Place names in India

Place names in India are usually in Indian languages. Other languages include Portuguese, Dutch, English and Arabic.

Since Indian Independence, several Indian cities have adopted pre-English names, most notably Chennai (formerly Madras), Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), Visakhapatnam (formerly Waltair), and Pune (formerly Poona).

Common place names

Most place name suffixes denote after prominent geographical features, such as rivers and lakes. Others are named after personalities such as kings or historical figures. Although Hindu history was a main influence, Islamic and Christian influences are present, particularly in central and northern India.

• -abad - "city" - from Persian ābād (آباد)
• -garh - "fort, castle" - Hindi gaṛh (गढ़)
• -nagar/nagara - "town" - from Sanskrit nagara (नगर)
• -prayag, -prayaga - "confluence" - from Sanskrit prayāga (प्रयाग)
• -pore, -pur, -pura - "city" - from Sanskrit pura (पुर)
• -pattinam, -pattanam - “harbour” - from the Dravidian word for sea portal towns
• -kot, -kota - “fort” - from Proto Dravidian "*kōṭ-ai"[1]
• -palli, -halli - "hamlet" - from Proto Dravidian "*paḷ-"[2]
• -oor, -uru, - "village" - from Proto Dravidian "*ūr-"[3]

Anglicized names

Some anglicized names have been officially changed to reflect native pre-colonial spellings. The names of the cities, towns, and villages are usually in Indian languages, while most street names carry English names. Examples: Washermanpet, George Town, Chennai

Variations

Certain names have variations in different languages. Oor/Ooru is a common Dravidian name which means a place, also known as Oor in Tamil and Malayalam, whereas it is called Ooru in Telugu and Kannada.

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Common suffixes include, -ooru, -palli, -pudi, -peta, etc.

Suffix	Meaning	Etymology	Examples
-abad	city	Urdu آباد < Persian ـآباد/آباد < Middle Persian ʾp̄ʾt' (ābād, “populous, thriving, prosperous”). < Proto-Iranian *āpāta-, < Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”)	Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Nizamabad
-bagh	town	Urdu باغ ("garden") < Persian باغ‎ bâğ < Middle Persian 𐭡𐭠𐭢‎ (bāɣ, “garden, orchard”) < Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰāgá- (“portion, share, allotment”) < Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”)	Suryabagh, Nausena Baugh
-cherla	town	Telugu చర్ల (charla "town")	Macherla, Chengicherla
-guda/-gudem/-gudemu	village	Telugu గూడ (gūḍa "village. hamlet") < Telugu గూడెం (gūḍem) గూడెము (gūḍemu)	Tadepalligudem, Galigudem, Dumbriguda
-kot/-kota	fort	Telugu కోట (kōṭa "fort, fortress") < Proto-South-Dravidian *kōṭṭay ("fort, castle).	Samalkot, Kasimkota, Sriharikota
-nagar/-nagaram/-nagaru	town	Telugu నగర్ (nagar), నగరం (nagaraṁ), నగరు (nagaru) < Proto-South-Dravidian *nakar ("town, city").[4]	Karimnagar, Mahabubnagar, Vizianagaram,
-ole/-olu	town	Anglicized Telugu -ole < Telugu ఓలు (ōlu "town") < Old Telugu ప్రోలు (prōlu "city, town")	Ongole, Nidadvolu
-ooru/-oor/-ore/-ur/-uru	village	Anglicized Telugu -ore < Telugu ఊరు (ūru "village") < Proto-Dravidian *ūr ("village, habitation")	Guntur, Nellore, Chittoor, Eluru, Anantapur
-palem/-palemu/-palle/-pallem/-pallemu/-palli	village	Telugu పాలెం (pāleṁ), పాలెము (pālemu), పల్లె (palle), పల్లెం (palleṁ), పల్లెము (pallemu) < Telugu పల్లి (palli "village") పల్లీ (pallī "village") < Proto-Dravidian *paḷḷi ("(small) village")[4]	Peddapalli, Madanapalle, Nadimpalle
-patnam/-patnamu	port city	Telugu పట్నం (paṭnaṁ "patnam")	Vishakhapatnam, Machilipatnam, Krishnapatnam
-pedu			Yerpedu
-pudi	village	(Old?) Telugu పుడి (pudi "village")	Kuchipudi
-pur/-puram/-puramu/-puri	city	Telugu పూర్ (pūr) పూరం (pūraṁ) పూరము (pūramu) పూరి (pūri) < Sanskrit पुर (pura) < Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁- (“stronghold”)	Markapur, Hindpur, Atchutapuram
-put/-puttu	village	Telugu పుట్టు (puṭṭu "village, put") < Proto-Dravidian (?)	Manchingiput, Jalaput,
-seema	region	Telugu సీమ (sīma "region, kingdom") < Sanskrit सीमा (sīmā "border, region")	Rayalaseema
-vada/-wada	area, place	Telugu వాడ (vāḍa "area, place")	Vijayawada, Vemulawada
-vaka/-waka	town	Telugu వాక (vāka "town")	Gajuwaka, Hanumanthavaka
-valasa	town	Telugu వలస (valasa "town, migration")	Thangarapuvalasa, Palavalasa

