Pyrgulopsis
Genus of gastropods
Pyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae .
Etymology
The name Pyrgulopsis is composed from Pyrgula , another genus of snail, and opsis = aspect of.[ 1]
Description
Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shell is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex is acute. The aperture is ovate. The edge of the aperture, called the peritreme, is continuous.[ 1] The operculum is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella .[ 1]
The jaw is thin and membranaceous.[ 1] The radula is odontophore, with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian: 4 + 1 + 4 ⁄1 + 1 .[ 1]
Distribution
The distribution of the genus Pyrgulopsis includes Western and South-western United States.[ 1] Snails of species in the genus Pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water.[ 1]
Species
Shells of Pyrgulopsis deserta .
A shell of Pyrgulopsis neomexicana .
Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2014, 139 species were recognized in this genus.[ 4]
Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:[ 5]
Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1999 - Duckwater pyrg
Pyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnail
Pyrgulopsis anguina Hershler, 1989 - Longitudinal gland pyrg[ 6]
Pyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrg
Pyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor , 1987) - Apache springsnail
Pyrgulopsis avernalis (Pilsbry , 1935) - Moapa pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis bacchus Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnail
Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler & Gustafson, 2001 [ 7]
Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor , 1987) - San Bernardino springsnail
Pyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, Liu & Gustafson, 2008 [ 8]
Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnail
Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg & Taylor , 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnail
Pyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry , 1935)
Pyrgulopsis castaicensis Hershler & Liu, 2010 [ 2]
Pyrgulopsis chamberlini (Hershler, 1998) - smooth Glenwood pyrg[ 9]
Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Taylor , 1987) - Chupadera springsnail
Pyrgulopsis coloradensis Hershler, 1998 - Blue Point pyrg[ 10]
Pyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnail
Pyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrg
Pyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnail
Pyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor , 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnail
Pyrgulopsis deaconi Hershler, 1998 [ 11] - Spring Mountains Pyrg
Pyrgulopsis deserta (Pilsbry , 1916) - desert springsnail
Pyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrg
Pyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrg
Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry , 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnail
Pyrgulopsis fusca (Hershler, 1998) - Otter Creek pyrg[ 12]
Pyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrg
Pyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor , 1987) - Gila springsnail
Pyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnail
Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnail
Pyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrg
Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis Hershler, 1998 - Hamlin Valley pyrg[ 13]
Pyrgulopsis hendersoni (Pilsbry , 1933) - Harney Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Pilsbry , 1933) - Idaho springsnail
Pyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010 [ 3]
Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnail
Pyrgulopsis isolata Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnail
Pyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor , 1987) - Toquerville springsnail
Pyrgulopsis licina Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 [ 14]
Pyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrg
Pyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould , 1855)
Pyrgulopsis marilynae (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay , 2014) [ 4]
Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry & Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnail
Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor , 1987) - Naegele springsnail
Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry , 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis milleri Hershler & Liu, 2010 [ 2]
Pyrgulopsis minkleyi (D. W. Taylor, 1966)
Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnail
Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnail
Pyrgulopsis nanus Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnail
Pyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry , 1916) - Socorro springsnail
Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns , 1883) - corded pyrg - type species
Pyrgulopsis nonaria (Hershler, 1998) - Ninemile pyrg[ 15]
Pyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor , 1987) - Pecos springsnail
Pyrgulopsis perforata Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 [ 14]
Pyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Median-gland Nevada springsnail
Pyrgulopsis robusta (Walker , 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnail
Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor , 1987) - Roswell springsnail
Pyrgulopsis sanchezi Hershler, Liu & Bradford, 2013 [ 14]
Pyrgulopsis saxatilis (Hershler, 1998) - sub-globose snake pyrg[ 16]
Pyrgulopsis similis (Hershler, Ratcliffe, Liu, Lang and Hay , 2014) [ 4]
Pyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnail
Pyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnail
Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry , 1899) - Yaqui springsnail
Pyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrg
Pyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry , 1935) - Phantom cave snail [ 3]
Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor , 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnail
Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnail
Pyrgulopsis transversa (Hershler, 1998) - southern Bonneville pyrg[ 17]
Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor , 1987) - Three Forks springsnail
Pyrgulopsis turbatrix Hershler, 1998 [ 18] - Southeast Nevada Pyrg
Pyrgulopsis variegata () - Northwest Bonneville pyrg[ 19]
Pyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrg
Pyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989
Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis [ 20] are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).[ 21]
Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstonia - Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969
Pyrgulopsis arga - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)
Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker , 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker , 1901)
Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry , 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry , 1890)
Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)
Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry , 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry , 1895)
Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977
Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformis (Wolf, 1869)
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[ 1]
^ a b c d e f g h i Call R. E. & Pilsbry H. A. (1886). "On Pyrgulopsis , a new genus of rissoid mollusk, with description of two new forms". Proceeding Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences V. : 9 -14.
