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San Teodoro (Genoa)
San Teodoro (San Tiodöo /saŋ tjuˈdɔːu/ in Ligurian) is a neighborhood of Genoa, sandwiched between the districts of Sampierdarena to the west, Rivarolo to the northwest, and Lagaccio and Prè to the east. Toward the south, the neighborhood faces the port area between the Maritime Station and the Lighthouse, which is mainly dedicated to passenger traffic (cruise terminal and ferry terminal). Description of the neighborhoodThe former "San Teodoro" district, a hinge between the city center and the west Genoese neighborhoods, is part, along with Sampierdarena, of the Municipio II Centro Ovest and includes the "Angeli" and "San Teodoro" urban units, which together have a population of 23,049 (updated figure as of December 31, 2010).[1] The central area of the neighborhood is commonly referred to as “Dinegro,” named after the square named after the historic Genoese family on which Villa Rosazza and St. Theodore Church overlook, across the railroad tracks.[2] ToponymThe neighborhood is named after the old church of St. Theodore, demolished in 1870 for the expansion of port infrastructure and rebuilt a short distance from the original site.[3][4] TerritorySan Teodoro, the westernmost of the sestieri into which the city of Genoa was divided, remained outside the city walls for centuries and was incorporated into the defensive circle only in the 17th century with the construction of the Mura Nuove.[4] The ancient sestiere of S. Teodoro had a much larger territory than the present neighborhood, since in the 1970s to the east the areas of Oregina and Lagaccio were detached, which went to form the new "Oregina-Lagaccio" district, now included in the Municipio I Centro Est.[4]  Until the 1930s, the boundary of the district towards Sampierdarena was sharply delineated by the ridge of the hills of S. Benigno and of the Angels, on which ran the western branch of the seventeenth-century walls. Today, after the imposing earthworks on the hill of S. Benigno, the boundary is formed by the line that starting from the Lighthouse passes through the overpass of Via di Francia (commonly called the helicoidal bridge) and over the steep escarpment corresponding to the edge of the hill of S. Benigno, reaches the "walls of the Angels." From there it follows the walls to the Granarolo gate: this section separates S. Teodoro from the Polceverasque neighborhood of Rivarolo. Salita Granarolo, the axis of the Principe-Granarolo rack tramway and Principe Square demarcate S. Teodoro to the east toward Lagaccio and Prè.[5] The central core of the district consists of the ancient hamlet of Fassolo, aligned along the street of the same name between Piazza Dinegro and Piazza Principe, an ancient road axis now bordered by the modern Via B. Buozzi and Adua, overlooking the port. The hilly area includes in the western zone the Angeli district, made up of modern blocks of flats built after World War II near the walls of the same name and older houses along the Salita degli Angeli; the area behind Fassolo, which remained sparsely populated for a long time, has been intensely urbanized in the last century, developing along the Via Venezia - Via Bologna axis and encompassing the hills on which the sanctuary of San Francesco da Paola and the church of S. Rocco once stood isolated. Above, near the walls, is the ancient village of Granarolo, along an ancient road heading inland.[5] The area created by leveling the hill of S. Benigno is mainly occupied by offices and services: of the ancient hamlet of Chiappella, at the foot of the hill, only a few houses remain in Via Milano, in front of the ferry terminal, which survived the earthworks and the explosion in the San Benigno tunnel on October 10, 1944, which claimed two thousand lives.[6][7] In Piazza R. Sopranis, in the area of Via Venezia, has stood since the 1920s the civic industrial technical institute G. Galilei, the first in Liguria of this type, which has trained hundreds of technicians over the decades, many of whom, particularly between 1960 and 1990, found employment in the large industries of the west of Genoa.[8][9] DemographicsThe S. Teodoro sestiere was the least populated in the entire city. In 1777 there were 3,181 inhabitants, in 1837 according to Casalis they had risen to 7,050, at the 1861 census they were 10,427. In 1862 it was planned to build “houses for the less affluent class,” also favoring them with tax concessions, but it was not until the end of the century that there was a substantial increase in population (21,779 inhabitants in 1901). Growth continued in the following decades, with a high of 29.625 inhabitants in 1971. Since then, there has been a decrease in the population, also due to the separation of Oregina and Lagaccio, to the current number of 23,049 inhabitants.