Olive Yang

Not to be confused with Olive Young (actress).
Olive Yang
Born(1927-06-24)24 June 1927[1]
northern Shan States, British Burma
Died13 July 2017(2017-07-13) (aged 90)
Muse Township, Shan State, Myanmar
NationalityBurmese
Other namesYang Kyin Hsiu (Yang Jinxiu)
EducationGuardian Angel's Convent School
OccupationWarlord
Known forOpium trafficking
Criminal charge1962
Criminal penaltyPrison
Criminal statusReleased (1968)
SpouseTwan Sao Wen (1948-1950)[2]
ChildrenDuan Jipu (段吉卜)

Olive Yang (Chinese: 楊金秀; pinyin: Yáng Jīnxiù; also known as Yang Kyin Hsiu, nicknamed Miss Hairy Legs) was a prominent opium warlord and the sister of Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, the saopha (chief) of Kokang, a state in post-independent Burma from 1949 to 1959.

Biography

Olive Yang was born on 24 June 1927 in northern Shan States in British Burma. She received an education at Lashio's Guardian Angel's Convent School.[3] According to her relatives, she defied gender norms at a young age, resisting foot-binding[2] and, in one incident, bringing a gun to her school.[4]

At the age of 19, she organized ethnic Kokang forces, nicknamed the Olive's Boys, an army of over a thousand soldiers and consolidated control of opium trade routes from the highlands to lowlands.[5] She dominated Kokang's opium trade from the end of World War II to the early 1960s.[6] In the 1950s, after the Nationalist defeat and their subsequent expulsion from mainland China, she partnered with the Kuomintang to establish opium trade routes along the Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia).[7]

Her parents arranged a marriage to Twan Sao Wen, the son of Tamaing's chieftain. Her parents had died before her marriage in 1948.[8] From 1948 to 1950, she stayed with Twan and had a son, Duan Jipu (段吉卜),[2] in 1950, as she was expected to produce an heir. Her son is a teacher in Chiang Mai, Thailand.[1] According to her sister, Judy Yang, Twan was afraid of Olive. Olive had allegedly thrown a urine pot when he attempted to consummate the marriage.[8]

From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, she was the commander of the Kokang Ka Kwe Ye(People's Defense Forces).[9] She was a prominent figure in opium trafficking and gold trading.[9] The Burmese government obtained the assistance of Yang and the Kokang Kakweye to force the Kuomintang forces out of Kokang.[10]: 104  Yang and the Kokang Kakweye succeeded in 1953, but then collaborated with the Kuomintang in trafficking opium to Thailand throughout the 1950s; the Kuomintang continued to use these opium routes for decades.[10]: 104  Her influence increased throughout the decade with the backing of the Kuomintang and Yang became the de facto ruler of the region.[11] She was arrested in 1962, along with her brother Jimmy, a member of parliament in Yangon, by Burmese authorities, to remove them from power and place Kokang territory under Burmese administration.[6][12] She was imprisoned at Insein Prison and released in 1968.[2]

Yang was known to be either a bisexual woman and/or a lesbian[4] who carried on affairs with film actresses and singers, including Wah Wah Win Shwe (ဝါဝါဝင်းရွှေ)[3][9] and Miss Burma winner and later KNLA fighter, Louisa Benson Craig.[4][13] Although she is widely thought to be bisexual, her apparent interest in men may be a false assumption based on Burmese society's understanding of gender non-conformity at the time and her marriage.[8] Many reports and letters from intelligence dispatched to Kokang during her rule often described her as 'manly-hearted.' She was called Uncle Olive by her soldiers but also referred to as a motherly figure. There is insufficient evidence on whether she would have considered herself anything other than a woman.[8]

In the late 1980s, she was recruited by Khin Nyunt to help broker ceasefires in Burma with ethnic rebel groups.[14] After her release, she reportedly spent her final years as a nun.[5] In 2003, after a period of chronic illness, she returned to Kokang, where she lived until her death at the age of 90.[15] She died after a short coma in Muse just outside Kokang, unable to return to Kokang in 2017.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b 赖骏. "悄然隐退的女毒王杨二小姐". 北京市禁毒委员会 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d Paluch, Gabrielle (2017). "The Female Warlord Who Had C.I.A. Connections and Opium Routes". New York Times. New York.
  3. ^ a b Thant Myint-U (8 January 2008). The River of Lost Footsteps. Macmillan. pp. 298–299.
  4. ^ a b c Smith, Harrison. "Olive Yang, cross-dressing warlord and Burmese opium trafficker, dies at 90". Washington Post.
  5. ^ a b Borgenicht, David; Turk Regan (2 April 2008). The Worst-Case Scenario Almanac. Chronicle Books. pp. 146. ISBN 9780811863216.
  6. ^ a b Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009). Opium: uncovering the politics of the poppy. Harvard University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780674051348.
  7. ^ Lintner, Bertil (March 2000). The Golden Triangle Opium Trade: An Overview (PDF) (Report). Asia Pacific Media Services. p. 7.
  8. ^ a b c d e Paluch, Gabrielle (18 July 2017). "The royal-turned-warlord and opium pioneer of the Golden Triangle dies at 90". The World.
  9. ^ a b c Tzang, Yawnghwe (1987). The Shan of Burma: memoirs of a Shan exile. Institute of Southeast Asian. ISBN 9789971988623.
  10. ^ a b Ong, Andrew (2023). Stalemate: Autonomy and Insurgency on the China-Myanmar Border. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-7071-5. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv2t8b78b.
  11. ^ Lintner, Bertil (2015). "Kokang: The Backstory". The Irrawaddy. Yangon.
  12. ^ James, Helen (1 November 2006). Security and sustainable development in Myanmar. Psychology Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780415355599.
  13. ^ Zon Pann Pwint (2017). "The Many Crowns of 'Miss Burma'". Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  14. ^ Thant Myint-U (13 September 2011). Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan. ISBN 9781466801271.
  15. ^ "Kokang 'Warlady' Olive Yang Dies at 91". The Irrawaddy. 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-07-17.