Cuneiform sign for pa.Amarna letter EA 364-(obverse), Ayyab to Pharaoh, "Justified War". Usage in Line 8, 4th character; text reads left-to-right. (very high resolution, expandible photo)
The cuneiformpa sign, (as Sumerogram, PA), has many uses in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is routinely and commonly used to spell the Akkadian language word "pānu",[1]face, presence, and with a preposition (ex. ana pānu), before. In the photo of the obverse of EA 364, it is used to spell Akkadian "eperu",[2] 'dust', (EA 364, lines 7,8: "...and (ùdust (IŠ (Sumerogram)=dust)) and (u)\ dust"-(a-pa-ru). (The two "and"-s are u-(no. 3), then u-(no. 1)-(u (cuneiform))(the bottom half).)
The alphabetic/syllabic uses and Sumerograms of the 'pa' sign from the Epic of Gilgamesh:[3]
hat
pa
PA (Sumerogram)s
SÀG
Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[4]hat-(21), pa-(209), PA-(11), SÀG-(1). In the Amarna letters the start of "messenger Xxxxx" is often spelled in cuneiform characters: "LÚ.PA.X.y.z" (etc.), (LÚ the beginning determinative for Man).
References
^Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, pānu, p. 135.
^Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, eperu, p. 125.
^Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 295, p. 159.
^Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 295, p. 159.
Sign kat, kad, gad, gat, 'Gad (cuneiform), based on Pa (cuneiform). (For k/g/q–qat/qad, for "hand", and Akkadian qātu, cuneiform sign Šu (cuneiform) is used. (ŠU (hand Sumerogram)=qātu)). For a listing of trade objects for procuring an entourage of women to Egypt, "...silver, gold, linen garments". (GADA, GAD for Akkadian "tunic", GAD (tunic Sumerogram), Amarna letter EA 369, to Milkilu of Gazru, titled: "From the Pharaoh to a Vassal".
Mesopotamian cylinder seal-(view Side G) with griffin (Lion (with lion tail) and wings (on Side E)). The columns of inscription contain, at right: an (cuneiform)-(for DINGIR, god?), and pa (cuneiform).
