^a The census figure only records individuals who speak Pashto as their first language, rather than the total number of individuals of full or partial Pashtun ancestry.[1]
Pathans or the Pathans of India are citizens or residents in India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. "Pathan" is the local Hindavi term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group, or descends from it.[6][7][a] The Pathans originate from the regions of Eastern Afghanistan and Northwestern Pakistan,[11][12] ethnolinguistically known as Pashtunistan.
Large-scale Pashtun migration began in the 11th and 12th centuries, as a result of the many Muslim empires and dynasties founded by Pashtuns on the Indian subcontinent.[14] Pashtuns also arrived as traders, officers, administrators, diplomats, travelers, religious saints and preachers,[5] students, and as soldiers serving in the armies of India's rulers. In many cases, migration and settlement occurred amongst whole clans.[15] Today, the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India.[14][15][13] Following the partition of India in 1947, many of them migrated to Pakistan.[14] The majority of Indian Pathans are Urdu-speaking communities,[14] who have assimilated into the local society over the course of generations.[16] Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports.[13]
History
Pathans that had enlisted in the British Indian Army
Some Pashtuns from the Ghilji tribe historically used to seasonally migrate to India in winter as nomadic merchants. They would buy goods there, and transport these by camel caravan in summer for sale or barter in Afghanistan.[21]
Some Hindus who lived in Balochistan prior to 1947, and later migrated to India following the partition, had a highly Pashtunized culture and spoke a form of Pashto or Balochi.[27][40][41] They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. Originating from Quetta and Loralai, they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned").[27] This name stemmed from a novel tradition their womenfolk practiced, who would adorn their faces, hands and skin with permanent tattoos to enhance their appearance. These decorative, tribal tattoos were considered a form of art and beauty in their culture, however they were looked down upon by other Indians.[27] The women wore a traditional hand-embroidered dress known as the kakrai kameez, similar to a firaq – the upper garment worn by Pashtun females.[27] They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children.[27] Due to their different culture and appearance, they were often stereotyped and considered Muslims or foreigners by the locals.[27][42] The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara, Jaipur and Chittorgarh) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture.[27] In recent years, there have been efforts to revive their indigenous culture. In 2018, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai met members of this community and inaugurated the Sheenkhalai Art Project during the Jaipur Literature Festival.[27] A feature-length documentary titled Sheenkhalai – The Blue Skin produced by Shilpi Batra Adwani, a third-generation Sheenkhalai herself, explores the history and origins of this community and was funded by the India–Afghanistan Foundation.[27]
From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur, as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs.[43][44] Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. They were mainly businesspeople.[43][44] According to the Hindustan Times, around 250 Hindu and Sikh families were living in an area named "Mini Peshawar" near Chheharta in Amritsar as of 2016.[44] Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. A wave of similar migrations continued in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.[43][45] After living in India for some time, these Hindus are able to secure Indian citizenship. The elderly Peshawari Hindus are distinguishable due to their Peshawari clothing and the Peshawari turban which some of them wear, and they converse in Pashto or the local Peshawari dialect. However, the younger generation is not fluent in these languages.[43][44]
Since the 1970s, thousands of Afghan Hindus have also settled in India while escaping war and persecution. Many of them had lived in the Pashtun areas for generations, spoke Pashto, and practiced a culture that was Pashtun-influenced.[46]
Diaspora
A secondary diaspora of Pathans from India also exists, including those who were transported from British India to various other colonies as indentured workers in the early 19th century.[47]
In July 1954, over 100,000 Pashtun tribes people living in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir were granted Indian nationality.[48] They are a mostly endogamous, Pashto-speaking community whose ancestors migrated from what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan prior to India's independence.[49] The village of Gotli Bagh in Ganderbal district is home to around 10,000 Pashtuns.[49] The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region.[49] They mostly marry within their community, which has allowed their language and culture to be preserved intact.[49]
The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin.[50] It is notably the only Muslim-majority city in Indian Punjab, since the partition in 1947.[51] The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins.[51][50] The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Their numbers dwindled after many of them migrated to Pakistan.[50] They are principally divided into the Yusufzai, Lodi, Tareen, Kakar and Sherwani tribes.[50] The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition.[51] Even after independence, members of the royal Pathan family have continued to receive political support in state elections.[50]
Chandigarh is a common destination for Afghan students who pursue tertiary education in India. They numbered up to 500 as of 2019, and were enrolled in different institutes including Panjab University.[52][53] The princely Pataudi State, which was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi, was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana's Gurgaon district. The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi, during the latter's reign.[54][55] According to Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, the family are "basically Afghans with a bit of Turkish blood."[56]
