Siege of Tortosa (1810–1811)

Siege of Tortosa
Part of Peninsular War

General of division Suchet, commanding the 3rd corps of the Army of Spain, receives the capitulation of the city of Tortosa, 2 January 1811
Oil painting by Jean-Charles-Joseph Rémond, 1837
Date16 December 1810 – 2 January 1811 (2 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain
40°48′41″N 0°31′10″E / 40.8114°N 0.5194°E / 40.8114; 0.5194
Result French victory[1]
Belligerents
France French Empire Spain Kingdom of Spain
Commanders and leaders
France Louis Gabriel Suchet Spain Miguel de Lili e Idiaquez
Strength
12,000 men
58 guns[2]		 7,129 men
182 guns[2]
Casualties and losses
~400 dead or wounded[2] 1,400 dead or wounded
3,974 captured[2]
Peninsular War: Aragon and Catalonia
Map
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21
Battle of Ordal at Ordal, on 13 September 1813
Castalla
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Battle of Castalla (1812) at Castalla, on 21 July 1812 and on 13 April 1813
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Battle of Altafulla at Altafulla, on 29 January 1812
Valencia
18
Siege of Valencia (1812) at Valencia, from 26 December 1811 – 9 January 1812
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Battle of Cervera (1811) at Cervera, from 4 to 14 October 1811
15
Siege of Figueras (1811) at Figueras, from 4 April to 19 August 1811
14
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13
Siege of Tarragona (1811) from 5 May – 29 June 1811 Siege of Tarragona (1813) from 3 to 11 June 1813
12
Battle of El Pla at El Pla, on 15 January 1811
Tortosa
11
Siege of Tortosa (1810–11) at Tortosa, from 19 December 1810 to 2 January 1811
10
Battle of La Bisbal at La Bisbal, on 14 September 1810
9
Siege of Mequinenza at Mequinenza, from 15 May to 8 June 1810
8
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7
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6
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5
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4
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2
Third siege of Girona at Girona, from 6 May to 12 December 1809
1
Battle of Valls at Valls, on 25 February 1809
  current battle

The siege of Tortosa (16 December 1810 – 2 January 1811) pitted an Imperial French army under General Louis Gabriel Suchet against the Spanish defenders of Tortosa led by General Miguel de Lili e Idiaquez, Conde de Alacha. The siege progressed swiftly and Alacha surrendered on 2 January 1811. Tortosa is a city that lies on the Ebro river about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Tarragona. The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars.[3]

Background

The conquest of Catalonia was not yet completed by the end of 1810, and the French did not feel secure about the positions they occupied. Tortosa was a fortified city on the lower Ebro river with ten to twelve thousand inhabitants. Its bridge over the Ebro was the only one the Spanish still controled. Thus, Tortosa was important because it allowed communications between Tarragona and Valencia, both still in Spanish hands.[4] The city was, therefore, much more indispensable to the Spanish than to the French.

Siege

Although it had been blockaded since July 1810, Tortosa was only placed under siege in December. Until then, the French had amassed guns (52 artillery pieces), ammunition (30,000 granades), and gunpowder (90,000 pounds or 40 tons) at the town of Xerta, 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Tortosa.[5] Suchet approached Tortosa with twelve infantry battalions and the siege equipment. On the opposite side of the Ebro, five battalions under General Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé blocked the bridge through which Tortosa communicated with Valencia and southern Spain.[5]

The French Army of Aragon reached the walls of Tortosa on 16 December. Suchet decided to attack the city's southern wall, as the terrain in this area facilitated Siege works. Works were undertaken at the location where the main attack would take place, and preparations were also made for a feint attack. The Spanish garrison executed two sorties, which were repelled by Colonel Pierre-Michel Rouelle [fr] but caused some delays in the preparation of the siege works. On 31 December, French engineers undermined the city walls and, during the night, set up four 24-pounder artillery pieces.[4]

In the morning of 1 January, before the siege artillery began firing, the governor of Tortosa presented his terms of surrender. Suchet found them unnacceptable for allowing the garrison to withdraw to Tarragona. He presented his own terms to the Count of Alacha who, after consulting his war council, decided to continue the fight.[4] On 2 January, French artillery began shelling and quickly breached the walls of Tortosa. Alacha raised a white flag but Suchet, suspecting it to be a maneuver to gain time for reinforcements, repairs or defensive works, decided to proceed with preparations for the assault. Nevertheless, the assault was called off after Suchet let the defenders know that they would be massacred and the city sacked if they did not surrender under French terms. Alacha then signed the capitulation on 2 January.[4]

Aftermath

The French conquest of Aragon and Catalonia proceeded with the Battle of El Pla. The French occupied Tortosa until 18 May 1814.

Notes

  1. ^ Bodart 1908, p. 421.
  2. ^ a b c d Smith 1998, p. 353.
  3. ^ Esdaile 2003, p. 336.
  4. ^ a b c d Rickard 2008.
  5. ^ a b Oman 2004, p. 230.

References

  • Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905). Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  • Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). The Peninsular War. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 9781403962317. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  • Oman, Charles William Chadwick (2004). A History of the Peninsular War. Vol. IV. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-618-7.
  • Rickard, J. (2008). "Siege of Tortosa, 16 December 1810-2 January 1811". historyofwar.org.
  • Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery, 1792–1815. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.