Paul Zukofsky (October 22, 1943 – June 6, 2017) was an American violinist and conductor known for his work in the field of contemporary classical music.
Career
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Paul Zukofsky was the only child of the American objectivist poet Louis Zukofsky and Celia Thaew Zukofsky, a musician and composer. Both parents were children of Yiddish-speaking immigrants from what was then the western Russian Empire (now Belarus).[1] Revealing a precocious talent, he began taking music lessons at age three, soon concentrated on the violin, and at seven became a student of Ivan Galamian at the Juilliard School of Music. He made his first orchestral appearance in 1952 with the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, and a formal debut recital at Carnegie Hall in 1956.[2]The New York Times praised his technique, noting he had gone through "a difficult program without turning a hair or moving a facial muscle" and described him as a "deadpan bundle of talent."[3] Further Carnegie Hall recitals followed in 1959 and 1961.[4][5] Louis Zukofsky published a fictionalized biography of his son as a young violinist, Little (1970), which includes an account of the ten-year-old Paul Zukofsky playing for the poet Ezra Pound, who was then incarcerated in St. Elizabeths prison-asylum in Washington, D.C.[6]
Zukofsky appeared as the character of Albert Einstein in Philip Glass's opera Einstein on the Beach in 1976, and performed on a number of other Glass recordings.[8] He also had a significant collaborative relationship with John Cage. They worked together and recorded the violin version of Cage's Cheap Imitation (1977), and Cage composed the demanding Freeman Etudes – Books I and II (Etudes I–XVII, 1977–1980) specifically for Zukofsky.[9][10][11][12]
In 1975 Zukofsky founded Musical Observations, a nonprofit corporation to support neglected but worthwhile projects, including the recording label CP2, which continues to make available many recordings for which he performed, conducted and edited.[13] From 1976 to 1977, Zukofsky was a resident visitor at the Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, participating in research on timing in musical performance.[14]
Over the course of the 1970s, Zukofsky increasingly devoted his energies to conducting. From 1978 to 1987 he was conductor of the Colonial Symphony Orchestra (Madison, New Jersey). In the mid-1970s Zukofsky initiated what proved to be a long-standing musical association with Iceland. In 1977, he led the Zukofsky Seminars in Orchestral Music offering the opportunity for music students to perform large scale works. These evolved into the founding in 1985 of the Youth Symphony Orchestra of Iceland (Sinfóníuhljómsveit Æskunnar) of which he was Principal Conductor and Music Director until 1993, giving a large number of Icelandic premieres of primarily 20th century orchestral music.[15] In recognition of his long-standing association with and contributions to Icelandic music, Zukofsky received the Minningarverðlaun D.V. (Cultural Achievement Award in Music) in 1988, as well as the Knight's Cross, Icelandic Order of the Falcon by the President of Iceland in 1990.
From 1992 to 1996, Zukofsky was director of the Arnold Schoenberg Institute at the University of Southern California. During this time a dispute between Schoenberg's heirs and the university concerning the mission of the institute resulted in the relocation and rehousing of the Schoenberg's archive at the Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna, Austria, in 1998.[16]
Recordings
Zukofsky recorded extensively as both violinist and conductor. These include some notable renditions of classics, such as Paganini'sTwenty-four Caprices and Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Violin. In 1974 he recorded an anthology of new American violin music composed between 1940 and 1970, and the following year interpretations of classic rags. However, his primary focus was on contemporary classical music and with always an interest in championing work he believed was underappreciated, such as that of Artur Schnabel and Armin Loos.
Executor
As the copyright holder for his parents' work, Zukofsky gained a reputation as a restrictive and contentious guardian of his property rights, joining a list of literary estates that have taken a controlling and often confrontational position with regard to scholars, of which perhaps the most notorious has been the James Joyce estate.[17] In 2009 he published a provocative open letter online discouraging students and scholars from publishing on his father's work. The letter evidences his strong animus against academics and suspicion of their motives. On the other hand, he kept the considerable body of his father's work in print and supported the publication of several volumes of correspondence, so that there has been far better access to the work than at any time during his father's lifetime. Zukofsky's narrow interpretation of fair use has been strongly contested by legal scholars.[18]
Death
Zukofsky's cosmopolitan interests included a life-long fascination with East Asia, not least its food. He did a significant amount of recording in Japan and had long associations, especially with composers Jo Kondo and Yuji Takahashi. In 2006 he moved permanently to Asia, initially to Bangkok and then for the last decade of his life in Hong Kong, where he continued to be musically active and also worked on his inimitable critical writings, mostly on music. Zukofsky died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma on June 6, 2017, in Hong Kong. He left no immediate survivors.[19]
Charles Ives: Sonatas for Violin and Piano (Plus Largo), Gilbert Kalish, piano (1974).
