Randall Patrick Munroe (born October 17, 1984)[1][2][3] is an American cartoonist, author, and engineer best known as the creator of the webcomicxkcd. Munroe has worked full-time on the comic since late 2006.[4] In addition to publishing a book of the webcomic's strips, titled xkcd: Volume 0, he has written four books: What If?, Thing Explainer, How To, and What If? 2.
Munroe worked as a contract programmer and roboticist for NASA at the Langley Research Center,[12][8] before and after his graduation with a physics degree.[5]
In late 2006, he left NASA, and moved to Boston to focus on webcomics full time.[13][12]
"Wikipedian Protester", published on xkcd.com with all-caps title-text (tooltip): "Semi-protect the Constitution".[14] On Wikipedia, semi-protected pages may not be edited by new or unregistered users. "Citation needed" is a tag added by Wikipedia editors to unsourced statements in articles requesting citations to be added.
Munroe's webcomic, entitled xkcd, is primarily a stick figure comic. Its tagline describes it as "A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language".[15]
Munroe had originally used xkcd as an instant messaging screenname because he wanted a name without a meaning so he would not eventually grow tired of it.[16] He registered the domain name, but left it idle until he started posting his drawings, perhaps in September 2005.[8][third-party source needed] The webcomic quickly became very popular, garnering up to 70 million hits a month by October 2007.[17] In 2008, Munroe said, "I think the comic that's gotten me the most feedback is actually the one about the stoplights".[17][18]
Munroe now supports himself by the sale of xkcd-related merchandise, primarily thousands of t-shirts a month.[4][16] He licenses his xkcd creations under the Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial 2.5, stating that it is not just about the free culture movement, but that it also makes good business sense.[16]
Munroe is the creator of the now defunct websites "The Funniest",[23] "The Cutest",[24] and "The Fairest",[25] each of which presents users with two options and asks them to choose one over the other.[citation needed]
In January 2008, Munroe developed an open-source chat moderation script named "Robot9000". Originally developed to moderate one of Munroe's xkcd-related Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, the software's algorithm attempts to prevent repetition in IRC channels by temporarily muting users who send messages that are identical to a message that has been sent to the channel before. If users continue to send unoriginal messages, Robot9000 mutes the user for a longer period, quadrupling for each unoriginal message the user sends to the channel.[26][third-party source needed] Shortly after Munroe's blog post about the script went live, 4chan administrator Christopher Poole adapted the script to moderate the site's experimental /r9k/ board.[27]Twitch trialed R9K mode as a beta feature,[28] and eventually introduced it under the name "unique-chat mode".[29]
In October 2008, The New Yorker magazine online published an interview and "Cartoon Off" between Munroe and Farley Katz, in which each cartoonist drew a series of four humorous cartoons.[30]
In early 2010, Munroe ran the xkcd Color Name Survey, in which participants were shown a series of RGB colors and asked to enter a suitable name for each specific color. Munroe wanted to identify colors which were given identical or highly similar names by a large number of survey participants, which would then serve as an approximate list of the most common colors rendered similarly across a range of computer monitors. Over 200,000 people eventually completed the survey,[31] and Munroe published the resulting list of 954 named RGB web colors[32] on the xkcd website. They have since been adopted as conventional color identifiers in various programming and markup languages, including Python[33] and LaTeX.[34]
Munroe explaining one of the scenarios from What If? 2 while promoting the book in Norwood, Ohio, in 2022
Munroe has a blog entitled What If?, where he has answered questions sent in by fans of his comics. These questions are usually absurd and related to math or physics, and he explains them using both his knowledge and various academic sources.[36] In 2014, he published a collection of some of the responses, as well as a few new ones and some rejected questions, in a book entitled What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions.[19] Starting in November 2019, Munroe began writing a monthly column in The New York Times titled Good Question, answering user-submitted questions in the same style as What If.[37]
A sequel, What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, was published in September 2022.[38]
Radioactivity visualization