Arunachal Pradesh

Namdapha National park, Roing, Tezu, Sakteng Wildlife sanctuary, Namsai, Parsurum Kund, Bhairabkunda, Khonsa, Jairampur, Bhismaknagar, Changlang, Hawai, Nampong, Koloriang, etc.[5]

Assam

Suffix	Meaning	Etymology	Examples
-gā̃o	village	Sanskrit (ग्राम, grāma)	Bongaigaon, Chaygaon, Morigaon, Nagaon
-hāṭ/hāṭī	market	Sanskrit (हाट, hāṭa)	Guwahati, Jorhat, Moranhat
-pāṛā	neighbourhood	Sanskrit (पद्र, padra)	Bilasipara, Goalpara, Rangapara
-pur	settlement	Sanskrit (पुर, pura)	Badarpur, North Lakhimpur, Tamulpur, Tezpur

Bihar

Bodh Gaya, Patna, Rajgir, Gaya, Raxaul, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Pawapuri, Sasaram, Hajipur, Bihar Sharif, Kesaria, Sonpur, Munger and Bhagalpur Division.

Chhattisgarh

Raipur, Jagdalpur, Bilaspur, Durg, Kanger Ghati National Park, Bhilai, Sirpur, Ambikapur, Korba, Kawardha, Raigarh, Dongargarh, Tirarthgar, Atal Nagar, Mainpat, Indravati National Park, Ratanpur, Rajim, Chitrakoot, Rajnandgaon, Dhamtari, Kanker and Champa.

Delhi

New Delhi, Gurugram, Mehrauli, Karol Bagh, Delhi, Rohini, Chanakyapuri, Sonipat, Dwarka, Vasant Kunj, Pitam Pura, Bahadurgarh, Greater Kailash, Delhi Cantonment, Shahpur Jat, Shahdara, Najafgarh, Badarpurh, Nangloi Jat, Saidul Ajaib and Bawana.

Goa

Panaji, Calangute, Palolem Beach, Anjuna, Baga, Old Goa, Candolim, Margao, Vagator, Colva, Dona Paula, Vasco Da Gama, Mandrem, Morjim, Canacona, Mapusa, Arpora, Bogmalo Beach, Benaulim, Cavelossim, Ponda, Varca, Bardez, Majorda, Mobor, Dabolim, Agonda and Mormugao.

Gujarat

Common suffixes[6]

Suffix	Examples
-padra	Vaṭapadra, Vaḍapadra
-vadra	Jaravadra, Phalavadra
-pallī/-pallīkā	Ābhīrapallī, Āśāpallī
-valī/-valli/-vallikā	Kacchāvalī
-sthalī
-hrada
-draha	Vaṭa-draha
-sara	Jaṁbu-sara
-pāṭaka	Aṇahila-pāṭaka
-vāṭaka
-ijya/-ijja	Avayānijya,, Karkijja
-vasaṇa	Caṇḍāvasaṇa
-vasahikā/-vāsaka
-vāḍā	Ādhivāḍā
-vaḍa
-pura/-purī/-nagara/-paṭṭana	Ānandapura, Nāndipurī, Girinagara
-siddhi/-sāḍhi

Jammu and Kashmir

Pangong Tso, Zanskar, Nyak Tso, Samba, Ramban, Khardong, Manikiala and Ranjit Sagar Dam Lake.

Jharkhand

Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Purulia, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Maithon, Hazaribagh, Netarhat, Bokaro Steel City, Ghatshila, Giridih, Rajmahal, Dumka, Parasnath Hill, Rajrappa, Medininagar, Patratu, Chaibasa, Panchet, Betla, Deoghar, Sahebganj, Pakur, Kodarma and McCluskieganj, Gumla.

Karnataka

Common endings are Ooru, Palaya, Halli, Pete, Seeme. Less common are prefixes such as Sri.

Suffix	meaning	Common place names
Bhavi	well	Arabhavi, Sulibhavi, Bilebhavi, Nagarbhavi, Thondebhavi
Gud	habitation	Nanjangud, Handigud
Halli	village	Kanchamaranahalli, Arehalli
Keri	colony	Madikeri, Tallikeri
Kote	fort	Bagalakote, Jangamakote
Ooru/uru	village	Bengaluru, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Chikkamagaluru, Kitturu. Emmiganuru,
Pete	town	Chikkupete, Hosapete
Nagara	town	Vijayanagara, Jayaprakashanagara
Pura	city	Kundapura, Narasimharajapura, Kanakapura

Kerala

Common suffixes include Angadi, Athani, Ur, Cheri/Shery, Kulam, Kad, Nad, Pally, Kode/Code, Kara, Mangalam, Kal, Puram, Kunnu, Parambu/Paramba and Puzha.