Music for a 20th Century Violinist: An Anthology of Three Decades of American Music, 1940–1950–1960: Milton Babbitt: Sextets / Arthur Berger: Duo No. 2 / Henry Brant: Quombex / Cage: Nocturne / George Crumb: Night Music II / Morton Feldman: Vertical Thoughts 2 / Peter Mennin: Sonata Concertante / Walter Piston: Sonatina / Michael Sahl: String Quartet / Roger Sessions: Duo / Ralph Shapey: Evocation / Harvey Sollberger: Solos / Wallingford Riegger: Sonatina / Stefan Wolpe: Second Piece for Violin Alone (1974).
Brahms: Complete Sonatas for Violin and Piano, including Sonatensatz. Yuji Takahashi, piano (1975).
A Prospect of Contemporary Violin Music. Toru Takemitsu: Hika / Yuji Takahashi: Rosace 1½ / Hikaru Hayashi: Winter on 72nd Street (Second Rhapsody) / John Cage: Nocturne; Six Melodies for Violin and Keyboard (1975).
Elliott Carter: Duo for Violin and Piano (1975).
Classic Rags and Other Novelties, arr. Paul Zukofsky and Robert Dennis, piano. Scott Joplin: The Easy Winner; Felicity Rag; Magnetic Rag; Stoptime Rag / Zez Confrey: Grandfather's Clock / Joseph Lamb: American Beauty / Luckey Roberts: Pork and Beans / James Scott: Calliope Rag / Clarence Woods: Sleepy Hollow Rag; Slippery Elm (1975).
Giacinto Scelsi: Anahit / Philip Glass: Strung Out / Iannis Xenakis: Mikka; Mikka "S" (1976).
Easley Blackwood: Second Sonata for Violin and Piano / Roger Sessions: Sonata for Violin (1977).
Philip Glass: Einstein on the Beach (violin solos) (1978).
The Art of Paul Zukofsky. Joji Yuasa: My Blue Sky, No. 3 / Jo Kondo: Retard / Toshi Ichiyanagi: Scenes I for Violin and Piano / Maki Ishii: Lost Sounds I (Version B) / Yuji Takahashi: For You I Sing This Song (1979).
John Cage: Chorals; Cheap Imitation (1981).
Morton Feldman: Spring of Chosroes / Artur Schnabel: Sonata for Violin and Piano (1981).
Edward Steuermann: Dialogues for Violin Solo; Improvisation and Allegro (1981).
John Cage: Freeman Etudes I–VII (1983).
Philip Glass: The Photographer (violin solos) (1983).
New Music from the University of Iowa. Charles Wuorinen: Concerto for Amplified Violin and Orchestra (1983).
Morton Feldman: For John Cage (1984).
Artur Schnabel: Sonata for Solo Violin (1985).
The Min-On Contemporary Music Festival '83. Toshi Ichiyanagi: Violin Concerto "Jundansuru Fukei" (Circulating Scenery) (1993).
Charles Wuorinen: Concerto for Amplified Violin and Orchestra (2004).
Armin Loos: Sonata No. 2 (2004).
As conductor
Glenn Lieberman: Music for Ten Stringed Instruments. New York String Ensemble (1983).
^Schonberg, Harold C. (1 December 1956). "Violinist Presents Difficult Program with Technical Accuracy at Debut Here", The New York Times. p. 17 (Section Family/Style).
^Salzman, Eric (7 February 1959). "Paul Zukofsky, Violinist, Plays; 15-Year-Old Offers Bach, Stravinsky and Glazunov in Carnegie Hall Recital", The New York Times. p. 11.
^R. E. (4 February 1961). "Paul Zukofsky, Violinist, Gives 3rd Carnegie Hall Recital", The New York Times. p. 15 (Section Food/Family).
^Zukofsky, Louis (1990). Collected Fiction. Dalkey Archive Press. ISBN1-56478-156-9.
^For a lively portrait of Zukofsky and his multi-faceted activities in the late 1960s, see Richard Kostelanetz (2004). "Paul Zukofsky (1969)", On Innovative Music(ian)s. Limelight Editions.
^Paul Zukofsky (1982). "John Cage's Recent Violin Music", A John Cage Reader, eds. P. Gena & J. Brent. New York: C. F. Peters. pp. 101–106. ISBN978-0938856016.
^John Cage and Paul Zukofsky (1996). "Freeman Etudes", Writings about John Cage, ed. Richard Kostelanetz. University of Michigan Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN978-0472083916. Online, Musical Observations
^Dickinson, Peter, ed. (2006). Interview with Paul Zukofsky (30 June 1987), CageTalk: Dialogues with and about John Cage. University of Rochester. pp. 175–181. ISBN978-1-58046-237-2.
