Perfect Fusion

The Kingdom of Sardinia, comprising the Mainland States (Stati di Terraferma) and the island of Sardinia (displayed in a corner).

The Perfect Fusion (Italian: Fusione perfetta) was the 1847 act of the Savoyard King Charles Albert of Sardinia which abolished the administrative differences between the mainland states (Savoy and Piedmont) and the island of Sardinia within the Kingdom of Sardinia, in a fashion similar to the Nueva Planta decrees between the Crown of Castile and the realms of the Crown of Aragon between 1707 and 1716 and the Acts of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800.

The once-Iberian Kingdom of Sardinia had become a possession of the House of Savoy in 1720, and it had continued to be ruled as during the ages of the Spanish Empire.

Although the Sardinian people had been showing hostility against the new Piedmontese rulers since the failed insurrection in 1794,[1][2] the island's separate status from the mainland became a problem for the local notables from two major cities of Cagliari and Sassari[3][4] when liberal reforms began to be put in force in Turin, and some of them started to see their own legal system as a handicap more than a privilege. A minority of other Sardinian notables, like Giovanni Battista Tuveri and Federico Fenu, were not in favour of the idea for fear that further moves toward the centralisation of the Savoy-led kingdom might have followed thereafter. King Charles Albert eventually solved the problem by transforming all his dominions into a single centralized state.

A new legal system entered into force in Sardinia, and the last viceroy, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, left Cagliari on 4 March 1848. The island was divided into three provinces ruled by their prefects and followed the system that had been used in Piedmont since 1815.

The ultimate goal of the unionist movement was assimilationist, for it set about, in the words of the Pietro Martini, "to transplant, without any reserves and obstacles, the culture and civilization of the Italian Mainland to Sardinia, and thereby form a single civil family under a Father better than a King, the great Charles Albert".[5] Moreover, the fusion was supposed to spur commercial development in Sardinia and, by 1861, according to William S. Craig (the British consul-general at Cagliari), increase the kingdom's importance;[6] however, the kingdom's insular part lost what little autonomy it had previously had in the process, as well as its historical title of "nation", as it had been referred to for centuries, and illustrated by the kingdom's national anthem. In this regard, the Fusion provoked a shift in terminology, with references to "Italy" replacing "Sardinia" instead.

On the whole, the island became an even more marginal part of the Savoyard kingdom,[7] raising the so-called "Sardinian Question" pertaining to its difficult process of integration within a single national body:[8][9][10][11][12] more specifically, Sardinians lost their former powers of taxation and autonomous representation in exchange for the Piedmontese Parliament taking over legislative responsibility on the island and some seats in the Congress.[13] Most of the Sardinian unionists, including its leader Giovanni Siotto Pintor, would later come to regret it.[14][15]

The Fusion could not improve the condition of the Sardinian notables, either. On the contrary, Sardinia's fusion into an Italian unitary state provoked, as a response, a marked increase in banditry and criminal activities against the central authorities.[16]

See also

Similar acts, such as:

