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Phoradendron californicum
Phoradendron californicum, the desert mistletoe or mesquite mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic plant native to southern California, Nevada, Arizona, Sonora, Sinaloa and Baja California. It can be found in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts at elevations of up to 1400 m (4600 feet).[1] The mistletoe is a leafless plant that attaches to host plants, often leguminous woody desert trees such as Cercidium and Prosopis.[2] Desert mistletoe takes water and minerals from its host plants but it does its own photosynthesis,[2] making it a hemiparasite. Desert mistletoes, like mistletoes in general, weave nutrient cycles together through their unique life history. Human UseCommon names include visco, tojí, tzavo, secapalo, injerto, and chili de espino in Spanish; aaxt in Seri.[3] The white to reddish fruits are edible, but native tribes ate only the fruits of mistletoes growing on mesquite (Prosopis), ironwood (Olneya tesota) or catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii). Found growing on palo verdes (Parkinsonia) or Condalia (desert buckthorn) the fruits are considered inedible.[4] The Seri people consider desert mistletoe fruit ripe and harvestable once it turns translucent. Harvest is done by spreading a blanket below the plant and hitting it with sticks to release the fruit. Seri consumed the fruit raw.[5] The Tohono O'odham also consumed the fruit raw. River Pima ate the fruit boiled and mashed, which made it the consistency of a pudding. The Cahuilla gathered the fruits November through April and boiled them into a paste with a sprinkle of wood ash added to the pot.[3][6][7] Desert mistletoe plants, but not the berries, contain phoratoxins which can easily lead to death via slowed heart rate,[citation needed] increased blood pressure, convulsions, or cardiac arrest. Some of these compounds can cause hallucinations, but there is no way to judge dosage. People seeking a "high" from mistletoe still turn up in morgues each year. Native peoples used plants other than desert mistletoe to seek visions.[3] Amateur entrepreneurs in Tucson, Phoenix and other cities in the Sonoran Desert frequently sell cuttings of desert mistletoe on street corners during the Christmas season. This is despite the fact that the species looks very different from other mistletoes traditionally used as holiday decorations elsewhere. PollinationDesert mistletoes are dioecious and rely on insects for pollination. They produce inconspicuous, fragrant flowers during the winter. A February 2015 inventory[8] observed 13 species of Diptera and 3 species of Hymenoptera observed on the female flowers of P. californicum in the catclaw acacias (Acacia greggii) of the Eldorado Mountains in the southern Mojave desert. The most abundant pollinator was the fruit fly Euarestoides acutangulus, followed by the blowfly Phormia regina then the hover fly Eupeodes volucris. DispersalFemale desert mistletoe plants produce red to clear berries that are eaten by the phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), a silky flycatcher, which then spreads the seeds. Phainopeplas cannot digest the seed of desert mistletoe, so the birds disperse the seeds when they defecate or wipe their bills. The phainopepla is a specialist dispersal agent of desert mistletoe. A dispersal survey[9] observed phainapepla's were most common bird eating mistletoe berries, followed by the Northern mockingbird and Gila woodpeckers. The study noted that Phainopepla's are the most effective agent because they spend the majority of their time in host plants, while the mockingbird and woodpecker are generalists that do not spend as much time in the host plants. Host SpecializationThere is evidence to suggest that P. californicum is undergoing "host race evolution", which is a pattern of evolution which, in parasitic plants, results from specialization of different populations of the same parasite species to different hosts in an environment[10]. Host race evolution can possibly lead to speciation over time[11][12]. There are genetic, morphological, and phenological differences in P. californicum individuals depending on the particular host on which they are found. Isoenzymes are enzymes that perform the same phenotypic function, but vary genetically between individuals of the same species. Electrophoresis analysis has shown that isoenzymes differ significantly between P. californicum found on catclaw acacia (A. greggii) and honey mesquite (N. glandulosa), which are two common hosts that geographically co-concur[13]. Another study utilized microsatellite comparisons for mistletoe populations growing on catclaw acacia and velvet mesquite (P. velutina), finding significant variation between populations depending on host, and very few instances of heterozygosity in individual mistletoes[14]. This research suggests that mistletoe species growing on different hosts are experiencing some amount of genetic isolation, which may be contributing to their differentiation. Morphologically, there are some recorded differences in physical characteristics between P. californicum individuals collected on various hosts. Internode length, berry color, and main/lateral shoot diameter ratio were shown to vary on average between mistletoes collected from catclaw acacia compared to honey mesquite[13]. Phenologically, the timing of mistletoe growth checkpoints appears to depend somewhat on the host it is growing on. Mistletoe growing on catclaw acacia were shown to flower about one month before mistletoe growing on velvet mesquite, even within a similar geographic area[14]. Additionally, various species of pollinators showed consistency in the hosts of the mistletoe they visited, suggesting a level of pre-zygotic isolation between host-specialized mistletoe populations[15]. Overall, the specific driver of host specialization in P. californicum is still unknown, but there is evidence to support dispersal bird behavior[10][15][16][17], pollinator preferences[15], and host defenses/signals[18][19][17][20][21] as possible factors based on research on both P. californicum and other mistletoe species. Interestingly, there is also evidence against climate change[22] and geographic isolation[14] as drivers of host race evolution in both P. californicum and other mistletoe species. Gallery
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