[10] HistoryOriginsThe oldest nucleus of the sestiere of S. Teodoro, the first documented records of which date back to the 11th century, had formed in the Fassolo area around the church dedicated to the martyr saint Theodore of Amasea, which at the end of the 12th century was entrusted by the archbishop of Genoa to the Canons Regular of Mortara. The village, outside the city walls and then inhabited by a few fishing families, was being shaped as a thoroughfare along the mule tracks that led from Genoa through the Polcevera valley to the west and inland. In 1132, on the hill of Promontorio, to the west of the town, the Abbey of St. Benigno was built with a hospice for pilgrims; a few years later, the Hospital of St. Lazzaro was built with a hospice for the sick, and in the 15th century the Convent of St. Mary of the Angels was built, also with a hospice.[11] Development of the neighborhood between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries _-_n._0728_-_Genova_-_Palazzo_Doria.jpg) In 1350 the extension of the walls toward the west was completed: the new city wall, with the St. Thomas Gate, reached the threshold of the village. By the mid-12th century the first signal tower had been built on the promontory that closed the harbor inlet to the west, which with later transformations would become the present Lighthouse. In 1507, during French rule, the “Briglia,” a fortress overlooking the harbor, with cannons aimed at the city, was built at its foot, which was conquered and destroyed by the Genoese in 1514 after a two-year siege. On this occasion the early Lighthouse suffered severe damage and was rebuilt in its present form in 1543.[12] In 1530 Andrea Doria had his palace built in the Fassolo area, just outside the city walls, in which he hosted ambassadors and heads of state, including Emperor Charles V.[12] Giustiniani, a bishop and historian, described the area of S. Teodoro as follows in his “Annals” in the early decades of the 16th century:
In the 16th century on the slopes of the hill was built by the Di Negro family the palace known as “lo Scoglietto,” now known as Villa Rosazza, at the time overlooking the sea and with a large park on the hill behind.[12] The New Walls and the sestiere of S. Teodoro Between 1626 and 1632, with the construction of the "Mura Nuove" (New Walls) along the ridge dividing the Genoese area from the Polcevera Valley, the whole area was incorporated within the defensive walls; S. Teodoro and San Vincenzo (another area of the city incorporated within the circle of the walls), were counted among the city's sestieri, joining the four historical sestieri.[16] According to Goffredo Casalis's description of it in the Dizionario geografico storico statistico commerciale degli Stati di S.M. il Re di Sardegna, published in Turin in 1840, the sestiere comprised, like that of S. Vincenzo, the territory between the fourth and last city walls. Placed at the western end, it joined the sestiere of San Vincenzo at the top of Mount Peralto, on which Fort Sperone, the high point of the Mura Nuove, is located. The boundary between the two sestieri was marked by the moat of St. Hugh.[12] To complete the new circle of walls, the cliff in front of the village of Fassolo was also enclosed by a wall, on which a cannon battery was placed.[12] The nineteenth centuryThe nineteenth century was an eventful one for the neighborhood: in 1815, under the direction of the architect Carlo Barabino, the road along the port, now Via Milano, was opened to traffic; between 1840 and 1853 the Turin-Genoa railway line was built, which crossed, with a long elevated section, the entire Fassolo area, with heavy impacts on residential structures. In addition to part of the gardens of the stately villas, the church of S. Lazzaro with the adjoining hospital and the oratory of N.S. del Rosario (later rebuilt on another site further upstream) also had to be sacrificed. The Church of San Teodoro was in a precarious situation, squeezed between the new road system and the port infrastructure, which was also being expanded, and would later be demolished in 1870.[11] Casalis thus describes the sestiere of S. Teodoro shortly before the middle of the century:
The historic buildings that have disappeared
On April 5, 1849, during Genoa's insurrection against the Savoy government, General Alfonso La Marmora had the city bombarded from the square in front of the now deconsecrated abbey of S. Benigno; having suppressed the insurrection, it was La Marmora himself who suggested the reinforcement of the site, to prevent new uprisings. So it was that, in the following years, having demolished the ancient abbey, the two barracks were built, which disappeared in the next century with the excavation of the entire hill. The two buildings, named "Lower Barracks of St. Benigno" and "Upper Barracks of St. Benigno," in relation to each other's position, were two large, five-story buildings, 160 meters long, each capable of housing about 1,200 soldiers.[18][23] Around 1870 the new Magazzini Generali were built in the harbor area, for the construction of which the church of San Teodoro was demolished, in place of which a new temple was erected at the beginning of Via Venezia; a few years later, in 1876 a large terrace overlooking the harbor, adorned with cast-iron railings and lit with gas lanterns, was built along Via San Teodoro (present-day Via Milano), which became a popular place for walks and events.