There is a small community of Pashto-speaking[57] Hindus and Sikhs who migrated from Parachinar (in Pakistan's Kurram District) to Himachal Pradesh in 1948. They have an organisation known as the Akhil Bharatiya Parachinar Biradari, which seeks to gain Scheduled Tribal status for the community in order to secure various government incentives and opportunities committed under the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes for "displaced" communities.[58] They are settled in a village also named "Parachinar" in Bharmour in Chamba district.[57] These Parachinaris are noted for their Pathan dresses and turbans, their traditional Chitrali-influenced dance known as the gharra, and the Pashto dialect which they speak.[57]
According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s.[26] The area of Jangpura has long been a hub for Pathan Muslims, possibly due to its proximity to the Nizamuddin Dargah.[26]
Across North India, the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts.[14] Beginning in the 17th century, tens of thousands of "Rohilla" Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region.[12][10]
Pathans are noted as one of the many Muslim communities in the state of Goa. They use the surname Khan, while the women may use Khatun, Khatu or Bibi. It has been noted that they freely marry outside their community.[59]
Mumbai has been home to a Pathan community since the 19th century, mostly originating from the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.[11] Afghanistan has maintained a consulate-general in Bombay since 1915, alluding to the historic presence of Afghans and Pathans in the city.[11]
The Afghan-born Karim Lala was one of the three most influential dons in the Mumbai underworld for decades. As the head of the "Pathan Gang", a mafia group comprising mostly ethnic Pathans involved in various types of organised crime,[60] Karim Lala wielded significant political clout and was well known to both the elite and common man of Mumbai.[61][62]
In Gujarat state most of the pathans are seen, those are Turks, Yousafzai, Afghans, Babi, Durrani, lodi.there are many notable persons comes from gujrat pathan like cricketer Salim Durrani, Parveen Babi actress.In area of Junagadh there are turk pathan are mainly seen in indian army and business
The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India.[66] The Karrani dynasty, the last of the dynasties to hold the Bengal Sultanate, was of Pashtun origin.[69] The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations, where they are known by the term Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul") and have historically constituted an integral part of the city's cultural fabric.[70][71] The term is derived from the iconic and much-romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit.[70][71] Once numbering over 10,000 in 2001,[71] their population has reduced to no more than 2,000 to 5,000[70] as of 2015.[71] Many of them were famous for working as traditional moneylenders, an industry which declined following the introduction of microfinance.[71]
During the British Raj in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Pashtun prisoners were amongst those who were transported "across the water" to the penal colony on the Andaman Islands for incarceration.[12] One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island, Sher Ali Afridi, became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, while the latter was visiting the settlement in 1872.[72]
According to S. N. Sadasivan, the Travancore region was home to a group of Pathan Muslims who were descendants of sepoys employed by the maharajas of Travancore.[73]Susan Bayly notes that the 18th-century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies, as did many other South Indian kingdoms, who were keen to bolster their military capacities with the experiences of such men.[74]
The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state.[75]
Northeast India
There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. They are also known as Kabuliwalas.[76]
In Sikkim, the Muslims are categorised into two main social classes: the ashraf (aristocracy) and ajlaf (commoners). The former usually includes people of "Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds."[78]
Culture
In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent.[79][14] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi.[14] In the caste system present among medieval Indian Muslim society, the Pathans (historically also known as ethnic 'Afghans') were classified as one of the ashraf castes – those who claimed descent from foreign immigrants,[79] and who claimed the status of nobility by virtue of conquests and Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.[80]
The earlier generations of Indian Pathans spoke their native language Pashto, while some still adhere to the traditional code and Pashtun way of life known as Pashtunwali.[11] The Pashtun empires in India historically used the Dari Persian language.[81] As a result of cultural assimilation with Indians over the course of several centuries, most Pathans in India lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead adopted Hindustani or other local dialects.[16][5]
Pathan cuisine is known for its high emphasis on meat-based dishes. Typically, meat is either: boiled or roasted; marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill; formed into different types of kebabs; cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices; or prepared in a clay pot (e.g. handi gosht) – and eaten by hand with bread (e.g. Peshawari naan[82] or roti), which is baked on a tandoor oven.[10][83][84] Usually, the meat is kept intact and allowed to cook in its own fat.[85] The chapli kebab, which originated in Peshawar, is a popular snack in Indian cities.[86] Afghan immigrants in India have popularised other unique Afghan foods, such as the Afghani burger,[87]Afghani naan,[85]mantu dumplings,[85] and Kabuli pulao.[88] Afghan and Pathan recipes rely less on spices, and tend to be flavoured with salt, garlic, pepper, raisins, pinenuts, walnuts, and various dried or fresh fruits.[85]Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population.[88]
Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans.[90] In India, an increasing number of native students are learning Pashto at academic institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University.[91]
Adnan Sami, a pop singer and composer, while performing.
