Pseudotremella

Pseudotremella
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Bulleraceae
Genus: Pseudotremella
Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout (2015)
Type species
Pseudotremella moriformis
(Sm. & Sowerby) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout

Pseudotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. All Pseudotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Pseudotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two of these species are, as yet, only known from their yeast states.

Taxonomy

History

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Tremella is polyphyletic (and hence artificial).[1][2][3][4] In 2017 the new genus Pseudotremella was proposed to accommodate a group of species that resemble Tremella species morphologically, but are only distantly related to the latter genus.[5]

Description

Fruit bodies (when present) are gelatinous, white to amber or dark purple, and pustular to cephaliform (like a brain, with folds and ridges).[1]

Microscopic characters

Pseudotremella species produce hyphae that are typically clamped and have haustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host.[6] The basidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid, sometimes stalked, and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuous sterigmata or epibasidia on which the basidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. Conidiophores are often present, producing conidiospores that are similar to yeast cells.[1]

Habitat and distribution

Species are parasitic on wood-rotting fungi in the phyla Ascomycota, specifically those that occur on dead attached or fallen branches.

As a group, Pseudotremella species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution.

Species and hosts

Image Name Distribution Host
Pseudotremella allantoinivorans Netherlands unknown[7]
Pseudotremella lacticolor Japan unknown[8]
Pseudotremella moriformis Europe, North America Diaporthe spp[1]
Pseudotremella nivalis Taiwan Diatrype spp[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Chen C-J. (1998). Morphological and molecular studies in the genus Tremella. Berlin: J. Cramer. p. 225. ISBN 978-3-443-59076-5.
  2. ^ Fell JW, Boekhout T, Fonseca A, Scorzetti G, Statzell-Tallman A (2000). "Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (3): 1351–1371. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-3-1351. PMID 10843082. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. ^ Sampaio JP, Weiss M, Gadanho M, Bauer R (2002). "New taxa in the Tremellales: Bulleribasidium oberjochense gen. et sp. nov., Papiliotrema bandonii gen. et sp. nov. and Fibulobasidium murrhardtense sp. nov". Mycologia. 94 (5): 873–887. doi:10.2307/3761703. JSTOR 3761703. PMID 21156562.
  4. ^ Findley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca A, Vilgalys R, Heitman J (2009). "Phylogeny and Phenotypic Characterization of Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species and Closely Related Saprobic Taxa in the Tremellales" (PDF). Eukaryotic Cell. 8 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1128/EC.00373-08. PMC 2653247. PMID 19151324.
  5. ^ Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. PMC 4777781. PMID 26955199.
  6. ^ Zugmaier W, Bauer R, Oberwinkler F (1994). "Mycoparasitism of some Tremella species". Mycologia. 86 (1): 49–56. doi:10.2307/3760718. JSTOR 3760718.
  7. ^ Middelhoven WJ (2005). "Cryptococcus allantoinivorans sp.nov., an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast (Tremellales) physiologically resembling other species of the Cryptococcus laurentii complex that degrade polysaccharides and C2 compounds". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 87 (2): 101–108. doi:10.1007/s10482-004-1728-y. PMID 15793619. S2CID 1338305.
  8. ^ Satoh K, Maeda M, Umeda Y, Sugamata M, Makimura K (2013). "Cryptococcus lacticolor sp. nov. and Rhodotorula oligophaga sp. nov., novel yeasts isolated from the nasal smear microbiota of Queensland koalas kept in Japanese zoological parks". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 104 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1007/s10482-013-9928-y. PMID 23653119. S2CID 6803259.