[24][25][26] The terraces also disappeared in the 1920s to make way for the widening of Via Milano and Via Buozzi. In the second half of the century, the district, like others, underwent great changes in the urban aspect, with a large increase in population and the beginning of residential building development in the hillside area, which would continue on a massive scale in the first decades of the twentieth century, accompanied by installations related mainly, but not only, to port activities; among them, the S.A. I.G. ice factory built in 1887 in Piazza Sopranis, active until after World War II, as demand declined with the proliferation of household refrigerators. The factory was closed for good in 1984.[27] Today a modern apartment building stands in its place. Serving the military installations, in the area of Via Milano stood the large Chiappella military hospital, created in 1801 by the transformation of a 17th-century convent suppressed by Napoleonic laws.[28] The hospital was active until World War II, when it was destroyed by air and sea bombardments.[29] The twentieth centuryIn terms of urban planning in the new century a series of important events profoundly changed the westernmost area of the neighborhood. Due to the changed international political situation and the advent of new technologies in the field of warfare in 1914 it was decided to decommission the city's defensive structure, including the walls and barracks overlooking the neighborhood.[12]  In 1926, the enlargement of the municipality of Genoa with the annexation of neighboring municipalities and the simultaneous decision to expand the port west of the Lighthouse made it necessary to improve the road system, creating new roads connecting the port, the city and the building of the "Camionale," as well as land spaces to serve port activities.[12] It was thus decided to level the hill of St. Benigno with all the disused military infrastructure. Sheds and warehouses serving the port were built in the spaces created, and the new "via di Francia" was opened, which allowed a convenient connection to the west, avoiding the Lighthouse bottleneck. The materials obtained from the demolition were used for the fills necessary for the construction of the new moles in front of Sampierdarena.[30] Also during that period, two important infrastructures related to passenger traffic were built, the Maritime Station at Ponte dei Mille, built between 1926 and 1930 (then a landing place for ocean liners and now for cruise ships), and the one at Ponte Andrea Doria, built in 1932 and rebuilt in 1950.[31] The tragedy of St. BenignoOn October 10, 1944, during World War II, what remained of the hill of S. Benigno was devastated by an explosion that destroyed a complex of railway tunnels, used partly by the German army as an ammunition depot, but also by the population as an air raid shelter, causing the death of at least 1,000 people (2,000 according to some sources) including refugees in the tunnels, inhabitants of the destroyed buildings above, and German soldiers. At first it was thought that the explosion had been caused by lightning, but later some blamed it on sabotage by partisan groups.[32][33] The aftermath of World War IIAnother serious tragedy involved the neighborhood in 1968; on March 21 of that year, after eighteen consecutive hours of rain, a large landslide broke off from the rock face of an old abandoned quarry on the Hill of the Angels. It hit No. 8 Via Dijon, destroying 34 apartments and the death of 19 people, as well as numerous injuries. Subsequent legal proceedings (against unknown persons, given the impossibility of identifying precise responsibility) did not lead to any prosecution because the investigators deemed the event “extraordinary and unpredictable.”[34] The building was rebuilt after the rock face had been made safe. The development of the port infrastructure continued after the reconstruction; the port area in front of the Chiappella area (Ponte C. Colombo, Ponte B. Assereto and Ponte Caracciolo) was transformed into the well-equipped ferry terminal, built between 1993 and 1999.[35] Among the most significant post-war constructions are the "Elevated Highway," inaugurated in 1965, which connects the Genoa West toll station with the city centre and the Foce district, running on steel pylons along the port area, and the "Matitone," a skyscraper with a characteristic structure housing municipal offices, completed in the 1990s. Landmarks and places of interestGranarolo Granarolo is located in the most upstream part of the neighborhood. An ancient farming village and vacation spot for wealthy Genoese, it is located along the ancient road that led from the San Tomaso gate (Principe Square) toward the Polcevera Valley. With the construction of the seventeenth-century walls at this road, the gate known as the Granarolo gate was opened.[36] Along the steep slope is the ancient church of S. Maria di Granarolo, first built in 1190.[37] The settlement, which has partly preserved its ancient appearance, although it has not been entirely spared from the rampant urbanisation of the 20th century, can be reached from the area of Piazza Principe by a characteristic rack railway[38][39] inaugurated in 1901.