Munroe's 2011 chart on various doses of radioactivity in sieverts, ranging from negligible to lethal
In response to concerns about the radioactivity released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and to remedy what he described as "confusing" reporting on radiation levels in the media, Munroe created a radiation chart of comparative radiation exposure levels.[39] The chart was rapidly adopted by print and online journalists in several countries,[citation needed] including being linked to by online writers for The Guardian,[40] and The New York Times.[41] As a result of requests for permission to reprint the chart and to translate it into Japanese, Munroe placed it in the public domain, but requested that his non-expert status be clearly stated in any reprinting.[42]
Munroe published an xkcd-style comic on scientific publishing and open access in Science in October 2013.[43]
Munroe's book Thing Explainer, announced in May 2015 and published later that year, explains concepts using only the 1,000 most common English words.[19][44][45] The book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, saw these illustrations as potentially useful for textbooks, and announced in March 2016 that the next editions of their high-school-level chemistry, biology, and physics textbooks will include selected drawings and accompanying text from Thing Explainer.[46][47]
In February 2019, Munroe announced his next book, How To, which was released in September of that year. The book deals with everyday problems by using physics to find absurd, and generally extreme, solutions to them.[48][7]
YouTube
On August 31, 2023, Munroe created a YouTube channel called xkcd's What If?, where he first uploaded on November 29 of the same year. On the channel Munroe answers questions from the What If? book series, accompanied by xkcd-style animations.[49]
Influence
In September 2013, Munroe announced that a group of xkcd readers had submitted his name as a candidate for the renaming of asteroid (4942) 1987 DU6 to 4942 Munroe. The name was accepted by the International Astronomical Union.[50][51]
Personal life
In October 2010, Munroe's fiancée was diagnosed with stage three breast cancer; there had been no prior family history.[52][53] The emotional effect of her illness was referenced in the comic panel "Emotion", published 18 months later in April 2012.[54] In September 2011, he announced that they had married.[55] In November 2012, Munroe published a comic entitled "Two Years", reflecting on their relationship since his wife's breast cancer diagnosis.[56] He revisited the subject in December 2017 with a comic entitled "Seven Years"[57] and again in November 2020 in a comic entitled "Ten Years".[58]
His hobbies and interests include kite photography, in which cameras are attached to kites and photographs are then taken of the ground or buildings.[59]
North, Ryan; Matthew, Bennardo; Malki, David (2010). Machine of Death(PDF). ISBN9780982167120. Archived from the original on January 2, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ abcdTupponce, Joan (November 24, 2009). "A Cartoonist's Mind". Richmond Magazine. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ abcMunroe, Randall (December 11, 2007). Authors@Google: Randall Munroe(@Google Talks Adobe Flash video). Mountain View, California: Google. Event occurs at 24:13, 48:05, other timepoints. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2008. ...Calvin and Hobbes was the first comic that I discovered. / ... I'm pretty sure I started [posting drawings] in September 2005
^Munroe, Randall (October 6, 2006). "Many news things, some overdue". xkcd: The blag of the webcomic. WordPress. Job. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2014. My about page mentions that I work for NASA — I'm technically a contractor working repeated contracts for them. However, they recently ran out of money to rehire me for another contract, so I'm done there for now.[third-party source needed]
^Petersen, Kierran (October 2, 2015). "A short history of /r9k/ — the 4chan message board some believe may be connected to the Oregon shooting". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2018. Surprisingly enough, however, the /r9k/ board, otherwise known as ROBOT9001, was originally conceived as a way to increase the quality of messages on the wildly popular webcomic xkcd. It used a type of auto-moderation that prevented people from posting the same comment multiple times. [...] 4chan eventually moved the idea and software behind ROBOT9000 on to its site. They just added a one.
![A stick figure speaks on a stage; among the audience members, a few hold up signs, with one standing higher with a "[citation needed]" sign](File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester.png)
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