References

  1. ^ "Che gli orientamenti più largamente diffusi fossero diversi è dimostrato da molti fatti. L'ostilità contro i piemontesi era forte come non mai, e le riforme erano viste anche come strumento per alleggerire il peso di un regime di sopraffazione politica che era tanto più odioso in quanto esercitato dai cittadini di un'altra nazione; per ottenere cioè non una fusione ma quanto più possibile di separazione." Sotgiu, Girolamo (1984). Storia della Sardegna sabauda, Editore Laterza, Roma-Bari, PP.307-308
  2. ^ The Italian jurist Carlo Baudi di Vesme notes that "un sarto, per nome Manneddu, sollevò il grido di Morte ai Piemontesi in teatro, nel colmo delle manifestazioni di esultanza per la concessione delle riforme." Di Vesme, Carlo Baudi (1848). Considerazioni politiche ed economiche sulla Sardegna, Stamperia reale, Torino, p.181
  3. ^ "...Si trattò di una richiesta presentata con enfasi al re Carlo Alberto da una parte dell' establishment sardo, quella che aveva interessi commerciali da promuovere o che intendeva garantirsi carriere politiche e burocratiche più robuste." Onnis, Omar (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo, Arkadia, Cagliari, p.172
  4. ^ " "Follia collettiva", esclama il Siotto Pintor a proposito di questa rinuncia. Collettiva è dire molto. Soltanto la borghesia dominante delle città partecipò a quest'entusiasmo in cui non si può non vedere qualche impulso verso un Risorgimento nazionale." Manlio Brigaglia (ed. by), 1982. Maurice Le Lannou, Un'idea della Sardegna , in La Sardegna. La geografia, la storia, l'arte e la letteratura, vol.1, Edizioni della Torre, Cagliari
  5. ^ Pietro Martini (1847). Sull'unione civile della Sardegna colla Liguria, col Piemonte e colla Savoia. Cagliari: Timon. p. 4.
  6. ^ O.J. Wright. "Sea and Sardinia: Pax Britannica versus Vendetta in the New Italy (1870)." European History Quarterly. Volume 37, Number 3 (July 2007). p. 409.
  7. ^ «L'effetto paradossale di tali misure fu l'accentuazione della marginalità e del ruolo strumentale dell'isola, dentro un ambito politico più vasto. Ambito che ormai, a Prima guerra di indipendenza in corso, era in via di ulteriore estensione.» Omar Onnis (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo. Cagliari: Arkadia. p. 172.
  8. ^ Cfr. Glossario di autonomia Sardo-Italiana, Francesco Cesare Casùla, Presentazione del 2007 di Francesco Cossiga
  9. ^ "Sardegna, isola del silenzio, Manlio Brigaglia". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  10. ^ Francesco Cesare Casula, Breve Storia di Sardegna, p. 245; op. cit.
  11. ^ La “fusione perfetta” del 1847 aprì una nuova era per l’isola, La Nuova Sardegna
  12. ^ M. Brigaglia. La Sardegna nel ventennio fascista. p. 317.
  13. ^ Luis De La Calle (2015). Nationalist violence in postwar Europe. p. 188.
  14. ^ Un arxipèlag invisible: la relació impossible de Sardenya i Còrsega sota nacionalismes, segles XVIII-XX - Marcel Farinelli, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Institut Universitari d'Història Jaume Vicens i Vives, pp.299-300
  15. ^ «Non ci volle molto perché ciò fosse chiaro anche ad alcuni dei più fervidi propugnatori di tale soluzione. I vari Giovanni Siotto Pintor, Giambattista Tuveri, Giorgio Asproni e, in termini più radicali, Federico Fenu avviarono una riflessione serrata e spesso alquanto lucida sugli effetti deleteri della fusione, dando il via al primo pensiero autonomista e federalista della Sardegna contemporanea.» Omar Onnis (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo. Cagliari: Arkadia. p. 173.
  16. ^ «L'entrata dell'isola in un grande Stato unificato non ha dato grandi vantaggi ai ceti dirigenti sardi. Anzi, ha provocato una recrudescenza delle attività delittuose e del banditismo, che affermano in maniera clamorosa - più ancora della mafia siciliana, che tutto sommato prospera su dei compromessi con il sistema statale - il rifiuto totale di entrare in dialettica con l'esterno.» Maurice Le Lannou (1982). Un'idea della Sardegna, in La Sardegna. La geografia, la storia, l'arte e la letteratura. Vol. 1. Cagliari: Edizioni della Torre.

Bibliography

  • Martini, Pietro (1847). Sull'unione civile della Sardegna colla Liguria, col Piemonte e colla Savoia : discorso popolare. Cagliari: Tipografia di A. Timon.
  • Fenu, Federico (1848). La Sardegna e la fusione col sardo continentale. Torino: Giuseppe Cassone.
  • di Vesme, Carlo Baudi (1848). Considerazioni politiche ed economiche sulla Sardegna. Torino: Stamperia reale.
  • Siotto Pintòr, Giovanni (1877). Storia civile dei popoli sardi dal 1798 al 1848. Torino: F. Casanova successore L. Beuf.
  • Sorgia, Giancarlo (1968). La Sardegna nel 1848: la polemica sulla fusione. Cagliari: Editrice sarda Fossataro.
  • Sotgiu, Girolamo (1984). Storia della Sardegna sabauda. Roma-Bari: Editore Laterza.
  • Casula, Francesco Cesare (1994). La storia di Sardegna. Sassari: Delfino. ISBN 88-7138-063-0.
  • Marroccu, Luciano; Manlio Brigaglia (1995). La perdita del Regno. Sassari: Editori Riuniti. ISBN 88-359-3917-8.
  • Mastino, Attilio; Manlio Brigaglia, Gian Giacomo Ortu (2006). Storia della Sardegna. 2.Dal Settecento a oggi. Roma: Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7838-7.
  • Contu, Gianfranco; Francesco Casula (2008). Storia dell'autonomia in Sardegna : dall'ottocento allo Statuto Sardo. Cagliari: Ufficio Studi G.M. Angioy della CSS.
  • Casula, Francesco Cesare (2011). Sintesi di Storia Sardo-Italiana. Sassari: Delfino. ISBN 978-88-7138-606-5.
  • Casula, Frantziscu Tzèsare (2011). Sìntesi de Istòria Sardu-Italiana (in Sardinian). Sassari: Delfino. ISBN 978-88-7138-606-5.
  • Circolo culturale sardo Logudoro, Regione autonoma della Sardegna, Federazione Associazioni sarde in Italia (2012). Dalla cacciata dei piemontesi (1794) alla "perfetta fusione" (1847) e all'autonomia regionale (1948) : Convegno in occasione della celebrazione de Sa die de sa Sardigna (in Italian and Sardinian). Circolo culturale sardo Logudoro.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Onnis, Omar (2015). La Sardegna e i sardi nel tempo. Cagliari: Arkadia.

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