Order of the Double Dragon

Imperial Order of the Double Dragon
雙龍寶星
Order of the Double Dragon, 1st Class
Awarded by the Emperor of China
TypeOrder
Established1882
Country Qing dynasty
Awarded foroutstanding services to the throne and the Qing court
StatusObsolete
FounderGuangxu Emperor
Precedence
Next (higher)Order of the Blue Feather
Next (lower)Order of the Imperial Throne

Ribbon bar of the order (1st Class, 1st Grade)


The Imperial Order of the Double Dragon (simplified Chinese: 双龙宝星; traditional Chinese: 雙龍寶星; pinyin: Shuānglóng Bǎoxīng; lit. 'Double Dragon Precious Star') was an order awarded in the late Qing dynasty.

The Order was founded by the Guangxu Emperor on 7 February 1882 as an award for outstanding services to the throne and the Qing court. Originally it was awarded only to foreigners but was extended to Chinese subjects from 1908.[1] It was the first Western-style Chinese order, established in the wake of the Second Opium War as part of efforts to engage with the West and adopt Western-style diplomatic practices.[2] Traditionally the Chinese court did not have an honours system in the Western sense; however hat buttons, rank badges, feathers and plumes were routinely awarded by the Emperor to subjects and foreigners alike prior to and after the introduction of the Order of the Double Dragon.[3] The order was replaced in 1911 during the last days of the Qing dynasty by the Order of the Imperial Throne, although this replacement was never fully implemented and the Republic of China discontinued the imperial orders after its establishment in 1912.[3]

Design

II Grade
3rd.Class, 1st Grade -Photo of the breast star and neck badge with original embroidered ribbon awarded by the Emperor of China, Guangxu, to Claude W. Kinder C. W. Kinder C.M.G in 1891.

The order took on many different designs and forms until its abolition in 1911. Gradations were distinguished most commonly by differentiation in the type and size of precious stones inlaid, the shape of the medallion, the length of the ribbon, and the material used to construct the medallion. Gold and pearl were reserved for the higher classes, enamel and coral for the lowest classes.[4] The original designs were similar in style and appearance to traditional Chinese insignia, but they proved cumbersome for many to wear and in 1897 they were redesigned in the form of a Western-style breast-badge, although the original designs were still awarded for some time afterwards.[5] Similar symbolic motifs accompanied all designs over the award's history, most notably two dragons surrounding a central precious stone and flames which were connotative symbols of imperial authority. Other symbols of imperial authority - mountains, clouds, plum blossoms and characters with providential meanings - were added to variations of the designs over time.[6]

Classes

Order of the Double Dragon, IV Class
Order of the Double Dragon, V Class

The order consisted of five classes, the first three of which were divided into three grades. The rules for award and the nature of the gradations was set out in the statues establishing the award in 1882. The rules were modified somewhat in 1897.[7]

  • First Class, First Grade: for emperors and kings of foreign nations
  • First Class, Second Grade: for princes, and royal family members and relatives (later limited to royal family members who had earned, and not inherited, senior positions in government)
  • First Class, Third Grade: for ministers of who had inherited their position, general ministers, and diplomatic envoys of the first rank.[8]
  • Second Class, First Grade: for diplomatic envoys of the second rank
  • Second Class, Second Grade: for diplomatic envoys of the third rank and customs commissioners[9]
  • Second Class, Third Grade: for counselors of the first rank, consuls-general and military generals
  • Third Class, First Grade: for counselors of the second and third rank, the entourage of consuls-general, and second-tier military officers[10]
  • Third Class, Second Grade: for deputy consuls, and third-tier military officers
  • Third Class, Third Grade: for translators and military officers of the fourth and fifth tiers
  • Fourth Class: for soldiers and non-commissioned officers
  • Fifth Class: for businessmen and traders

Recipients

Despite the comprehensive ranking system, the actual awarding of the classes was lopsided, and very few Fourth or Fifth class were ever given. The much higher ranking of translators and other civil servants in the system compared to even the wealthiest Western industrialists and businessmen was in part reflecting of the traditional Chinese antipathy towards profit-seeking and commercial individuals, compared the honourability accorded to civil service. Despite patriarchal traditions however, foreign women were bestowed the order, including Canadian missionary Leonora King and American artist Katherine Carl. Native Chinese were granted the right to order in 1908, but very few Chinese ever received the award and it remained an overwhelmingly internationally awarded order.[11]

Awards to the imperial family

Chinese recipients

Foreign recipients

Class I

Class II

Class III

  • Rudolf, Prince of Liechtenstein, Class III Grade I
  • Claude William Kinder CMG, United Kingdom, Chief Engineer Imperial Railways of North China, Class III Grade I, 1891[20]
  • Erich Raeder, Germany, Class III Grade II, 10 October 1898
  • John Penniell, United Kingdom, Chief Instructor at the Nanking Naval College, Class III Grade II, 1902[15]
  • Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Russia, Class III
  • Frank Arthur Morgan (1844–1907), United Kingdom, Commissioner of Imperial Chinese Maritime Customs, Class III, Grade 1[21]

Unknown

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Double Dragon". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  2. ^ Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  3. ^ a b Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  4. ^ Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  5. ^ Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. pp. 25–29. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  6. ^ "Classification of the Qing Dynasty Double Dragon Orders". Chinese Medal Blog. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  7. ^ Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  8. ^ "83: Order of the Double Dragon on LiveAuctioneers". LiveAuctioneers.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  9. ^ "84: Order of the Double Dragon on LiveAuctioneers". LiveAuctioneers.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Medal - CHINA - ORDER OF THE DOUBLE DRAGON". iCollector.com. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  11. ^ Goh, Gavin (2012). The Order of the Double Dragon: Imperial China's Highest Western Style Honour, 1882-1912. Sydney: Gavin Goh. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-646577807.
  12. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 161.
  13. ^ JAPAN, 独立行政法人国立公文書館 | NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF. "枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書 明治ノ二". 国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36773. London. 21 May 1902. p. 9.
  15. ^ a b c "No. 27471". The London Gazette. 5 September 1902. p. 5751.
  16. ^ 'MR. VON BURI.', The Straits Times, 25 February 1913, p. 10 http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19130225-1.2.74.aspx
  17. ^ "No. 27429". The London Gazette. 29 April 1902. p. 2860.
  18. ^ Kanpou, Issue 7517, "Appointments and Resignations", July 17th, 1908.
  19. ^ Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1910, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org
  20. ^ Peter Crush : Imperial Railways of North China ISBN 978-7-5166-0564-6, Beijing 2013,
  21. ^ Morgan's medals are in the British Museum collection https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?agent=Frank%20Arthur%20Morgan Retrieved 22 June 2022)
  22. ^ Leshell Hatley (26 August 2010). "Richard T. Greener: 1st Black Graduate of Harvard University". The Black Scholars Index. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  23. ^ Morton, Julius (1907). Illustrated history of Nebraska: a history of Nebraska from the earliest explorations of the trans-Mississippi region, Volume 1. Nebraska: J. North & Company. p. 430.
  24. ^ "THOMAS ADAMSON HONORED; MADE A MEMBER OF THE ORDER OF THE DOUBLE DRAGON. For More than Thirty Years in the Consular Service of the United States -- Began His Career During the Civil War at Pernambaco, Brazil -- Afterward Sent to Honolulu, Where He Rendered Valuable Services to This Country". The New York Times. 13 May 1894. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  25. ^ United Presbyterian Missionary Record, UPCoS, July. 1897, 257.