Pōmare dynasty

Pōmare
Parent houseTamatoa dynasty
CountryTahiti, Raiatea, Bora Bora
Founded1788
FounderPōmare I
Current headdisputed
Final rulerTeriimaevarua III
TitlesKing of Tahiti and Mo'orea
King of Bora Bora
King of Raiatea and Taha'a
Ari'i Rahi of Hitia'a
Ari'i Rahi of Afa'ahiti
Ari'i Rahi of Porionu'u
Dissolution1880

The Pōmare dynasty was the reigning family of the Kingdom of Tahiti between the unification of the islands by Pōmare I in 1788 and Pōmare V's cession of the kingdom to France in 1880.[1] Their influence once spanned most of the Society Islands, the Austral Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago.[2]

The scientific name Pomarea of the Polynesian monarch flycatchers was established in honour of this dynasty. It was first used for the species from Tahiti by René Lesson and Prosper Garnot,[3] and subsequently for the entire genus.

History

Pōmare I established his dynasty upon unifying the districts of Tahiti to become the Kingdom of Tahiti.

The ancestors of the family ultimately descended from an individual named Tu from the island of Fakarava in the Tuamotus who was adopted as heir by Mauaihiti, Ari'i of Pare.[4][5] Settling in Tahiti, the dynasty became the district chieftains or ari'i rahi of Porionuʻu (including the smaller districts of Pare and Arue) and intermarried with the Tamatoa family from the island of Raiatea.[6][7] With foreign weapons, chief Tu gradually took over control of the other parts of the island of Tahiti, and then brought the islands of Moorea, Mehetia, and Tetiaroa into a single entity.

Chief Tu later adopted the name Pōmare. Pō-mare means 'night cougher', a nickname he took, as was common in that time, in honor of his daughter Teriinavahoroa who died from tuberculosis in 1792.[8][9]

Through subsequent inheritance, adoptions, and marriage alliances, the dynasty at its peak included all the Society Islands with a member of the family ruling in Tahiti, Raiatea and Bora Bora. Tahiti also controlled some of the outlying islands of the Austral Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago.

Tahiti and its dependencies were made a French protectorate in 1842, and largely annexed as a colony of France in 1880. The monarchy was abolished by France and Tahiti annexed in 1880.[1] The last reigning monarch of the dynasty was Teriimaevarua III, Queen of Bora Bora, who abdicated in 1895. There are still pretenders and many Tahitians still wish for a return of the monarchy, some of whom claim that the act of abolishing the monarchy was either outright illegal, or outside of certain jurisdictions.

Pōmare Monarchs

Royal Family of Tahiti, 1864.
Royal Family of Tahiti

Current status

Until his death in 2013, Tauatomo Mairau claimed to be the heir to the Tahitian throne, and had attempted to re-assert the status of the monarchy in court. His claims were not recognised by France.[11][12] On 28 May 2009, Joinville Pomare, an adopted member of the Pomare family, declared himself King Pomare XI, during a ceremony attended by descendants of leading chiefs but spurned by members of his own family.[13] Other members of the family recognise his uncle, Léopold Pomare, as heir to the throne.[14]

Another claimant, Athanase Teiri, claims descent from Pomare V and sovereignty over French Polynesian sea, land, and airspace. He and his associates had received some attention in politics in the Tuamotu beforehand. He and associates assembled 100 people for a declaration of an independent Moorea, and claim to have 50,000 signatures supporting Moorea's independence.[15][16] (Although Moorea has only 16,000 people, the 50,000-signature figure is not necessarily untrue because it could imply that Hau Pakumotu received signatures from people both on Moorea and in other parts of French Polynesia.) He declared an independent Pakomotu Sovereign Republic State on 25 June 2010 and has called French Polynesia a "mistake". Athanase Teiri was arrested in early June 2010 for illegally issuing ID cards for his republic.[17][18] He is currently being held at the Papeete police station for attempted murder of a policeman, armed rebellion, forming of a militia and illegal possession of a weapon.[19] He had previously received a six-month jail sentence for intimidating and threatening senior officials.[20]

Finally, on April 19, 2023, Joinville Pomare, an adopted descendant of the Pomare royal family of Tahiti, was installed as King Pomare XI in a ceremony in Papeete. The event comes two years after Joinville Pomare relaunched what he calls the Principality of Pomare in a ceremony at the tomb of King Pomare V. It will now be known as Teriʻihinoiatua Joinville Hinoiariki Pomare XI.

The ceremony was also attended by King Tuheitia Pōtatau Te Wherowhero.

France no longer recognizes a Tahitian royal family, although in 1880 Paris signed a treaty guaranteeing that Polynesian titles and customs would be maintained under its control.[21]

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ^ a b John Middleton (1 June 2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties. Routledge. p. 922. ISBN 978-1-317-45158-7.
  2. ^ Lauren Benton; Lisa Ford (3 October 2016). Rage for Order. Harvard University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-674-73746-4.
  3. ^ "[...] un gobe-mouche que nous avons appelé muscicapa Pomarea (Atlas, pl. XVII), en l'honneur de Pomaré, chef des îles de la Société [...]" (Lesson & Garnot 1829)
  4. ^ Oliver, Douglas L. (1974). Ancient Tahitian Society. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1171–1216. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n5ds. hdl:1885/114907. ISBN 978-0-8248-8453-6. OCLC 1126284798.
  5. ^ Williamson, Robert W. (2013). The Social and Political Systems of Central Polynesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195, 241. ISBN 978-1-107-62582-2.
  6. ^ Edward Smith Craighill Handy (1930). History and culture in the Society Islands. Vol. 79. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-598-67893-5.
  7. ^ "The Genealogy of the Pomare Family of Tahiti, from the Papers of the Rev. J. M. Orsmond. With Notes Thereon by S. Percy Smith". Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 2. 1893. pp. 25–43.
  8. ^ David Stanley (2003). Moon Handbooks Tahiti: Including the Cook Islands. David Stanley. p. 85. ISBN 1-56691-412-4.
  9. ^ "Histoire de l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française". Histoire.assemblee.pf. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  10. ^ John Morby (18 September 2014). Dynasties of the World. OUP Oxford. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-19-251848-4.
  11. ^ "Tahitian royal forms government". Radio New Zealand International. 22 January 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Tahitian land activist claims France disregards 19th century treaties". Radio New Zealand International. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  13. ^ "CONTROVERSY BREWS OVER ASCENSION OF TAHITI ROYALTY". Pacific Islands Report. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Joinville, l’homme qui voulait être roi… " Archived 5 September 2012 at archive.today, La Dépèche de Tahiti, 29 May 2009
  15. ^ "MOOREA CLAIMS TO HAVE SECEDED FROM FRENCH POLYNESIA". Indigenous Portal. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  16. ^ "History of Hau Repupirita Pakumotu". Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  17. ^ "Self declard king stakes claim over Tahiti again". Australia Network News. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  18. ^ "Le gouvernement Hau Pakumotu passe au recrutement…". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  19. ^ "‘Pakumotu Republic’ Members Arrested After Firing On Police" Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Pacific Islands Report
  20. ^ "Jail sentence for Tahiti's self-styled Pakumotu king", Radio New Zealand International, 22 January 2014
  21. ^ RNZ