[5] Civil architecturePalazzo del Principe.jpg) The Doria Pamphily palace, which Andrea Doria had built starting in 1521 in the Fassolo area by enlarging an earlier building purchased from the Lomellini family, overlooks the current Piazza del Principe, created in the 19th century by the demolition of the 16th-century gate of S. Tomaso (1840) and the church of the same name (1881). The Palazzo del Principe, one of the most sumptuous residences in sixteenth-century Genoa, was commissioned by the Genoese admiral and politician, mediator between the Republic and the Spanish Empire in the person of Charles V, who was hosted there several times.[31] Although Andrea Doria's hegemony over the government of the republic was more in the nature of political leadership rather than a real assertion of power, his palace, built outside the city walls and thus far from the traditional places of power, was in fact a veritable palace, in which the "Prince" received ambassadors and heads of state.[5] In the decades that followed, the patricians of Genoa would have the sumptuous villas that can still be seen today along the Strada Nuova (Via Garibaldi) built in imitation of the palace.[40] The architectural and fresco decoration, aimed at exalting the patron, represented as the god Neptune, and the Emperor Charles V, represented as Jupiter, is the work of Perin del Vaga. The villa had a monumental garden complex that covered the entire hill behind it, where at the highest point stood a giant statue of Jupiter (symbolizing Emperor Charles V), clearly visible from ships landing in the harbor. Another garden in front of the villa sloped down to a private dock for the prince's personal fleet.[31][5]  After Andrea Doria's death (1560) the building was expanded by his grandson Giovanni Andrea. In the next century a period of decline began for the palace, when another Giovanni Andrea, who had married a Pamphili in 1671, moved the furnishings and archives to Rome. It was not until 1805 that it was hastily restored by Carlo Barabino and furnished by Emanuele Andrea Tagliafichi, having to accommodate Napoleon. After 1877 the composer Giuseppe Verdi used to spend the summer there, a circumstance commemorated by a plaque on the facade.[31] In addition to Perin del Vaga, artists such as Domenico Beccafumi, Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli, Giovanni Ponzello and Antonio Roderio worked there at different times.[31] Between the mid-nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, with the construction of the railroad (1853), the expansion of the port (1875), the construction of the Miramare Hotel (1913) and the Maritime Station (1930), and the opening of Via Adua (1935) it completely lost its connection with the port, the gardens facing uphill and most of the one facing the sea. In 1944 it was also severely damaged by bombing; only in 2001, after a restoration that lasted several years, was the recovery of the facade, the interior decorations, the garden with the fountains of Neptune (by Taddeo Carlone, 1599) and Triton (by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli, 1543) and the frescoes by Perin del Vaga completed. The palace also houses some valuable tapestries dating from the 15th and 16th centuries.[31] Villa Rosazza Villa Rosazza, known as “dello Scoglietto,” is the westernmost of the suburban villas in historic Genoa. It was built around 1565 for Doge Ambrogio Di Negro in the Mannerist style, with a garden by the sea, landing stage, and a large garden going up the hill, now a public park (in the process of redevelopment after years of decay), with terraces, fountains, nymphaeums, and numerous valuable botanical species. Today the front garden, which reached directly to the sea, has completely disappeared due to the expansion of the port, the construction of the railway and the new road system: the villa faces Dinegro Square, from which it remains separated by the railway, the construction of which made it necessary to rearrange the access with ramps and underpasses. The interior decoration is lavish, with works by Andrea Ansaldo[31][5] and Agostino Tassi.[24] In 1787, after the property had passed to the Durazzo family, Count Gian Luca Durazzo commissioned major restorations to Andrea Tagliafichi, to whom are due the current neoclassical facade and the arrangement of the English landscape park with a small temple, which concludes the garden facing uphill.[31][5] The facade decorations are the work of the Genoese sculptor Nicolò Traverso, to whom is also due a statue depicting Ansaldo Grimaldi (1471-1539).[41] Another statue, by Francesco Ravaschio (1743-1820), depicts Doge Giovanni Battista Cambiaso. These two statues, torn down during the 1797 uprisings and abandoned in Principe Square, were recovered and restored a few years later by Giovanni Durazzo, who had them relocated to the villa.[24] In 1815, Caroline of Brunswick, wife of the future King of England George IV, was a guest in the villa, receiving there a visit from Pope Pius VII who, after Napoleon's flight from the island of Elba and the ephemeral reconstitution of the French Empire had briefly sought shelter in Genoa, where he was a guest in the Royal Palace.