Music
Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod, a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain, Hafiz Ali Khan, and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan).[114][115]G. M. Durrani was a noted Bollywood playback singer, music director and radio artist during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.[116] In pop music, the Pakistani-origin Adnan Sami has been called the "reigning King of Indipop."[22][117]
In popular culture
Pathan characters have been portrayed in many Bollywood films, creating a subgenre of what are known as "Pathan movies".[22][118] The 1947 theatrical play Pathan was produced by Prithviraj Kapoor's Prithvi Theatre, and was commercially successful across India. Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj, Shammi and Shashi also acted.[22][119]Kabuliwala (1961), in which Balraj Sahni essays the role of the protagonist, has been called the "mother of all Pathan movies".[22] It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. Earlier, a Bengali film based on this story was released in 1957.[22]
It is believed that the famous Pathan character of Sher Khan, which was scripted by Salim–Javed and portrayed by Pran in Zanjeer (1973), was based on the Mumbai mafia don Karim Lala.[22] The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style.[22][120] In 2013, a remake of the film was released in Hindi and Telugu simultaneously, in which Sanjay Dutt and Sri Hari reprised the role of Sher Khan, respectively.[121] They featured in a qawwali-style Pathan dance number, Khochey Pathan Ki Zubaan.[122]
The action film Qurbani (1980), in which a police officer named Amjad Khan (played by Amjad Khan himself) chases two fugitives (played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna), featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a "Pathan's den". In the song, the three protagonists donned Pathan getup.[123]Khuda Gawah (1992) stars Amitabh Bachchan as an Afghan tribesman who settles accounts with his enemies after finding himself trapped in an Indian prison, and was partially shot in Afghanistan.[22][124]
Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period.[128][129] It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India.[128] Extant manuscripts have provided evidence of Pashto verses and poetry emerging from the Ganges region.[128]Pir Roshan, a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar.[130] He inspired the Roshani movement which, during the late 16th and 17th centuries, gave rise to prominent Pashto poets and writers in the Indian subcontinent.[130][128] The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century.[128]
The All India Radio (AIR) operates a Pashto-language service.[131] Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. Its purpose was to counter German radio propanda infiltrating Afghanistan, Iran and West Asian nations following the outbreak of World War II.[132][133] The Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies (CPCAS) at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University offers bachelor-level degrees in Pashto.[134][135][136]
The language is also used by Afghan Pashtun expatriates living in India.[137]
Zakir Husain, India's third president, on a 1998 postage stamp.
Military
In British colonial India, the Pathans were classified as one of the "martial races" and enlisted in large numbers into the British Indian Army.[12][138] The 40th Pathans, which later became part of the Pakistan Army, remained for some time the only all-Pathan regiment in British India.[139] From 1897 to 1908, the number of Pathan servicemen in the British Indian Army arose from 2,500 to 10,500.[8] Around a quarter were Afridis, and a large number were drawn from the tribal areas forming British India's northwestern frontier with Afghanistan. They comprised, in total, 67 companies across 43 regiments.[140] By the time of World War I, their numbers had increased to 28,000.[141][142]
In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open.[153]Yusuf Khan was a ten-time all-India champion[154] who later migrated to Seattle, United States, and turned to coaching several professional players;[155][156] his daughters Shabana and Latasha Khan represented the US.[154][157]
Ghaus Mohammad was the first Indian tennis player to qualify for Wimbledon quarter-finals, in 1939. He was an Afridi Pathan from Malihabad.[126]
List of Notable Pathans of India
Madhubala; Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi, the cinema superstar of India and the rest of the world, starred in over 60 films in the span of 20 years including the epic Mughal-e-Azam, the highest-grossing film in India's History.
Amjad Khan – Indian actor known for his iconic portrayal of the character Gabbar Singh in the film "Sholay."
