Narrative exposure therapy

Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a short-term psychotherapy used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and other trauma-related mental disorders.[1][2] It creates a written account of the traumatic experiences of a patient or group of patients, with the aim of recapturing self-respect and acknowledging the patient's value. NET is an individual treatment, NETfacts is a format for communities.[3] Narrative Exposure Therapy is a subtype of Written Exposure Therapy.

NET was created in Germany in the early 2000s.[4]

Key elements of NET: the lifeline and narration

Key elements

Lifeline

NET is conducted around the use of the lifeline, which serves as a reference point for both the therapist and the patient during the therapy.

Creating a lifeline occurs during the first session[5] A lifeline is a physical representation of one's life; therefore, different symbols are used to reconstitute the patient's lifeline, especially flowers and stones.[2] Flowers represent good/positive events, whereas stones represent the bad/negative events of the patient's life. Symbols' size, shape, and color may also be used to indicate events with greater or lesser intensity or significance. It is up to the patient to decide on placing and choosing these symbols to reconstitute their lifeline. The largest stones are then chosen to be dealt with since they represent the greatest traumas the patient needs to reprocess or overcome. Building a lifeline can also help strengthen the therapeutic relationship and create an estimation of the number of sessions a patient may need.[5]

Narration

Narrations are a product of the therapy. In the end of a therapy, the narration is read and given to the patient. It is supposed to be a representative summary of the patient's life, even including some details. Narrations are expected to be taken by the patient to help them overcome their trauma and mental problems. Narrations are helpful for the patient to re-process their memories of the past, particularly the trauma, and reorganize their thoughts; which should ultimately reduce the recurrence of bad memories that are responsible for the suffering of to the patient.

Adaptations

  • NET: aimed at a general public
  • KidNET: aimed at children and adolescents[6][7][8]
  • FORNET: aimed at perpetrators[9][10][11]

Efficacy

Studies have shown NET to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, but few comparisons have been made to other available treatments.[1]

It is conditionally recommended for treatment of PTSD by the American Psychological Association.[3]

See also

References cited

  1. ^ a b Lely JC, Smid GE, Jongedijk RA, W Knipscheer J, Kleber RJ (2019-12-31). "The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy: a review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis". European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 10 (1): 1550344. doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1550344. PMC 6450467. PMID 31007868.
  2. ^ a b Robjant K, Fazel M (December 2010). "The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: a review". Clinical Psychology Review. 30 (8): 1030–9. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004. PMID 20832922.
  3. ^ a b "Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)". Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). American Psychological Association.
  4. ^ Schauer M, Neuner F, Elbert T (2011). Narrative exposure therapy: a short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe. ISBN 978-0-88937-388-4.
  5. ^ a b Robjant, Katy; Fazel, Mina (2010-12-01). "The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review". Clinical Psychology Review. 30 (8): 1030–1039. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 20832922.
  6. ^ Neuner F, Catani C, Ruf M, Schauer E, Schauer M, Elbert T (July 2008). "Narrative exposure therapy for the treatment of traumatized children and adolescents (KidNET): from neurocognitive theory to field intervention". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 17 (3): 641–64. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.03.001. PMID 18558317.
  7. ^ Ruf M, Schauer M, Neuner F, Schauer E, Catani C, Elbert T (2008). "KIDNET–Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) für Kinder.". In Landolt MA, Hensel T (eds.). Traumatherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Vol. 1. Hogrefe Verlag GmbH & Company KG. pp. 84–110. ISBN 978-3-8409-2332-6.
  8. ^ Schauer M, Neuner F, Elbert T (2017). "Narrative exposure therapy for children and adolescents (KIDNET)". Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescents. Springer, Cham. pp. 227–250.
  9. ^ Hecker T, Hermenau K, Crombach A, Elbert T (2015). "Treating Traumatized Offenders and Veterans by Means of Narrative Exposure Therapy". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 80. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00080. PMC 4475792. PMID 26157395.
  10. ^ Hermenau K, Hecker T, Schaal S, Maedl A, Elbert T (2013). "Addressing post-traumatic stress and aggression by means of narrative exposure: a randomized controlled trial with ex-combatants in the Eastern DRC". Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 22 (8): 916–934. doi:10.1080/10926771.2013.824057. S2CID 17145428.
  11. ^ Robjant K, Koebach A, Schmitt S, Chibashimba A, Carleial S, Elbert T (December 2019). "The treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggression in female former child soldiers using adapted Narrative Exposure therapy - a RCT in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 123: 103482. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103482. PMID 31639529.