, for instance involving sonata form. The eighteenth century theorists H. C. Koch and J. G. Sulzer, in their written advice to composers, suggested that they should prepare sketches that would lay out how the various themes of the work would be arranged to create the overall structure.[2] Marston adds that Koch and Sulzer's recommendations "do in fact accord well with what scholars, borrowing from the terminology developed in relation to Beethoven's sketches, call a 'continuity draft', a notational form in which [for example] 'Beethoven can be seen fitting together the more fragmentary ideas made earlier into a coherent whole' (Cooper, 1990, p. 105)."[3]

Reasons to study sketches

Since the mid-19th century, the study of composers' sketches has been a branch of musicology. Nicholas Marston, writing in the New Grove, lists three reasons why the study of sketches can be of interest.

  • The history of how a work was created serves as data for biographical accounts of composers; for instance, it can tell us whether a composition was the product of years of work or quickly achieved.
  • Sketches are occasionally used by composers in attempts to write convincing completions of works left unfinished by other composers at their deaths.[4]
  • Above all, there is the interest, widely shared among devotees of music, in how compositions were created; as the Oxford Dictionary of Music says, sketches are "of great fascination to musical scholars as showing the workings of a composer's mind."[5] This holds both for the general question of how composition takes place, but also at the level of individual works: scholars are interested (Marston) in "the 'biography' of the composition, as it were, rather than of the composer". He adds a caveat: "it should be obvious that 'compositional process' denotes a spectrum of activities far too complex to be equated simply with the writing of sketches."

A fourth possibility is also mentioned by Marston, namely that one might appeal to the sketches to support a particular formal analysis (i.e. in music theory) of a finished work. This practice is controversial.[2]

By composer

J. S. Bach

Bach's sketch, in the Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, of what would become the first prelude of The Well-Tempered Clavier

Surviving sketches by Johann Sebastian Bach include:[6][7]

The Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach contains, among several comparable early versions of compositions that became better known in their later versions, a sketch of what evolved into the first prelude of The Well-Tempered Clavier.[6][7]

Mozart

See also: Mozart's compositional method

The body of sketches by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is very substantial. The watermark studies of Alan Tyson yielded among other results the conclusion that Mozart would sometimes leave a work only partially complete (in sketch form) for a number of years, then finish it when an opportunity for performance arose.[9] This in turn has been taken to support the view that Mozart carefully retained his sketches simply as a good business practice, keeping open the possibility of future performances and publication for works not immediately promising in this respect.[10]

Beethoven

The corpus of Beethoven's surviving sketches is substantial[2] and frequently illustrates Beethoven's method of work, which was often slow and arduous. Commentary on Beethoven's finished works sometimes point to the extremely primitive or unpromising character of the themes as they first appear. For instance, Antony Hopkins pointed out the following sketch material for the Second Symphony, remarking that it "bears more resemblance to a bugle-call than a symphony."

{ \time 4/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 160 \key d \major d'4. a8 d' a d' fis' | a'4. fis'8 d' a d' fis' | a'2 fis'4 d' a1 }

He added, "One wonders why he bothered to commit such banalities to paper at all but it seems to have been an essential part of his creative procedure."[11] Hopkins's discussion (pp. 38–39) covers two further sketches, shown below:

{ \time 4/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 160 \clef "bass" \key d \major d2~ d8 cis d e | d2~ d8 cis d e | fis g a g fis e d fis | g2~ g8 fis g a | g2~ g8 fis g a | g }
{ \time 4/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 160 \key d \major d''2. d''16 cis'' d'' e'' | fis''2. fis''16 e'' fis'' g'' | a''4.. a''16 fis''4.. fis''16 | d''2~ d''4.. d''16 | fis''4.. fis''16 d''4.. d''16 | b'2 }

These can be seen to be gradually evolving toward the actual main theme of the first movement as it appears in the symphony:

{ \time 4/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 160 \clef "bass" \key d \major d2.\fp d16 (cis d e) fis2. fis16 (e fis g) a4-. a-. fis-. fis-. d r r2 }

Schubert

Schubert's abandoned draft for the third movement of his Unfinished Symphony

Sketches by Franz Schubert include the abandoned third movement of his Unfinished Symphony, and the fragment known as Piano Sonata in E minor, D 769A.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Among Schubert's symphonies there are several sketches for a symphony in D major. In the first edition of the Deutsch catalogue, these were grouped under D 615, apart from the early D 997. Apart from the completed Third Symphony, D 200, there appear to be at least four independent sets of sketches for a symphonic work in that key:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Also the four movements of his Seventh Symphony, D 729, in E major (1821), only survive as sketches.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Schubert's unfinished piano music ranges from rejected sketches of a few bars (e.g. D 309A) to fairly elaborate drafts with several complete movements (e.g. Reliquie sonata). The sonata D 568 exists in two stages of development: the unfinished draft version in D-flat major, and the four-movement E-flat major version which Schubert prepared for publication near the end of his life.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Also in other genres Schubert produced sketches and drafts, some abandoned, and some later developed into complete compositions:[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

References

  1. ^ Jeffrey Dean (n.d.) "Sketch", in The Oxford Companion to Music, online edition, oxfordmusiconline.com, downloaded 10 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Marston n.d.
  3. ^ Marston n.d.. Marston cited Barry Cooper's book Beethoven and the Creative Process (Oxford, 1990).
  4. ^ For examples see Requiem (Mozart), Symphony No. 10 (Beethoven/Cooper), Symphony No. 10 (Schubert), Symphony No. 10 (Mahler), and Symphony No. 3 (Elgar/Payne).
  5. ^ Online edition, article "Sketch", at oxfordmusiconline.com, (downloaded 10 November 2017).
  6. ^ a b Schmieder, Dürr, and Kobayashi 1998.
  7. ^ a b BD website.
  8. ^ Work 01309 at Bach Digital website
  9. ^ Alan Tyson (1987) Mozart: Studies of the Autograph Scores. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987.
  10. ^ Konrad, Ulrich (2006) "Compositional method", in Cliff Eisen and Simon P. Keefe, The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ Antony Hopkins (1981) The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven. London: Heineman, pp. 36–37.
  12. ^ a b c d e Badura-Skoda & Branscombe 2008.
  13. ^ a b c d e Deutsch 1951.
  14. ^ a b c d e Deutsch 1978.
  15. ^ a b c d e Hilmar & Jestremski 2004.
  16. ^ a b c d e Kube 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d e Newbould 1999.
  18. ^ a b c d e Reed 1997.
  19. ^ a b c d e van Hoorickx 1971.
  20. ^ a b c d e van Hoorickx 1974–1976.
  21. ^ a b c d e AGA 1884–1897.
  22. ^ a b c d e NSA scores.
  23. ^ a b c d e NSA II, 15.
  24. ^ a b c d e NSA website.
  25. ^ a b c d e Schubert-online.

Sources

by author

Collective editions

Further reading