[24] Marquis Lorenzo Pareto (1800-1865), who was minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia and senator of the Kingdom, as well as a geologist, lived in the villa for a long time.[24] Today the villa, owned by the municipality of Genoa, is home to the "Casa America Foundation," founded in 1999, an institution that aims to promote cultural exchanges as well as economic and trade relations with Latin American countries.[42] Lighthouse of Genoa At the western edge of the old port, between the districts of S. Teodoro and Sampierdarena, on the remains of what was once the Capo di Faro stands the tower of the Lighthouse, a conventional symbol of Genoa, clearly visible from many parts of the city.[31] The lighthouse, the oldest of those still in operation in the world,[31] stands 76 m tall and consists of two square trunks separated by a corbelled frame, culminating in the dome of the light apparatus, which is located at 117 m above sea level. The beam of light, with intermittent flashes, is visible up to 33 miles away.[31] On the site where the Lighthouse stands today, there had existed since the 12th century a lookout and signal tower, also used as a prison, near which King Louis XII in 1507 had a fortress built, called "la Briglia," which was besieged and destroyed by the Genoese in 1514. The fighting against the French for the liberation of the city also caused very serious damage to the structure of the tower, which was rebuilt in its present form in 1543, possibly to the design of Giovanni Maria Olgiati[43] or Francesco di Gandria.[44][45] With the expansion of the port in the 1920s, the tip of Capo di Faro remained completely buried by the construction of new piers. Between 1926 and 1928, at the foot of the lighthouse, a 300 MW coal-fired power plant was built,[44] now owned by Enel,[46] which was scheduled to be closed by 2017.[47][48] The tower has been open to visitors since 1996.[49] In 2001, a pedestrian promenade was built that reaches the base of the lighthouse.[31] A staircase of 375 steps reaches the top of the tower, from where the view overlooks the city, the harbor, the surrounding hills topped by forts, the Riviera di Levante to the Portofino promontory, and the Riviera di Ponente.[44] In the popular song Ma se ghe penso, the Lighthouse is one of the landmarks of Genoa evoked with nostalgia by a Genoese man who emigrated to South America.[50] Museum of the LighthouseA room inside the surviving stretch of walls at the foot of the lighthouse has been home since 2004 to a museum dedicated to the history and traditions of Genoa, told through videos and photographs. Also on display are objects and tools related to the history of lighthouses.[31] MatitoneThe Matitone is a high-rise building used as a business center located in the area of the former St. Benigno hill, between Via di Francia and the terminal section of Via A. Cantore. It was designed by SOM in collaboration with architects Mario Lanata and Andrea Messina and completed in 1992.[51] It owes the name by which it is commonly called (the official name is S. Benigno Torre Nord) to its characteristic octagonal shape, culminating in a pyramidal roof; with its 108.50 m it is considered the tallest building in Genoa, narrowly surpassing the historic Piacentini Tower.[51] It is home to various municipal offices and private companies. Grand Hotel Miramare of Genoa The former Hotel Miramare, located on the hill above the Prince's Palace, was built between 1906 and 1908 in eclectic style, designed by Florentine architect Gino Coppedè and engineer Giuseppe Perasso. Between the 1910s and World War II it hosted Genoa's most distinguished visitors.[52] Converted after the war into a public security barracks, it later became the property of the State Railways but remained in neglect, ending up almost completely ruined by decay. It was only in the late 1990s that it was acquired by a private company that carried out its renovation and restoration, maintaining its original aesthetics and turning it into private apartments, although a bed and breakfast, a supermarket, a bank and a bingo hall also found a place there.[52] Religious architectureCatholic parish churches There are six parish Catholic churches in the former “San Teodoro” district, which are part of the vicariate of the same name[53] of the Archdiocese of Genoa; four of these have ancient origins (S. Teodoro, although rebuilt in the 19th century on a different site from the original, S. Rocco, S. Benedetto al Porto and S. Maria di Granarolo) while those of S. Marcellino and S. Maria della Vittoria were built in the 20th century as a result of urban expansion. Church of S. Teodoro
