Raynolds Expedition

Raynolds Expedition noting
Part of the exploration of North America
Date1859-1860
Location
South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming.
Belligerents
 United States
Commanders and leaders
United States William F. Raynolds
United States Henry E. Maynadier
Strength

33 soldiers

  • 20 civilians

The Raynolds Expedition was a United States Army exploring and mapping expedition intended to map the unexplored territory between Fort Pierre, Dakota Territory and the headwaters of the Yellowstone River. The expedition was led by topographical engineer Captain William F. Raynolds.

Expedition description

In early 1859, Raynolds was charged with leading an expedition into the Yellowstone region of Montana and Wyoming to determine, "as far as practicable, everything relating to ... the Indians of the country, its agricultural and mineralogical resources ... the navigability of its streams, its topographical features, and the facilities or obstacles which the latter present to the construction of rail or common roads ...".[1] The expedition was carried out by a handful of technicians, including geologist/naturalist F.V. Hayden, who led several later expeditions to the Yellowstone region, photographer and topographer James D. Hutton and artist and mapmaker Anton Schönborn.[2][3] Raynold's second-in-command was Lt. Henry E. Maynadier. The expedition was supported by a small infantry detachment of 30 and was funded with $60,000 by the U.S. Government. Experienced mountain man Jim Bridger was hired to guide the expedition.[1]

The expedition commenced at St. Louis, Missouri in late May 1859 as the party was transported by two steamboats up the Missouri River to New Fort Pierre, South Dakota.[4] By late June the expedition left Fort Pierre and headed overland, encountering the Crow Indians, exploring the Tongue River and then heading for the Yellowstone River in southern Montana. Raynolds divided his expedition, sending a smaller detachment under Maynadier to explore the Tongue River, a major tributary of the Yellowstone River. James D. Hutton and Zephyr Recontre, the expedition's Sioux interpreter, took a side trip to locate an isolated rock formation that had been seen from great distance by a previous expedition in 1857. Hutton was the first person of European descent to reach the rock formation in northeastern Wyoming, later known as Devils Tower; Raynolds never elaborated on this event, mentioning it only in passing.[3][5] By September 2, 1859, Raynolds's detachment had followed the Yellowstone River to the confluence with the Bighorn River in south-central Montana.[4][6] The two parties under Raynolds and Maynadier reunited on October 12, 1859, and wintered at Deer Creek Station, on the Platte River in central Wyoming.[3][7]

The Great Falls of the Missouri River (1860) by James D. Hutton is one of the few remaining photographs taken during the expedition. The wet-plate photographic techniques available at the time of the expedition provided only poor quality imagery.

In May 1860, the expedition re-commenced their explorations, with Raynolds leading a party north and west up the upstream portion of the Bighorn River, which is known today as the Wind River, hoping to cross the Absaroka Range at Togwotee Pass, a mountain pass expedition guide Jim Bridger knew about. Meanwhile, Maynadier led his party back north to the Bighorn River to explore it and its associated tributary streams more thoroughly. The plan was for the two parties to reunite on June 30, 1860, at Three Forks, Montana, so they could make observations of a total solar eclipse forecast for July 18, 1860.[1][3][8][9] Hampered by towering basaltic cliffs and deep snows, Raynolds attempted for over a week to reconnoiter to the top of Togwotee Pass, but was forced south due to the June 30 deadline for reaching Three Forks. Bridger then led the party south over another pass that Raynolds named Union Pass, to the west of which lay Jackson Hole and the Teton Range. From there the expedition went southwest, crossing the southern Teton Range at Teton Pass and entering Pierre's Hole in present-day Idaho.[3] Though Raynolds and his party managed to get to Three Forks at the scheduled date, Maynadier's party was several days late, too late to allow a detachment to head north to observe the solar eclipse.[1] The reunited expedition then headed home, traveling from Fort Benton, Montana to Fort Union near the Montana-North Dakota border via steamboat. They then journeyed overland to Omaha, Nebraska where the expedition members were disbanded in October 1860.[3][7]

Hayden's geological map from the expedition that was published in 1869

Though the Raynolds Expedition was unsuccessful in exploring the region that later became Yellowstone National Park, they were the first U.S. Government sponsored party to enter Jackson Hole and observe the Teton Range.[10] The expedition also covered over 2,500 miles (4,000 km) and explored an area of nearly 250,000 square miles (650,000 km2).[3] In a preliminary report sent east in 1859, Raynolds reported that the once abundant bison were being killed for their hides at such an alarming rate, that they might soon become extinct.[11] The outbreak of the American Civil War and a severe illness afterwards delayed Raynolds from presenting his report on the expedition until 1868.[1] The Raynolds Expedition did not gain the attention it may have due to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.[3] Overshadowed by subsequent larger events where the nation's objectives were turned away from western exploration and expansion, the geological, cartographical and historical importance of the expedition nearly vanished into obscurity. Botanical collections, as well as fossils and related specimens that were to be sent to the Smithsonian Institution were delayed from being studied and much of the artwork created by Hutton and especially Schönborn was lost, though several of Schönborn's chromolithographs appeared in F.V. Hayden's 1883 report that was submitted after later expeditions.[3][12][13]

Command structure

-Captain William F. Raynolds, United States Topographical Engineers, commanding.

-First Lieutenant Henry Eveleth Maynadier, United States Army, second in command.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raynolds Expedition.
  1. ^ a b c d e Baldwin, Kenneth H. (2005). "II— TERRA INCOGNITA: The Raynolds Expedition of 1860". Enchanted Enclosure:The Army Engineers and Yellowstone National Park. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-2180-3. Archived from the original on December 9, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  2. ^ Harris, Ann G.; Esther Tuttle; Sherwood D. Tuttle (2003). Geology of National Parks (6th ed.). Kendall Hunt Pub Co. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-7872-9970-5. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Raynolds (June 15, 2012). Merrill, Daniel D. and Marlene Deahl (ed.). Up the Winds and Over the Tetons: Journal Entries and Images from the 1860 Raynolds Expedition. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-5097-8. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  4. ^ a b "Raynolds Expedition 1859–60 and Bighorn Canyon Part 1". National Park Service. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  5. ^ Mattison, Ray H. (1955). "The First Fifty Years - Early Exploration". History and Culture. National Park Service. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  6. ^ Lovell, Mailing Address: Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area South District Visitor Center 20 US Hwy 14A; Lovell, WY 82431 Phone: 307 548-5406548-5406 is the South District in; Smith, WY 666-9961 is the North District in Fort; Us, MT Contact. "Raynolds Expedition 1859-60 and Bighorn Canyon Part 2 - Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution. 1906. p. 589. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
  8. ^ "EclipseWise - Total Solar Eclipse of 1860 Jul 18". eclipsewise.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  9. ^ "18 July 1860 total solar eclipse - Warren de la Rue". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  10. ^ Chittenden, Hiram M. (2005). "Chapter VII. Raynolds' Expedition". The Yellowstone National Park Historical and Descriptive. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4179-0456-3. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  11. ^ "Historical Vignette 092 – Engineers Warned of Extinction of the "Noble" Buffalo". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2004. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  12. ^ "Volume VIII: Contributions to the fossil flora of the Western Territories, Part III: The Cretaceous and Tertiary flora". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  13. ^ Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer; Lesquereux, Leo (1883). "Volume VIII: Contributions to the fossil flora of the Western Territories, Part III: The Cretaceous and Tertiary flora". Monograph. doi:10.3133/70038958.