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Restoration (Peru)
The Restoration (Spanish: Restauración), known within the context of the dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation as the Second Provisional Government (Spanish: Segundo Gobierno Provisional), was the period in Peruvian history following the reestablishment of a united Peruvian state after the War of the Confederation and prior to the period of military anarchy, lasting from 1839 to 1841. Following the defeat of the Confederate Army at the Battle of Yungay, General Agustín Gamarra returned triumphantly to Lima on February 24, 1839 and was confirmed as provisional President. He then called the Constituent Congress in the city of Huancayo instead of Lima, as the Chilean Army was still on the eve of repatriation. After two years, Gamarra sought to annex Bolivia to Peru through a military campaign that cost him his life at the Battle of Ingavi. He was succeeded by Manuel Menéndez, who served as constitutional president until he was overthrown by General Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, beginning a period of political instability to the point of anarchy. HistoryThe Constituent Congress meeting in Huancayo ratified Agustín Gamarra in the Presidency, first as provisional President (August 15, 1839), while the new Constitution was sanctioned. Once this was approved, and after popular elections, Gamarra was proclaimed Constitutional President (July 10, 1840). During this second government, Gamarra followed the same guidelines as the first, being authoritarian and conservative, as circumstances demanded, after several years of civil war. He faced the challenge of pacifying the country, having to face the “regenerative” revolution that Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco led in Arequipa, proclaiming himself Supreme Chief (1841). The Minister of War Ramón Castilla was sent to combat it, who after suffering defeat in Cachamarca, triumphed over the Vivanquistas in Cuevillas. Vivanco fled to Bolivia. Important works and events
Invasion of BoliviaGamarra began a new war against Bolivia, whose purpose was to reunite it with Peru, or at least incorporate only the department of La Paz. To justify himself, he argued a series of reasons, such as the fact that the supporters of Andrés de Santa Cruz, who at that time was exiled in Ecuador, were still operating in Bolivia. Once war was declared, the Peruvian army stationed in Puno invaded Bolivia, advancing through Huancané, Moho and Sorata, and on October 19, 1841, it occupied La Paz, where it camped. The Bolivians put aside their political quarrels and gathered around General José Ballivián. On November 18, 1841, both armies met on the Ingavi plain, east of La Paz. It is said that Gamarra, upon seeing that the colors of the rainbow stood out in the sky, said in a foreboding tone: "If I were Roman I would postpone the battle, because I see the colors of Bolivia reflected in the sky." But he ordered the attack, and shortly after the fight began he fell mortally wounded. The battle ended with the defeat of the Peruvians, after fifty minutes of fierce fighting. Gamarra's remains were transported from Bolivia to Lima in 1849 with great solemnity and buried in the Presbítero Maestro Cemetery. On the occasion of the funeral of this leader, Bartolomé Herrera gave a famous sermon, which was a call to order in the country. With Gamarra dead, Bolivian troops occupied southern Peru, but after they were expelled by the Peruvian Army, the Treaty of Puno was signed between both countries on June 7, 1842, officially ending the war.[1][2][3] Gamarra was succeeded by Manuel Menéndez, who served as constitutional president until he was overthrown by General Juan Crisóstomo Torrico, beginning a period of military anarchy. See alsoNotes
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