Suffix	Meaning	Common place names
Ur	Shire	Nilambur, Tirur, Thrissur, Kannur, North Paravur.
Cheri/Shery	Street	Thalassery, Cherpulassery, Kalpakanchery, Manjeri, Thamarassery, Kozhenchery.
Nad	Village	Eranad, Kuttanad, Wayanad, Thondernad.
Kulam	Pond	Ernakulam, Kunnamkulam, Kayamkulam, Mararikulam, Mankulam, Unnikulam, Punnayurkulam, Muthukulam.
Angadi	Market Street	Parappanangadi, Tirurangadi, Pazhavangadi, Melangadi.-
Athani	Porter's rest	Athani, Puthanathani, Karinkallathani
Kad	Forest	Puthukkad, Purakkad, Thalakkad, Palakkad, Vadakkekad.
Kunnu	Hill	Kottakkunnu, Vallikkunnu, Konathukunnu, Kudappanakunnu, Pulinkunnoo.
Parambu/Paramba	Ground/Plot	Thaliparamba, Koothuparamba, Madathiparambu, Kizhuparamba, Thunchan Parambu.
Puzha	River	Alappuzha, Muvattupuzha, Thodupuzha, Cherupuzha, Noolpuzha.

• Kode/Code - Kozhikode, Puthucode, Alamcode, Areekode, Veliyankode.
• Kara - Mavelikkara, Edakkara, Mullurkara, Anakkara, Ramanattukara.
• Mangalam - Kunnamangalam, Chathamangalam, Kunhimangalam, Chendamangalam, Enadimangalam,

Chadayamangalam,

• Pally - Karthikappally, Puthuppally, Kanjirappally, Vadanappally, Pulpally.
• Kal - Kottakkal, Chirakkal, Pothukal, Pulikkal, Edamulackal.
• Puram - Thiruvananthapuram, Malappuram, Angadipuram, Sivapuram, Kadampazhipuram.

Maharashtra

Common suffixes include Pur, Ner, Gav, Abad, Khed, Oli, Wadi, Nagar, Tur, Vali, and Ra.

• Pur - Nagpur, Solapur, Chandrapur, Kolhapur, Badlapur, Achalpur, Ballarpur, Pandharpur, Malkapur, Indapur, Jaysinghpur, Tulijapur, Murtijapur, Shirpur, Shirampur
• Ner - Sangamner, Jamner, Parner, Amalner, Saoner
• Gav - Jalgaon, Malegaon, Khamgaon, Kopargaon, Tasgaon, Majalgaon, Shegaon, Koregaon, Varangaon, Chalisgaon
• Abad - Aurangabad, Osmanabad, Khultabad, Dharmabad, Daulatabad
• Khed - Sindkhed, Jamkhed, Mudkhed, Narkhed, Gangakhed, Umarkhed
• Oli - Gadchiroli, Hingoli, Dapoli, Saoli, Sakoli, Wagholi, Biloli, Khopoli, Padoli
• Wadi - Hinjawadi, Vaibhavwadi, Kurduwadi, Sanaswadi, Sawantwadi, Wadi, Yewalewadi, Ghulewadi, Darewadi
• Nagar - Ahmednagar, Rajgurunagar, Ulhasnagar, Urjanagar, Shivajinagar
• Tur - Latur, Patur, Partur, Jintur
• Vali - Borivali, Kandivali, Karivali
• Ra - Bhandara, Rajura, Nandura

Manipur

Imphal, Loktak Lake, Moreh, Moirang, Ukrhul, Andro, Bishnupur, Shirui, Kakching, Churachandpur, Tamenglong, Thoubaul, Khangkhui, Jiribam, Leimaram, Khonghampat, Khongjom, Leimakhong, Tengnoupaul, Chandel, Kangpokpi, Senapati, Nambol, Nony, Jessami, Singda, Thanga and Khayang.

Mizoram

Aizawl, Lunglei, Champhai, Thenzawl, Murlen National Park, Serchhip, Murlen, Siaha, Khawzawl, Kolasib, Hmuifang, Vairengte, Hnahthial, Lawngtlai, Mamit, Saitual, Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Zokhawthar, Baktawng, Farkawn, Phulpui, Sialsuk, Khawnlung, Tlabung, Lengpui and Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary.

Orissa

In Odisha (formerly known as Orissa) common suffixes are Pur, Garh, Gada.

