Skaftá

Aerial view of main branch of the Skaftá where it flows into the Atlantic
Map
Location
CountryIceland
Physical characteristics
MouthAtlantic Ocean
 • coordinates
63°39′50″N 17°48′0″W / 63.66389°N 17.80000°W / 63.66389; -17.80000 (primary)
Length115 kilometres (71 mi)
Discharge 
 • average122 m3/s (4,300 cu ft/s)[1]
Basin features
LandmarksKirkjubæjarklaustur
Tributaries 
 • leftGrjótá, Hellisá, Fjaðrá
 • rightÚtfall, Nyðri-Ófærá, Syðri-Ófærá

The Skaftá (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈskaftˌauː] ⓘ) is a river in South Iceland. It is primarily glacial in origin and has had its course modified by volcanic activity; as a result of both, it often floods because of glacial melting.

Course

The river's primary source is two subglacial "cauldrons" beneath Skaftájökull, part of the Vatnajökull glacier in the interior of Iceland.[2][3] It also receives spring-fed water from Langisjór, a lake a short distance to the west from which a tributary called the Útfall runs into the Skaftá. Other tributaries include the North and South Ófaerá, the Grjótá, and the Hellisá.[4][5]

West of Skaftárdalur, a farm named for the river valley, the Skaftá runs over a lava field in many channels, which recombine into three for the remainder of its course to the Atlantic: the Eldvatn or Ása-Eldvatn combines with the River Kúðafljót; the Ásakvísl or Árkvísla flows under a sand-covered lava field and has been affected by road construction; the third, easternmost branch, which flows near Kirkjubæjarklaustur, retains the name Skaftá[5] but has extremely low water levels when temperatures are lowest.[4] Its total length is approximately 115 kilometres (71 mi).[5]

The river was bridged at Kirkjubæjarklaustur in 1903 and the Ása-Eldvatn was bridged soon after. Efforts to bank and bridge the Ásakvísl have led to undermining of the bridge works and to erosion of land formerly watered by it.[5]

Effects of 1783 eruption

Beginning on June 8, 1783, the multi-year eruption of the volcanic system including Grímsvötn and Þórðarhyrna (sometimes referred to in Icelandic as the Skaftáreldur, Skaftá Fires)[6] filled the river valley with lava, including a gorge thought to have been 200 metres (660 ft) deep,[7] diverting its flow into the multiple shallow channels that now characterize its course. As a result it is subject to jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods), which occur every one to two years.[2][3][4][5][8][9] The 2015 flood was unusually damaging,[8] the largest since records began.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Skaftá". Visit Klaustur (in Icelandic). Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  2. ^ a b Bergur Einarsson; Tómas Jóhannesson; Thorsteinn Thorsteinsson; Eric Gaidos (July 2017). "Subglacial flood path development during a rapidly rising jökulhlaup from the western Skaftá cauldron, Vatnajökull, Iceland". Journal of Glaciology. 63 (240): 670–682. doi:10.1017/jog.2017.33 – via ResearchGate.
  3. ^ a b Morgan T. Jones; Iwona M. Gałeczka; Athanasios Gkritzalis-Papadopoulos; Martin R. Palmer; Matthew C. Mowlem; Kristín Vogfjörð; Þorsteinn Jónsson; Sigurður R. Gislason (2015). "Monitoring of jökulhlaups and element fluxes in proglacial Icelandic rivers using osmotic samplers" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 291: 112–24. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.018.
  4. ^ a b c "Skafta River". Nat.is. Nordic Adventure Travel. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Skaftá". Katla Geopark (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  6. ^ Th. Thordarson; S. Self (May 1993). "The Laki (Skaftár Fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785". Bulletin of Volcanology (abstract). 55 (4): 233–63. doi:10.1007/BF00624353.
  7. ^ "Vatnajökull National Park—Lakagigar". Klaustur.is. Kirkjubæjarklaustur. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  8. ^ a b "Jökulhlaups". Lava Centre. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  9. ^ Bergur Einarsson (September 2009). "Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: A study of a jökulhlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland" (PDF). Icelandic Meteorological Office. ISSN 1670-8261.
  10. ^ Bjarni Pétur Jónsson (2015-10-02). "Mesta Skaftárhlaup síðan mælingar hófust" (in Icelandic). RÚV.
  • Media related to Skaftá at Wikimedia Commons