Church of San Rocco sopra Principe The church of San Rocco sopra Principe, located on the hill resting above the Palazzo del Principe, was built in the 16th century on an earlier 14th-century chapel dedicated to St. Margaret, attached to a monastery of Augustinian nuns, first mentioned in a document of 1316.[24][57] In 1510 the monastery was transferred to the Lateran Canons and in 1555 to the Apostolines, who named it after St. Roch. In the early 17th century it was completely rebuilt in Baroque style at the initiative of some patrician families who had estates in the area. After the suppression of the Apostolines, from 1660 the church was transferred to the "Clerics Regular Minor" who remained there until the suppression of religious institutes in 1797. Only in 1821 was it reopened for worship and erected as a parish by decree of Archbishop Luigi Lambruschini.[57] The interior, with a single nave, is decorated in stucco by the Urbino artist Marcello Sparzo (1514). The frescoes in the vault of the apse, depicting episodes from the life of St. Roch, are by Giovanni Carlone.[24] The church houses a marble statue of St. Roch by Honoré Pellé (17th century) and numerous paintings by Genoese artists from various churches demolished for urban planning reasons or war events; these include works by Giovanni Andrea Ansaldo (S. Luke paints the Madonna), Luciano Borzone[58] (The Crucifix and Magdalene), Giovanni Andrea De Ferrari (Transit of St. Joseph), Domenico Fiasella (Dormition of the Virgin), G.B. Merano[59] (Beheading of the Baptist) and Nicolò da Voltri (Madonna and Child).[31] Church of San Benedetto al Porto The church of the Holy Trinity and San Benedetto al Porto, adjacent to the Prince's Palace, was originally part of a monastery of Benedictine nuns who resided in the nearby monastery of S. Maria delle Grazie di Fassolo; the oldest document records that in 1129 Cistercian nuns took over.[60] Towards the end of the 16th century the complex was entrusted to the religious of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives, who had been called to Genoa by Zenobia del Carretto, wife of Gianandrea Doria. The latter turned the church into the family's aristocratic chapel and arranged for it to be erected as a parish (1596) with jurisdiction over all the Doria properties in the Fassolo area. The monastery and the church, to whose original title was added that of the Holy Trinity, underwent a lengthy restoration between 1593 and 1617, under the direction of Giovanni Ponzello (or, according to Alizeri, by Andrea Ceresola, known as “Vannone”).[61] The monastery was demolished in 1928 for the opening of Adua Street. By decree of Archbishop Pietro Boetto on July 29, 1939, the territorial jurisdiction of the parish was expanded. Since 1975, the rectory has housed the Comunità San Benedetto al Porto, founded by Don Andrea Gallo, which takes care of people in need, with particular attention to drug addicts.[62] The entrance to the church is preceded by a portico, enclosed by an iron gate. The interior, with three naves despite its small size, contains valuable works of art, including the wooden statue of Our Lady of Remedy (17th century) and paintings by Domenico Cresti, known as the "Passignano" (Miracle of St. Benedict), Giovanni Andrea De Ferrari (Trinitarian Saints Adoring Our Lady of Remedy), Domenico Parodi (St. Felix of Valois and St. John of Matha),[63] and Cesare and Alessandro Semino (Holy Trinity, Saints Roch and Mary Magdalene with Gianandrea Doria and Zenobia del Carretto, early 17th century). Above the entrance is a 16th-century organ by Lorenzo Stanga of Cremona. Four paintings, placed on either side of the high altar and depicting Saints Cecilia, Peter, Paul and King David, works by Benedetto Brandimarte of Lucca,[64] were originally the panels of the organ.[31][65] Church of Santa Maria di Granarolo The church of Granarolo, first mentioned in a document of 1192 was built in the last decades of the 12th century and entrusted to the religious "of Mortara" who remained there until the mid-15th century, when it became the commenda of Antonio Spinola.[66] It was erected as a parish in 1583, but in 1821 the parish title was transferred to the church of San Rocco, of which it became a branch. Various religious orders alternated in the leadership of the church during that period. In 1928 it was again erected as a parish.[66] Nothing remains of the medieval church, and today it can be seen in its Baroque makeover. On the facade is a large fresco by Achille De Lorenzi (1869-1930). Inside are several paintings by Genoese painters of the 16th and 17th centuries.[24] Church of San Marcellino The church of San Marcellino was built on Via Bologna between 1934 and 1936, designed by Luigi Carlo Daneri. Cardinal Carlo Dalmazio Minoretti, who inaugurated it on January 12, 1936, ordered by decree of October 12 of the same year the transfer to it of the parish title of the ancient church of San Marcellino located in the small square of the same name near Via A. Gramsci, in the historic center of Genoa. During World War II, the church was damaged by bombing and restored with funding from parishioners.[67] Church of Santa Maria della VittoriaThe church of S. Maria della Vittoria was built between 1961 and 1965 in the new neighborhood that had sprung up near the old walls on top of the Hill of Angels. With the completion of the new church, inaugurated by Cardinal Giuseppe Siri on March 27, 1965, the parish established by the same archbishop on December 23, 1956, and temporarily housed in a chapel, found a permanent home.