^R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-933346-51-2.
^Jensen, Joseph B.; Tonry, John L.; Barris, Brian J.; Thompson, Rodger I.; et al. (February 2003). "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations". Astrophysical Journal. 583 (2): 712–726. arXiv:astro-ph/0210129. Bibcode:2003ApJ...583..712J. doi:10.1086/345430. S2CID551714.
^ abAttia, Abdel-Fattah; Ismail, H. A.; Selim, I. M.; Osman, A. M.; et al. (August 2005). "Stellar Population Analysis of Galaxies based on Genetic Algorithms". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 5 (4): 347–355. Bibcode:2005ChJAA...5..347A. doi:10.1088/1009-9271/5/4/002.
^Graham, Alister W. (November 2008), "Populating the Galaxy Velocity Dispersion – Supermassive Black Hole Mass Diagram: A Catalogue of (Mbh, σ) Values", Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 25 (4): 167–175, arXiv:0807.2549, Bibcode:2008PASA...25..167G, doi:10.1071/AS08013, S2CID89905.
^R. B. Tully (1988). Nearby Galaxies Catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-35299-4.
^P. Fouque; E. Gourgoulhon; P. Chamaraux; G. Paturel (1992). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 93: 211–233. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93..211F.
^A. Garcia (1993). "General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G.