Prionosuchus

Prionosuchus
Temporal range: 299–272 Ma Cisuralian (Asselian to Kungurian)
Life restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Temnospondyli
Family: †Archegosauridae
Subfamily: †Platyoposaurinae
Genus: †Prionosuchus
Price, 1948[1]
Type species
†Prionosuchus plummeri
Price, 1948[2]

Prionosuchus is an extinct genus of large temnospondyl. A single species P. plummeri, is recognized from the Early Permian (some time between 299 and 272 million years ago). Its fossils have been found in what is now northeastern Brazil.

Description

Size of the holotype specimen (green) and largest known specimen (gray) relative to a human

The fragmentary remains of this animal have been found in the Pedra de Fogo Formation in the Parnaíba Basin of Northeastern Brazil, in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, and it was described by L.I. Price in 1948.[3] The incomplete skull of the holotype specimen has been estimated to be 50 centimetres (20 in) long.[4] Several more fragmentary specimens have been found. One very fragmentary but very large specimen (BMNH R12005) appears to have come from an individual nearly three times the size of most other specimens, and may have had a skull that measured up to 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) long.[4] Based on related species and comparisons with living gharials, the total body length of this specimen has been estimated to reach greater than 5.5 metres (18 ft) long.[4]

With an elongated and tapered snout, numerous sharp teeth, long body, short legs, and a tail adapted for swimming, its general appearance was very similar to a modern gharial or gar, and it probably had a similar lifestyle as an ambush aquatic predator feeding on fish and other aquatic animals. A study on the closely related Archegosaurus shows that it had a heat balance, gas exchange, osmoregulation, and digestion process more similar to that of fish than modern aquatic amphibians; the same probably applied to Prionosuchus as well.[5]

Classification

Prionosuchus has been classified as an archegosaurid by Carroll.[6] The genus is monotypic with P. plummeri being the only species described. The archegosaurs were a group of temnospondyls that occupied the ecological niche of crocodiles and alligators during the Permian, and of which the European genus Archegosaurus is typical. The group became extinct at the end of the Permian and the niche was subsequently filled by other, new temnospondyls, later joined by reptiles such as the phytosaurs in the Triassic period.

Cox and Hutchinson re-evaluated Prionosuchus in 1991 and synonymized it with the genus Platyoposaurus from Russia. On the basis of this study, the Pedra do Fogo Formation was reevaluated to be of Middle to Late Permian age.[4] However, studies based on plants and pollens indicate that this formation is actually early Permian in age, making Prionosuchus not contemporary with Platyoposaurus.[7][8] More recent research rejects the later Permian date.[9][10]

Paleoecology

Restoration of paleoenvironment of Pedra de Fogo Formation

Prionosuchus lived in a humid and tropical environment as indicated by the petrified forest of the Pedra do Fogo Formation in which fossils of this animal have been found. The strata composed of siltstones, shales and limestones were deposited in lagoonal and fluvial environments.[11] Other animals discovered in the same formation include other amphibians (Procuhy, Timonya, and a rhinesuchid), captorhinids (Captorhinikos and other two unnamed taxa), parareptile (Karutia) and fish including chondrichthyans (Rubencanthus, Sphenacanthus, Bythiacanthus, Taquaralodus, Itapyrodus, Anisopleurodontis), palaeoniscids (Brazilichthys), and lungfish.[9][10][12]

References

  1. ^ "Prionosuchus". BioLib. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Prionosuchus plummeri". BioLib. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  3. ^ L.I. Price, 1948, Um anfíbio Labirinthodonte da formação Pedra de Fogo, Estado do Maranhão: Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, Boletim n. 124, p. 7-32.
  4. ^ a b c d Cox, C.B., and Hutchinson, P. (1991). "Fishes and amphibians from the Late Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation of Northern Brazil". Palaeontology, 34(3): 561–573.
  5. ^ Florian Witzmann; Elizabeth Brainerd (2017). "Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the early Permian of Germany". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 105–127. doi:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017.
  6. ^ R. L. Carroll, 1988,Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W.H. Freeman and Company
  7. ^ Mussa D & Coimbra AM., 1987, Novas perspectivas de comparação entre as tafofloras permianas (de lenhos) das Bacias do Parnaíba e do Paraná. X Congresso brasileiro de Paleontologia. Rio de Janeiro. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 2: 901–922.
  8. ^ Caldas EB, Mussa D, Lima Filho FP & Roesler O., 1989, Nota sobre a ocorrência de uma floresta petrificada de idade permiana em Teresina, Piauí. Bol IG-USP, Publ Esp 7: 69–87.
  9. ^ a b Juan C. Cisneros, Claudia Marsicano, Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Roger M. H. Smith, Martha Richter, Jörg Fröbisch, Christian F. Kammerer & Rudyard W. Sadleir, 2015, New Permian fauna from tropical Gondwana. Nature Communications volume 6, Article number: 8676 (2015)
  10. ^ a b Cisneros, Juan C.; Angielczyk, Kenneth; Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M.H.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Richter, Martha (6 March 2020). "Captorhinid reptiles from the lower Permian Pedra de Fogo Formation, Piauí, Brazil: the earliest herbivorous tetrapods in Gondwana". PeerJ. 8: e8719. doi:10.7717/peerj.8719. PMC 7061909. PMID 32185112.
  11. ^ Schobbenhaus, C., Campos, D. A., Derze, G. R., and Asmus, H. E., 1984, Geologia do Brasil: Brasõlia, D.N.P.M., Brasília, 501 pp.
  12. ^ Figueroa, Rodrigo T.; Gallo, Valéria (2017-07-01). "New chondrichthyan fin spines from the Pedra de Fogo Formation, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 76: 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.03.015. ISSN 0895-9811.