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Qazi Azizul Haque
Khan Bahadur Qazi Azizul Haque (Bengali: কাজি আজিজুল হক; 1872–1935) was a Bengali inventor and police officer in British India now in Bangladesh, notable for his work with Edward Henry and Hem Chandra Bose in developing the Henry Classification System of fingerprints, which is still in use.[1] Haque provided the mathematical basis for the system.[2] Early lifeQazi Syed Azizul Haque was born into an aristocratic Bengali Muslim family of Syeds in 1872 in the village of Paigram Kasba in Khulna District, his ancestors were appointed as Qadi in the region, hence the family was also known as the Qazi family of Phultala.[1] His parents died in a boat accident when he was young, this led his household to fall into financial hardship.[1] He was known to have been an intelligent boy from a young age, as well as for being an avaricious eater, leading him to being frequently scolded by his older brother as the household was struggling with the cost of living. One day, when his older brother returned from work, he found that he had not only eaten his share of the food but also a significant portion of his brother's food. Azizul Haque's older brother became enraged and thrashed him. Heartbroken after this incident he secretly left his family home at the age of 12 and went to Kolkata, where he befriended a family who became impressed with his mathematical skills and arranged for him to get a formal education.[3][1] Education and police careerHaque studied mathematics and science at Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1892, Edward Henry of the Calcutta Police wrote to the college principal asking for the recommendation of a strong statistics student to help with his fingerprint project, and the principal nominated Haque.[3] Henry recruited Haque as a police sub-inspector, and initially gave him the responsibility for instituting the anthropometric system in Bengal. Haque subsequently opted to join the Bihar Police Service when Bihar was separated from the Bengal Presidency. FingerprintingAccording to author Colin Beavan, Haque dissatisfied with anthropometric system proposed by Francis Galton began to work on a classification system of his own. He devised a mathematical formula to sort slips into 1024 pigeonholes in thirty-two columns and thirty-two rows based on fingerprint patterns. Beavan further writes:
Beavan goes on to say:
Credit for discoveryHistoryAccording to Beavan, Henry would later "tell those who asked that it was he who had come up with the classification system in a sudden flash of inspiration on a train, when he had no paper and had to resort to noting his ideas on the shirt cuff." for his word of success, the fingerprint classification system was named the Henry Classification System. Hem Chandra Bose, another Indian police officer, who worked with Haque and Henry, subsequently contributed to the development of the telegraphic code system for fingerprints.[4] Years later, when Haque requested recognition and compensation from the British government for his contribution to fingerprint classification work, Henry did publicly acknowledge Haque's contribution, and would later do the same for Bose. G.S. Sodhi and Jasjeet Kaur published an extensive research paper on the issue of the two Indian police officers' contributions to fingerprint development.[5] In their paper, they quote The Statesman, which published an article dated 28 February 1925 entitled, 'Indian affairs in London,' which stated, "A Muhammadan Sub-Inspector played an important and still insufficiently acknowledged part in fingerprint classification." Sodhi and Kaur quote several other sources to support Haque's contribution to fingerprint classification. For example, J.D. Sifton, Officiating Chief Secretary to the Government of Bihar and Orissa, wrote a letter (letter no. 761 PR, dated 15 June 1925): "Azizul Haque was… allowed to start research work upon a method of classifying finger prints, and after months of experiment he evolved his primary classification which convinced Sir E.R. Henry that the problem of providing an effective method of classifying fingerprints could be solved. Thereafter the secondary and other classifications were evolved and the Khan Bahadur (Haque) played an important role in their conception." Henry, reportedly, when contacted to endorse a grant of honorarium to Haque, wrote in a letter dated 10 May 1926 to P.H. Dumbel, the then Secretary of the Services and General Department, India Office: "I wish to make clear that, in my opinion, he (Haque) contributed more than any other member of my staff and contributed in a conspicuous degree to bringing about the perfecting of a system of classification that has stood the test of time and has been accepted by most countries." At the time of final approval of the honorarium, the Home Department (Government of India) noted, "It appears from the information now received that he (Haque) was Sir Edward Henry's principal helper in perfecting the scheme and he actually himself devised the method of classification which is in universal use. He thus contributed most materially to a discovery which is of worldwide importance and has brought a great credit to the police of India." On a subsequent request to comment on Bose, Henry wrote in 1930, "The Rai Bahadur (Bose)…has devoted the whole of his official life to perfecting the methods by which search is facilitated and as his labours have contributed materially to great credit." Sengoopta's ResearchChandak Sengoopta[6] quotes Sir Douglas Gordon, a former Inspector-General of Police for Bengal from 1938 to 1942, from his letter to The Times in 1965 stating that Henry had "placed on special duty two Indian Inspectors to work out a formula or set of formulas which would enable prints to be classified.... This in due course they succeeded in doing and the result of their labours and ingenuity is the basis of the 'Henry' system which he brought with him to London when he was appointed Assistant Commissioner at Scotland Yard." Sengoopta went on to say, that Gordon "strongly implied that they (Haque and Bose) and not Henry created the classification. The full credit for the system, he (Gordon) declared, 'rests with the Bengal Police.'" Sengoopta further cites a letter to The Times from H.C. Mitchell. The Honorary Secretary of the Indian Police (UK) Association, where Mitchell asserted, "that it had been Haque who, in 1897, had explained the classification to the government committee investigating the utility of fingerprinting." Michell, in that letter, further stressed that "the work of Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose should be commemorated and that their names should be on record in India and in this country (UK)." Sengoopta further narrates Mitchell's report of a presentation of award by Henry to his assembled company of his former Sub-Inspectors in his visit to India in 1912 (whereby Henry accompanied King George V and Queen Mary to the Coronation Durbar in Delhi as a security advisor), where Henry, according to Mitchell, paid tribute to "Sub Inspector of Police, Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque-the man mainly responsible for the new world wide fingerprint system of identification." Sengoopta reports that "Haque received the title of Khan Shahib from the government in 1913 and that of Khan Bahadur in 1924. Similarly, Bose received the decoration Rai Shahib and Rai Bhadur - the Hindu counterparts of the honours received by Haque. Both also received honoraria of 5,000 rupees each for their contribution to the establishment of fingerprint classification" (Sengoopta, page 144). Other Recent MentionsBased on the evidence they gathered, Sodhi and Kaur published a book, Indian Civilization and the Science of Fingerprinting,[7] in which they suggest that Henry's System of Fingerprint Classification be renamed the Henry-Haque-Bose System of Fingerprint Classification. While this has not yet transpired, their advocacy role, in collaboration with others, has resulted recently in the establishment, by the UK Fingerprint Society, of a research award in the names of Haque and Bose.[8] Haque's unique contribution to fingerprinting development technique is recently noted in an article by Clive Thompson in the April 2019 issue of Smithsonian magazine.[9] Thompson, reviewing the history of the development of fingerprint science, noted that while other thinkers in the 19th century tried to create a method to categorize fingerprints, these other methods could not be quickly used to match a set of prints to a suspect. Thompson writes:
Personal lifeUpon retirement from the service, Haque settled in Motihari, Bihar Province, where he died and was buried. He had eight surviving children with his wife, Jubennessa, including four sons, Amin, Asir, Ikram, and Mati, and four daughters, Akefa, Amena, Arefa, and Abeda. His wife, and the children and their families migrated to East Pakistan and West Pakistan during partition of India, and presently their descendants are settled in Bangladesh, Pakistan, UK, Australia, North America, and the Middle East. References
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