^ a b c Hershler R. Liu H.-P. (25 January 2010). "Two new, possibly threatened species of Pyrgulopsis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) from southwestern California". Zootaxa 2343 : 1–17, 8 plates. preview
^ a b c Hershler, R.; Liu, H.-P.; Lang, B. K. (2010). "Transfer of Cochliopa texana to Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) and description of a third congener from the lower Pecos River basin" . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 76 (3): 245–256. doi :10.1093/mollus/eyq002 .
^ a b c Hershler, Robert; Ratcliffe, Victoria; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Land, Brian; Hay, Claire (July 2014). "Taxonomic revision of the Pyrgulopsis gilae (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae) species complex, with descriptions of two new species from the Gila River basin, New Mexico" . ZooKeys (429): 69–85. doi :10.3897/zookeys.429.7865 . PMC 4137299 . PMID 25147471 .
^ Pyrgulopsis , Integrated Taxonomic Information System, accessed 24 July 2009.
^ "Pyrgulopsis anguina" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
^ Hershler, R.; Gustafson, D. L. (2001). "First record for springsnails (Mollusca: Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis ) from the northern Rocky Mountains" . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 114 : 297–308. [permanent dead link ]
^ Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Gustafson, Daniel L. (November 2008). "A second species of Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae) from the Missouri River basin, with molecular evidence supporting faunal origin through Pliocene stream capture across the northern continental divide" . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 74 (4): 403–413. doi :10.1093/mollus/eyn028 . – via EBSCO 's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
^ "Pyrgulopsis chamberlini" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017 .
^ Hershler (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis ". The Veliger . 41 . California Malacozoological Society, Inc.: 1–132. hdl :10088/7293 .
^ "Spring Mountains Pyrg" . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 27 June 2017 .
^ "Pyrgulopsis fusca" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
^ "Pyrgulopsis hamlinensis" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
^ a b c Hershler, Robert; Liu, Hsiu-Ping; Bradford, Corbin (9 September 2013). "Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners" . ZooKeys (330): 27–52. doi :10.3897/zookeys.330.5852 . PMC 3800804 . PMID 24146554 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . – via EBSCO 's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
^ "Pyrgulopsis nonaria" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
^ "Pyrgulopsis saxatilis" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017 .
^ "Pyrgulopsis transversa" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2017 .
^ "Southeast Nevada Pyrg" . Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved 27 June 2017 .
^ "Pyrgulopsis variegata" . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2017 .
^ Hershler, R (1994). "A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae)" (PDF) . Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology . 554 (554): 1–115. doi :10.5479/si.00810282.554 .
^ Marstonia http://www.natureserve.org accessed 25 July 2009. (See "Concept References" in each Marstonia species.)
Further reading
Hershler, R (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissoidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis ". The Veliger . 41 (1): 1–132.
Hershler, R.; Thompson, F. G. (1987). "North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): redescription and the systematic relationships of Tryonia Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886" . The Nautilus . 101 (1): 25–32.
Thompson, F. G.; Hershler, R. (2002). "Two genera of North American freshwater snails: Marstonia Baker, 1926, resurrected to generic status, and Floridobia , new genus (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae: Nymphophilinae)". The Veliger . 45 (3): 269–271.
External links