[68] Other Catholic churchesShrine of St. Francis of Paola Like the church of St. Rocco, the shrine named after the Calabrian saint, also called the “sanctuary of the Sailors,” stands on a hill behind Fassolo. The shrine was built in the late 15th century on land offered by the nobleman Ludovico Centurione to the Minim Fathers.[24][5][69] The church was completely rebuilt in its present form in the 17th century on the initiative of the noblewoman Veronica Spinola. In 1930 the shrine was elevated to a basilica by Pope Pius XI.[24] The complex, consisting of the church and the convent of the Friars Minor, is preceded by a large tree-lined parvis, which offers a panoramic view of the old town and the old harbor basin.[31][5] The church, which has no facade and whose exterior is completely bare, is accessed from the churchyard through an atrium in which ex-votos offered by sailors to their patron saint are collected.[5][69] The Baroque interior, with three naves surmounted by fourteen columns and eleven altars, on the other hand, is richly decorated, owing to the contributions of various Genoese noble families.[31][5][69] In the floor are numerous tombs of Genoese personalities from various periods, including Veronica Spinola, promoter of the sanctuary's expansion and Marquess Luigia Pallavicini, renowned for Foscolo's ode.[69] Numerous works of art adorn the church; among them paintings by Luca Cambiaso, Cesare Corte, Valerio Castello, Orazio De Ferrari, G.B. Paggi and frescoes by Ventura Salimbeni, Lazzaro Tavarone, Giuseppe Palmieri; in the vaults are 19th-century frescoes by Giuseppe Isola.[24][31][69] Church of St. Vincent de Paul The church of the Conversion of St. Paul, commonly called St. Vincent de Paul's, is part of the Priests of the Mission complex, built in 1645 on a pre-existing villa of the Durazzo family at the behest of Cardinal Stefano Durazzo.[24][31] The archbishop, who was particularly attached to the congregation founded twenty years earlier by Vincent de Paul, donated the villa to the Vincentian Missionaries while the founder himself sent one of his representatives, Father Stefano Blatiron, from Paris, with the task of organizing the new headquarters.[70] The baroque-style church contains works by Giuseppe Bozzano and paintings by Giacomo Antonio Boni.[24] The Archbishop of Genoa Giovanni Lercari, who died in 1802, is buried there. Church of Our Lady of the AngelsThe church of Our Lady of the Angels, which stands on Salita Mura degli Angeli, near the gate of the same name, is what remains of the 15th-century Carmelite complex, demolished in Napoleonic times. Originally the building was probably the oratory attached to the large convent complex. It has a simple gabled facade with exposed brick and a one-room interior.[71] Oratory of Our Lady of the RosaryAlong Salita S. Francesco da Paola is the Oratory of the Rosary, built in the neoclassical style between 1824 and 1826 to a design by Carlo Barabino; this small temple with a circular plan, surmounted by a large dome, was intended to replace the old one, which stood near the old church of S. Teodoro, and was later demolished for the construction of the railway line.[5] In the new construction, marble from the old oratory and columns from the demolished church of St. Francis in Castelletto were used.[24][5] Religious buildings of other denominationsIn a small building at the intersection of Via Buozzi, Via S. Benedetto and Via di Fassolo until the last decades of the twentieth century was the Sailors' Rest, with an adjoining chapel, in which the local Protestant churches welcomed and assisted the many faithful sailors who landed in the port of Genoa. The large inscriptions, “Sailors‘ Chapel and Reading Room,” on the main facade of the building and “Sailors’ Rest” on the side facing St. Benedict Street are still clearly visible.[72] Military architectureSeventeenth-century walls and gates The western boundary of the San Teodoro neighborhood was bordered (and in part still is today) by a section of the seventeenth-century "New Walls," which along their development took on different names. The wall began at the promontory of Capo di Faro, where in the walls known as "della Lanterna" opened the monumental "Porta della Lanterna," the main access from the west to the city, demolished in 1877, despite a popular petition requesting that it be preserved, and replaced by another architecturally more modest yet more suitable for the growing traffic, designed by Agostino Chiodo. This gate in 1930 was relocated to the foot of the Lighthouse, in a different place from the original one.