Suffix	Meaning	Common Place names
Pur	City	Sambalpur, Berhampur, Rairangpur, Subarnapur, Puri
Garh	Fort	Bargarh, Debagarh, Sundergarh, Nayagarh

Tamil Nadu

In Tamil Nadu, common suffixes are Oor, Nagaram, Puram, Kudi, Cheri, Paakkam, Pattinam, Palayam, Kaadu, Pettai, Mangalam, Seemai, naththam, palli and Kuppam. One common prefix is Thiru. The majority of names are in Tamil language. Telugu and Kannada place names can be seen in border areas. Sanskrit names are found because of the historical relationship of Sanskrit with Hinduism.

Suffix	Meaning	Common Place names
Oor/ur/ore	Village	Ambattur, Thanjavur, Karur, Hosur, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Vellore.
Kaadu	Forest	Yercaud,
Pattinam	Coastal area	Nagapattinam
Puram	ectal	Kanchipuram, Ramanathapuram, Viluppuram
Nagaram	City	Vanagaram
Ni	bee	Theni
Kal	paving stone	namakkal
Kudi	settlement	karaikkudi, paramakudi, thoothukkudi

Tripura

Common suffix include -mura.

suffix	meaning	common places
assa		Ambassa, Bagbassa
bari	house	Churaibari, Jolaibari
chhara	stream	Laxmanchhara, Nabinchhara, Karaichhara, Bagaichhara, Dhanichhara, Sanichhara
mura		Teliamura, Sonamura
pur		Udaipur, Amarpur, Madhupur,
nagar	town or city	Ampinagar, Dharmanagar, Jubarajnagar

West Bengal

Common suffix include -mura.

suffix	meaning	common places
abad		Murshidabad
bari	house	Churaibari, Jolaibari
tala		Maheshtala, Taratala
pur		Durgapur
nagar	town or city	Bidhannagar

Global Indian influence in place names

See Indosphere, Sanskritization, Indianization of Southeast Asia.

In the Indianised cultures outside India, places were given Sanskritised names to make them sound more noble. Examples include:

• Ayutthaya in Thailand, named after Ayodhya, Rama's hometown.
• Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei, named after "bhagavān", a title for gods. "Seri Begawan" was used as a title for Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III after he abdicated from the throne.
• Jayapura in Papua, Indonesia named from two Sanskrit words Jaya meaning "victorious" and Pura meaning "town". The name was given by the first president and founding father of the country, Sukarno.
• Yogyakarta in Java, Indonesia named after the city of Ayodhya in India, the hometown of Sri Rama. "Yogyakarta" means "fit to prosper".
• Siak Sri Indrapura in Sumatra, Indonesia named after the disbanded Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura. "Indrapura" means "town of Indra".
• Nakhon Si Thammarat in Thailand, from the Pali words "nagara srī dhammaraja", or "city of the lord and king who rules by dharma".
• Putrajaya in Malaysia, which means "victorious prince" or "victorious son".
• Singapura, which means "lion city" named by prince Parameswara from Palembang, South Sumatra present Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia, as a hugely Sanskrit and Indic-influenced country, contains many Sanskrit-named cities and placements:

• kota - "city", from Tamil kōṭṭam (கோட்டம், "town") — e.g. Kota Pinang, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Kotabumi, Kotabaru, Kotamobagu, Kotawaringin, etc.
• negara - "state", from Sanskrit नगर (nagara) means "country" in Indonesian. The word Nagari is also a term used in West Sumatra referring to "village".
• pura - "town", from Sanskrit पुर (pur) — e.g. Jayapura, Siak Sri Indrapura, Amlapura, Sangkapura, Semarapura, etc. In Indonesia, pura also refers to a Hindu temple.[7]

Malaysia

• kota - "city", from Tamil kōṭṭam (கோட்டம், "town")
• negeri - "state" or "country", from Sanskrit nagarī (नगरी, "city")

Rajwada

Thailand

• nakhon (นคร) [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn] - "city"
• buri (บุรี) [bū.rīː] - "town"
• samut (สมุทร) [sàmùt] - "sea"
• si (ศรี) [sǐ] - "lord"

See also

• Renaming of cities in India
• List of Indian cities on rivers
• List of towns in India by population
• Oikonyms in Western and South Asia

References

1. "Untitled".
2. "Untitled".
3. "Untitled".
4. Southworth, Franklin (2005). Linguistic Archeology of South Asia. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 74, 76.
5. https://www.google.com.au/destination/compare?q=places+in+arunachal+pradesh&site=search&output=search&dest_mid=/m/018ckn&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUyu-G777fAhXGuI8KHSDcDiYQ6tEBCDEoBDAA
6. Sankalia, Hasmukh D. (1949). Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. Deccan College. pp. 51–80.
7. "Things you should know before visiting temples in Bali". The Jakarta Post.