Klein earned her bachelor's degree in psychology at Randolph–Macon College and graduated in 1992.[2] She moved to the University of Georgia for her graduate studies, where she studied the impact of prenatal stress on the immune systems of rodents.[3] She completed her doctoral research in behavioural neuroscience at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, where she studied the sex and species differences in rodent immune function.[2][4] Klein was a postdoctoral fellow in the laboratory of Gregory E. Glass.[5]
Research and career
Klein investigated the mechanisms that allow rodents to carry hantaviridae.[6] To do this she monitored the immune response of Norway rats infected with Seoul orthohantavirus and showed that they have high numbers of regulatory T cells.[6] By inactivating regulatory T cells and monitoring the presence of orthohantavirus in the rodents, Klein showed that hantaviridae viruses achieve persistence by exploiting these regulatory T cells.[6] This allows rodents to maintain hantaviridae infections. Her research may help us better predict how hantaviridae they can be transmitted to humans.[6][7]
Whilst she started her academic career in neuroscience, Klein became more interested in immune system function.[8] She is particularly interested in the differences between men and women's immune systems, and how they handle infectious diseases.[8][9] Klein identified that the X chromosome was encoded with several genes that control the immune response. She believes that estrogen alters the response of immune cells, encouraging it to start making proteins and start or stop an inflammatory response.[8] Whilst this stronger immune response can clear viruses faster in women, it can also cause immunopathology.[10]
It is known that hormones impact the progression of influenza, and in 2009 Klein was commissioned by the World Health Organization to understand how sex, gender and pregnancy impact the outcomes of influenza infection.[11] In 2018 Klein was awarded $8 million from the National Institutes of Health to better understand how biological sex and age impact the efficacy of influenza vaccinations.[12] As part of this research, Klein created a mechanistic study into how genetic and hormonal factors impacted mouse immunity.[12] She demonstrated that biological sex impacted the efficacy of vaccinations, showing that female mice who received the 2009 flu pandemic vaccine produced more antibodies than male mice.[13] Her findings may indicate that men need a different dose or more frequent influenza vaccination boosts to women.[13][14]
^Klein, Sabra Lynn (1994). The effects of prenatal stress on immune function in rats (Thesis). OCLC31199229.
^Klein, Sabra L (1998). Behavioral, physiological and evolutionary factors mediating sex and species differences in immune function among rodents. OCLC42972419.