Zareen Khan, Indian actress who made her debut in Bollywood. She has Pashtun ancestry from her father's side.
Arbaaz Khan, Indian actor, film producer, and director. He is of Pathan descent.
^ ab"Pashtun". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 May 2020. Pashtun, also spelled Pushtun or Pakhtun, Hindustani Pathan, Persian Afghan, Pashto-speaking people residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan.
^ abGeorge Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN978-1-107-11765-5. 'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.
^James William Spain (1963). The Pathan Borderland. Mouton. The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usually applied only to the people living east of the Durand.
^ abcdAlavi, Shams Ur Rehman (11 December 2008). "Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan". Hindustan Times. Pathans are now scattered across the country, and have pockets of influence in parts of UP, Bihar and other states. They have also shone in several fields, especially Bollywood and sports. The three most famous Indian Pathans are Dilip Kumar, Shah Rukh Khan and Irfan Pathan. "The population of Pathans in India is twice their population in Afghanistan and though we no longer have ties (with that country), we have a common ancestry and feel it's our duty to help put an end to this menace", Atif added. Academicians, social activists, writers and religious scholars are part of the initiative. The All India Muslim Majlis, All India Minorities Federation and several other organisations have joined the call for peace and are making preparations for the jirga.
^ abcdefghJasim Khan (27 December 2015). Being Salman. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 34, 35, 37, 38–. ISBN978-81-8475-094-2. Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...
^Romi Khosla; Nitin Rai (2005). The idea of Delhi. Marg Publications on behalf of the National Centre for the Performing Arts (India). p. 60. ISBN9788185026695. One of the first popular beliefs that was challenged with this narrative was the ethnic description of refugees as "Punjabis." Leela Ram described himself and the group as Hindu Pathans with a distinct Derawali/Frontier identity. But curiously, this was not a sort of opening definition that preceded the rest of the account, rather an insistence that they were Punjabis like everybody else even though they spoke a different language/dialect from the Punjabis.
^Vijay, Tarun (11 December 2019). "From Hindukush to Hindustan, no place for the Hindus?". Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2020. And Hindus, once a large majority in Afghanistan, the Afghan Hindus, the Pathan Hindus simply became extinct and turned refugees taking shelter in Germany and other countries. Hindustan never bothers about them. There are some Afghan Hindus living in Delhi. You can meet them to know what it cost them to be here.
^Bose, Mihir (4 April 2017). "Why did Winston Churchill hate the Hindus and prefer the Muslims?". Quartz India. Retrieved 29 April 2020. Bhagat Ram Talwar, later known as Silver, was the only quintuple spy in World War-II, working for the British, Russians, Germans, Italians, and the Japanese. Silver, who identified as a "Hindu Pathan," was born and raised in the northwest region of the subcontinent bordering Afghanistan.
^Sarna, Navtej (15 September 2017). "An unlikely Prince of Spies". TLS. Retrieved 6 August 2022. Born a Hindu Pathan in the North-West Frontier Province of undivided India, of nondescript appearance, armed with broken English but with a limitless talent for deception, Silver ranks with Garbo (Allies), Sorge (Soviet Union) and Cicero (Nazi Germany) in the pantheon of the great spies of the Second World War.
^India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1959). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. p. 4111. The Minister of Rehabilitation (Shri Mehr Chand Khanna): I never said that; I object to what has been said by the hon. Member. (Interruption). You live in U.P. and you talk of West Bengal! Shrf S. M. Banerjee: You belong to the Frontier Province and you talk of the whole country. Mr. Deputy-Speaker: Order, order. Shri Mehr Chand Khanna: Bengal. So will I, a Pathan, like to be in Pathan land. So will a Maharashtrian like to be, so will a Gujerati like to be in his own place.
^India. Parliament. Lok Sabha (1970). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat. I asked, "What is the Pathan doing in Hindu Maha Sabha ?" He stood up and said, "I am a Hindu Pathan and I am trying to do what you and others are doing in Bengal." Then I said he must be Mehr Chand Khanna.
^ abKhan, M. Ilyas (29 November 2012). "Bollywood's Shah Rukh Khan, Dilip Kumar and the Peshawar club". BBC News. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Kapoor's father, Prithviraj, was the first self-confessed Hindu "Pathan" from Peshawar to make a mark in Bollywood as an actor and producer.