[18] Going up the rocky hill of St. Benigno, they passed near the ancient abbey, taking the name "Walls of St. Benigno": this section has completely disappeared due to the leveling of the hill. The outline of the walls continued along the ridge under the name "Mura degli Angeli," from where, upstream of the steep escarpment created by the earthworks, the section that still exists today begins. The "Walls of the Angels" border the upper part of Via San Bartolomeo del Fossato, which runs up the hill from Sampierdarena. In this section opens the Gate of the Angels, which was named after the church of N.S. degli Angeli, demolished in 1810. Through this gateway, now in a state of disrepair, passes the Salita degli Angeli, which climbs up from Piazza Dinegro and was once an important route into the city for those coming from the Polcevera Valley. The gate is overlooked by the ruins of the 19th-century “Batteria Angeli.” From there the wall continues under the name "Mura di Porta Murata," so-called because at the time of their construction a gate had been built there, to which the Salita degli Angeli originally led. Since to reach this gate the original route was lengthened, also forcing an additional climb to then descend again, over the protests of the inhabitants the gate was closed, thus leading to the Porta degli Angeli (Gate of the Angels) being inaugurated. After passing Fort Tenaglia, outside the city walls, one continues on the “Walls of Montemoro” and finally on the “Walls of Granarolo,” the last section in the territory of S. Teodoro. In the "Walls of Granarolo" the gate of the same name once stood, through which passed the direct route to the upper Polcevera Valley.[18]
Coastal batteriesAround the 1880s the Ministry of War, at a time of tension between Italy and France, decided to strengthen the defenses of the sea front, considered the weak point of the Genoese stronghold, by arranging a series of batteries to defend the harbor, capable of forcing any enemy ships to stay away from the coast, thus reducing the effectiveness of their artillery. The new Batteries of the Angels and Granarolo were in addition to those already in place at the foot of the Lighthouse and on the hill of St. Benigno, which were upgraded.
Infrastructure and transportationPort The port area in front of the neighborhood, between Principe Square and the Lighthouse, is now devoted almost exclusively to passenger traffic. Cruise ships use the Ponte dei Mille Maritime Station, once a base for boarding ocean liners of Italia Navigazione and other historic companies. The modern ferry terminal, in the western part of the old port basin, is headed by scheduled services to various locations in the Mediterranean Sea.[5] RoadsAncient road systemThe hamlet of Fassolo was traversed by the street of the same name, once the only access to the city for those coming from the west; this street connected Via S. Benedetto and the vanished gate of S. Tommaso, in the sixteenth-century walls (present-day Piazza Principe),[73] with the area of S. Lazzaro (present-day Piazza Dinegro), from where one could continue to the Pass of the Lighthouse or the Salita degli Angeli. Halfway down this street is the S. Teodoro square, on which stood the old church that was demolished in 1870.[24] Two routes from the S. Teodoro area led inland and to the Apennine passes. With the construction of the Mura Nuove, the gates of the Angels and Granarolo were built in conjunction with these streets, which were traversed by the steep alleys of the same name, still clearly recognizable and passable.[74] These were complemented by the route in the direction of Sampierdarena, which passed through the gate of the Lighthouse, bypassing the rocky promontory of Capo di Faro.[24] 
Modern road systemThe main axis of the modern road system, which developed in the second half of the 19th century with the gradual urbanization of the neighborhood, from east to west consists of Via Adua, Via Bruno Buozzi and Via Milano, which run along the waterfront of the port, and connect the center of Genoa with Sampierdarena, which can also be reached through Via di Francia and Via A. Cantore.[3]  The hillside areas can be reached from central Piazza Dinegro via Via Venezia, Via Bologna and Via Bari, which continues into the nearby Lagaccio neighborhood, then connecting with the Oregina neighborhood road system and the "uphill ring road."[3] Elevated highwayThe causeway, commonly known as the elevated road (named after statesman Aldo Moro), designed by Fabrizio de Miranda, was inaugurated in 1965; the road runs through the entire neighborhood skirting the harbor area, connecting the Genova Ovest highway exit (in the neighboring Sampierdarena) with the Foce neighborhood. Although there are no interchanges in the S. Teodoro area, it is nonetheless of considerable importance to the neighborhood.[5] HighwaysThe nearest freeway exit is Genova-Ovest, located in the adjacent Sampierdarena district, only 1 km from the central Dinegro Square, where the three freeways that lead to Genoa converge: the A7 (Genoa-Milan), A10 (Genoa-Ventimiglia) and A12 (Genoa-Rosignano).[3] Railways The railway line leaving the Genoa Principe station and heading westward crosses the entire neighborhood with a long viaduct before entering the S. Lazzaro tunnel under the Hill of Angels. Genoa Principe station, less than 1 km from Piazza Dinegro, is also the station on the national network most used by the neighborhood's residents.[3] Urban transportation
Airports
Hospitals
See alsoReferences
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