Otto Stern

Otto Stern
Otto Stern
	Stern in 1950s
Born	17 February 1888; Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire; (today Żory, Poland)
Died	17 August 1969 (aged 81); Berkeley, California, United States
Nationality	Germany, United States
Alma mater	University of Breslau; University of Frankfurt
Known for	Stern–Gerlach experiment; Stern model; Spin quantization; Molecular beam; Stern–Volmer relationship
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1943)
	Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Rostock; University of Hamburg; Carnegie Institute of Technology; University of California, Berkeley; ETH Zurich
Doctoral advisor	Otto Sackur

Otto Stern was also the pen name of German women's rights activist Louise Otto-Peters (1819–1895).

Otto Stern (German pronunciation: [ˈɔto ˈʃtɛʁn] ^ⓘ; 17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a German-American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. He was the second most nominated physicist for a Nobel Prize, with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945^[1] (most times nominated is Arnold Sommerfeld with 84 nominations), ultimately winning in 1943.

Biography

Plaque on the wall of what are now the physics institutes of Hamburg University, commemorating Stern's tenure

Stern was born into a Jewish family in Sohrau (now Żory) in the Province of Silesia, the German Empire's Kingdom of Prussia. His father was Oskar Stern (1850–1919), a mill owner, who had been living in Breslau (now Wrocław) since 1892. His mother Eugenia née Rosenthal (1863–1907) was from Rawitsch (now Rawicz) in the Prussian Province of Posen. Otto Stern had a brother, Kurt, who became a noted botanist in Frankfurt, and three sisters. He studied in Freiburg im Breisgau, Munich and Breslau.^[2]

Stern completed his studies at the University of Breslau in 1912 with a doctoral dissertation in physical chemistry^[2] under supervision of Otto Sackur on the kinetic theory of osmotic pressure in concentrated solutions.^[3] He then followed Albert Einstein to Charles University in Prague and in 1913 to ETH Zurich. Stern served in World War I doing meteorological work on the Russian front while still continuing his studies and in 1915 received his Habilitation at the University of Frankfurt. In 1921 he became a professor at the University of Rostock which he left in 1923 to become director of the newly founded Institut für Physikalische Chemie at the University of Hamburg.

In 1930, Stern received an LL.D. degree from Berkeley,^[4] where he was a frequent visiting professor during the 1930s, becoming close colleagues with members of the Berkeley faculty, including chemistry dean Gilbert Lewis, whom Stern would nominate for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1933.^[1]^[3] After resigning from his post at the University of Hamburg in 1933 because of the Nazis' Machtergreifung (seizure of power), he found refuge in the city of Pittsburgh becoming a professor of physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology.^[5]

As an experimental physicist Stern contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the Stern–Gerlach experiment with Walther Gerlach in February 1922 at the Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt am Main.^[6]^[7] With his life-long collaborator Immanuel Estermann, he demonstrated of the wave nature of atoms and molecules; measurement of atomic magnetic moments; discovery of the proton's magnetic moment; and development of the molecular beam method^[8] which is utilized for the technique of molecular beam epitaxy.

He was awarded the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics, the first to be awarded since 1939. It was awarded to Stern alone, "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton" (not for the Stern–Gerlach experiment). The 1943 prize was actually awarded in 1944.^[9]]

Stern was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1945 and the American Philosophical Society in 1946.^[10]^[11]

After Stern retired from the Carnegie Institute of Technology, he moved to Berkeley, California. He was a regular visitor to the physics colloquium at Berkeley. He died of a heart attack in Berkeley on 17 August 1969.^[3]

The Stern-Gerlach-Medaille of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft awarded for excellence in experimental physics is named after him and Gerlach.

His niece was the crystallographer Lieselotte Templeton.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b "Otto Stern Nominations". nobelprize.org.
^ ^a ^b Charles W. Carey Jr. (1999). "Stern, Otto". American National Biography (online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301581. (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Otto Stern" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
^ "Otto Stern Biographical". nobelprize.org.
^ "Pittsburgh Strong: Historic Tribute to a Vibrant Jewish Community".
^ Gerlach, Walther; Stern, Otto (1922). "Das magnetische Moment des Silberatoms". Zeitschrift für Physik. 9 (1): 353–355. Bibcode:1922ZPhy....9..353G. doi:10.1007/BF01326984. S2CID 126109346.
^ Friedrich, Bretislav; Herschbach Dudley (December 2003). "Stern and Gerlach: How a Bad Cigar Helped Reorient Atomic Physics". Physics Today. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
^ Ramsey, N. F. (1988). "Molecular beams: our legacy from Otto Stern". Zeitschrift für Physik D. 10 (2–3): 121–125. Bibcode:1988ZPhyD..10..121R. doi:10.1007/BF01384845. ISSN 0178-7683. S2CID 120812185.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". The Nobel Prize.
^ "Otto Stern". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^ Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1 : Hochschullaufbahn und die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Schmidt-Böcking, Horst., Templeton, Alan., Trageser, Wolfgang. Berlin, Heidelberg. 14 June 2018. ISBN 9783662557358. OCLC 1047864732.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

Sources

Horst Schmidt-Böcking and Karin Reich: Otto Stern. Physiker Querdenker, Nobelpreisträger. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-942921-23-7.
Toennies, J.P.; Schmidt-Böcking, H.; Friedrich, B.; Lower, J.C.A. (2011). "Otto Stern (1888–1969): The founding father of experimental atomic physics". Annalen der Physik. 523 (12): 1045–1070. arXiv:1109.4864. Bibcode:2011AnP...523.1045T. doi:10.1002/andp.201100228. S2CID 119204397.
National Academy of Sciences - Otto Stern (englisch; PDF; 1,0 MB)