^ abMadhu Jain (17 April 2009). Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 75, 214. ISBN978-81-8475-813-9. Like his father, Raj Kapoor spent much of his childhood in Peshawar. Born in Samundari on 14 December 1924 he was the only one of Prithviraj's children to speak Pashto and imbibe Pathan culture directly... While Raj Kapoor spent many of his impressionable years in the North West Frontier, for Shashi Kapoor it was just a place his father had left behind when he went to Bombay to become an actor. It was somewhere he went for a holiday as a child, or to attend a family wedding. Being a Pathan was more central to the identity of the eldest brother. Pathaniyat for Shammi Kapoor did not go much beyond a Pathan servant of the family...
^Tejaswini Ganti (2013). Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN978-0-415-58384-8. Shammi Kapoor, a successful star of the 1960s and the younger brother of Raj Kapoor (see chapter 3) reflects on the polyglot nature of Bombay and the Hindi film industry... "I, for one, belong to Peshawar. I'm a Pathan. Someone from Pakistan sent me an email and they said, "How do you qualify as a Pathan? Pathans are only Muslims." So I'm writing to him that Pathan is not a religious group, but a community of people. I come from there...
^Seta, Keyur (29 July 2018). "FC Mehra: Suspended air force man who became a successful producer". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020. My family hailed from Peshawar [in the erstwhile North West Frontier Province, now in Pakistan] and we are what we call Hindu Pathans," FC Mehra's son, filmmaker Umesh Mehra, said.
^Raza, Munnazzah (25 June 2015). "Zaiqay Frontier Kay: Cookbook in Urdu and Hindi attempts to bring Pakistan and India closer". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 29 May 2020. Written by the late Pushpa Kumari Bagai, this book is a collection of her special culinary traditions – 80 vegetarian cuisine recipes, each one reflecting the history and culture of the Hindu Pathan community of Dera Ismail Khan.
^"Award-winning Zaiqay Frontier Ke presented to the queen of Bhutan". Daily Times. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ...Pushpa Kumari Bagai, who herself was the custodian and exponent of a very special culinary tradition – the vegetarian cuisine of the Hindu Pathans of Dera Ismail Khan.
^Qurratulain Hyder; Qurratulʻain Ḥaidar (1999). River of Fire. New Directions. p. 272. ISBN978-0-8112-1418-6. The citizens of Lucknow had never heard of Hindu Pathans who were now wandering the lanes of Aminabad, uprooted from the North West Frontier Province.
^ abA B de Bragnanca Pereira (14 May 2008). Ethnography of Goa, Daman and Diu. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 76, 83. ISBN978-93-5118-208-5. The Muslim castes of Goa are Sayyads, Sheiks, Pathans... The Muslim castes of Diu are Agia, Bhati, Kapatia, Dobji-Khoja, Fakir (priest), Ghanchi (oilman), Hora, Khatik (butcher), Khoja, Meman, Mir, Nalia, Pangi-gar Pathan...
^ abKumar Suresh Singh (1998). India's Communities. Oxford University Press. pp. 2775, 2809. ISBN978-0-19-563354-2. In Bihar, the Pathan, also known as Khan, are distributed in the districts of Gaya, Nawada, Aurangabad, Patna, Munger, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Saran, Bhagalpur, Ranchi and Hazaribagh... In Karnataka, the Pathan are distributed in all districts...
^Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Rajendra Behari Lal; India. Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee (1969). Cultural Configuration of Ranchi: Survey of an Emerging Industrial City of Tribal India, 1960-62. J. N. Basu; [distributor: Bookland. p. 55. Muslims, as indicated earlier, forms 17.8 % of the total number of families in Ranchi city. These Muslim families are divided into 22 castes. The principal castes are Pathan...
^Islam and the Modern Age. Indiana University. 2000. p. 111. In Sikkim Muslims are mainly categorized into two divisions in terms of social ranking. The first is known as Ashraf or Araf or Khas and the second is called as Ajlaf or Aam. Among these two groups the former is regarded as of aristocrats and the latter as of commoners. In the first category there are Muslim groups consisting of Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds...
^Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, University of Bihar, Ranchi College. 1959. p. 13. Persian language which the Afghan rulers introducted [sic] into India was an Afghan product. The architect of Dari Persian was a Khorassani, Firdawsi. Khorasan was a part of Afghanistan at that time...
