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New York 2140
New York 2140 is a 2017 climate fiction novel by American science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson. The novel is set in a New York City that has been flooded and altered by rising water. The novel received generally positive reviews. SettingThe novel occurs mostly in a fictional future New York City, permanently inundated by two major rises in seawater levels caused by climate change.[1] Most of New York City is permanently underwater, however, people still live in the upper floors of the buildings, much like in the Venice of today. Robinson has said that the novel does not take place in the same "future history" as his novel 2312.[2] Most of Manhattan below 46th Street is flooded, and has earned the nickname "SuperVenice". Several of the book's characters live in the MetLife Tower on 23rd Street, which the tenant association has outfitted with flood-prevention mechanisms and boat storage. Robinson chose to prominently feature the building as it was designed to resemble the St Mark's Campanile in Venice.[3] The affluent live in newly constructed skyscrapers in Uptown Manhattan and near The Cloisters, as both locations remain above water. Denver has replaced New York as the center of American finance and culture, and much of the United States has been deliberately abandoned by humans in order to make room for wildlife. Robinson has previously addressed sea level rise directly and indirectly in his works Aurora, 2312, and the Mars trilogy.[4] Scientific accuracyThe book is set in a New York City suffering a 50-foot rise in sea-water. However, scientists suggest a rise between 3 and 15 feet (0.9 and 5 metres) is more likely by 2140.[5][6] A rise on that scale would likely mean that some portions of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens would be flooded, but not to the extent as featured in the novel.[6] However, some estimates indicate sea-level rises even higher than depicted in the novel (up to 72 feet/22 metres) by the year 2300, if global warming increases to 5°C (relative to pre-industrial levels).[7] According to Robinson, he set the novel in 2140 as he wanted the setting to be recognizable, while the sea-level rise in the novel was possible but "extreme".[3] ThemesThe novel is critical of capitalism, unregulated financial systems, and market economies.[8] Many of the citizens of the city live in co-ops and rely on organizations that pool resources, while the affluent live in former office buildings and newly built skyscrapers above 125th Street and in Yonkers. ReceptionAccording to the literary criticism aggregator Literary Hub, critics gave the novel generally positive reviews.[9] Gerry Canavan, writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books, referred to the novel as a further step in Robinson's "[...] construction of a huge metatextual history of the future...distributed across overlapping but distinct and mutually irreconcilable texts".[4] In 2022 article published by The New York Times about Robinson, Alexandra Alter referred to the novel as "oddly uplifting".[10] Ken Burns has referred to the novel as "wonderful", saying that it "...[has] disasters and climate change, but it also has sort of human adaptability, and it’s really spectacular."[11] References
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