^ abcMonish Gujral (5 January 2004). Moti Mahal's Tandoori Trail. Roli Books Private Limited. pp. 9–. ISBN978-93-5194-023-4. One of this intrepid breed to whom defeat was a dirty word was Kundan Lal Gujral. He was a Punjabi-Pathan from the North-West Frontier Province. This area, in what later became part of West Pakistan, comprised a unique blend of not only Hindu-Muslim culture but also a Punjabi-Pathan mix.
^ abcdChaudhuri, Sabyasachi Roy (29 December 2018). "Afghani flavours". New Indian Express. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^"Pashto and Dari popular with Indian students at JNU". Zee News. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2020. "In India, Pashto is a developing language and it is rising very fast. For the mode of vacancy, we students are looking for a good designation and this language can give me a better designation in Central Government of India jobs," said Ambalika, a student who has completed advanced diploma in Pashto language. "Pashto language is a native language of Afghanistan and the importance of this language is immense in India. The students can get opportunities by learning Pashto language. The relation between India and Afghanistan is very historic and it will continue in the future. Learning the Afghan language is important to know more about India and Afghanistan relations," said Syed Ul Rehman, a student. The Pashto language programme is running successfully as more students are enrolling for this course.
^Taqi, Mohammad (11 December 2012). "A Legend By Any Definition". Outlook India. Retrieved 29 May 2020. And perhaps Dilip Kumar does not know but in Peshawar his screen name is pronounced 'Daleep' with a thick Hindko accent.
^Khan, Omer Farooq (19 March 2010). "SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014. There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood.
^"Shahrukh's cousins eager to meet him". Dawn. 26 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015. Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area.
^The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1989. p. 61. The cherry-lipped cherub is obviously not as soft as he looks. The arrogant Pathan, Naseeruddin Shah, has suddenly turned very charming...
^Saran, Sathya (7 March 2020). "'Irrfan Khan The Man, The Dreamer, The Star' review: Kite runner to actor". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. We read with some surprise about the boy who preferred to fly kites than go hunting with his father, prompting his father to tell him he was a Brahmin born in the family of Pathans.
^"Qurbani". Cine Blitz. 5 (2). Blitz Publications: 90. 1979. This gigantic set of a Pathan's den was impressively done, with Feroz, Vinod and 40 junior artistes making merry. [...] Feroz believes in authenticity all the way. He bought himself a real silver sword, as is befitting to a Pathan. It cost the grand sum of Rs. 16,590 — a sound investment perhaps.
^Muhammad Umar Memon (1979). Studies in the Urdu Ġazal and Prose Fiction. University of Wisconsin. p. 2. The Urdu poetry which sprang up in India under the influence of Persian-speaking Iranians, Turks, Arabs, and Pathans naturally made use of the vast and accessible body of imagery and convention which was Arabo-Iranian...
^Arsh Malsiani (1976). Abul Kalam Azad. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. pp. 106–. ISBN978-81-230-2264-2. When Azad heard about this incident, he began to tease him and said, "Maulvi Saheb, you are no Pathan. Perhaps you are a Sheikh. How could a Pathan of Malihabad keep quiet after being abused ?" Abdur Razzak retorted: "It was no abuse, just a compliment to your paper." Azad was pleased with this retort and complimented Abdur Razzak on his self-control.
^"Homepage". Centre of Persian and Central Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. 2020. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^Khurshid, Salman (12 August 2018). "All the best, my fellow Pathan". The Week. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2020. We both belong to the Pathan (called Pashtuns in Afghanistan) tribes of the North-West Frontier who migrated to different parts of undivided India. His clan settled in what is now Pakistan and my clan of Afridi Pathans, including Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi's ancestors, settled in Rohilkhand.
^Khan, Aslam Sher (1982). "To Hell With Hockey: My Father, My Role Model". Bharatiya Hockey. Allied Publishers. Retrieved 1 June 2020. After the 1936 Olympics, Ahmed Sher Khan married a lissome Pathan lass called Ahmedi, who bore him two daughters and me.
^Rana, Ajay (22 July 2011). "When time stood still". The Sunday Indian. Retrieved 1 June 2020. With only eight minutes to go, a barely known Pathan, Aslam Sher Khan, was sent in as a substitute for Michael Kindo.
^Hussain, Khalid (19 January 2020). "The first Emperor". The News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Bari was also a Pathan who had settled in Bombay. He was popular among CCI members, who raised money for him to go and compete in the 1950 British Open in London.
^The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India.[8][9] Historically, the term "Afghan" was also synonymous with the Pathans.[10]
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