Scarab attributed of Mutnodjmet prior to becoming queen. Brooklyn Museum, acc. no. 37.715E[1]
Mutnedjmet, also spelled Mutnodjmet, Mutnedjemet, etc. (Ancient Egyptian: mw.t-nḏm.t),[2] was an ancient Egyptian queen, the Great Royal Wife of Horemheb, the last ruler of the 18th Dynasty. The name, Mutnedjmet, translates as: "The sweet Mut" or "Mut is sweet." She was the second wife of Horemheb after Amenia who died before Horemheb became pharaoh.
Titles
Mutnedjmet's titles include: Hereditary Princess (jryt-pʿt), Great King’s Wife (ḥmt-nswt-wrt), Great of Praises (wrt-ḥswt), Lady of Charm (nbt-jmʒt), Sweet of Love (bnrt-mrwt), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (ḥnwt-šmʿw -mḥw), Songstress of Hathor (ḥsyt-nt-ḥwt-ḥrw), and Songstress of Amun (smʿyt-nt-jmnw). [3]
Mutnedjmet as Nefertiti's sister
Some Egyptologists have speculated that Mutnedjmet is identical to Nefertiti's sister Mutbenret/Mutnodjmet, the reading of whose name is disputed.[4] As noted by Ian Mladjov, there is ambiguity in use of the "nedjem" (nḏm) and "bener" (bnr) signs in the name of Queen Tanodjmy, which is certainly to be read this way, with a phonetic complement confirming this reading, "nedjem," for what is otherwise the "bener" sign. Consequently, the supposed difference between the names ostensibly written Mutnedjmet and Mutbenret is insufficient to establish different individuals in itself: whether or not Nefertiti's sister and Horemheb's queen are one and the same individual, the name is likely to be the same.[5]
Whether or not the names are the same, the identity of the two persons cannot be proved one way or the other.[6] As Geoffrey Martin writes,
The name Mutnodjmet was not particularly rare in the late Eighteenth Dynasty, and even if she were the sister of Nefertiti her marriage to Horemheb would have had no effect on Horemheb's legitimacy or candidacy since Mutnodjmet (who is depicted in the private tombs at El-Amarna) was not herself of royal blood. In any case whatever her antecedents Mutnodjmet could have been married to Horemheb a little before he became Pharaoh.[6]
On the other hand, many Egyptologists like Aidan Dodson consider Nefertiti to have become the female king (i.e., queen regnant) Neferneferuaten,[7] in which case, if Horemheb's wife Mutnedjemet was Nefertiti's sister, she would have linked her husband more closely with a former monarch. Moreover, it is possible that Nefertiti and her sister Mutbenret/Mutnodjmet, were daughters of the future king Ay, Horemheb's immediate predecessor, which would have made Horemheb succeed his father-in-law.[8] The scarcity of the evidence precludes certainty on these points.
Monuments and inscriptions
Mutnedjmet is known from several objects and inscriptions:
A double statue of Horemheb and Mutnedjmet was found in Karnak, but is now in the Museo Egizio in Turin (1379). On Mutnedjmet's side of the throne she is depicted as a winged sphinx who adores her own cartouche. As a sphinx she is depicted wearing a flat topped crown topped with plant elements associated with the goddess Tefnut. The back of the statue records Horemheb's rise to power.[4]
Horemheb and Mutnodjemet are depicted in the tomb of Roy (TT255) in Dra Abu el-Naga. The royal couple are shown in an offering scene.[9]
One of the colossal statues in Karnak (north side of the 10th pylon) was made for Horemheb and depicted Mutnedjmet. The statue was later usurped and reinscribed for Ramesses II and Nefertari.[10]
Statues (fragments) and other items including alabaster fragments naming Mutnodjemet were found in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb. Some items bear funerary texts.[12]
Sides of the double statue of pharaoh Horemheb and queen Mutnedjemet, from Karnak, Museo Egizio, Turin.
Death and burial
Mutnedjmet died soon after Year 13 of her husband's rule in her mid-40s based on a wine-jar docket found in a burial chamber of Horemheb tomb at Saqqara, in Memphis and a statue and other items of hers found here.[11] The mummy was found in King Horemheb's unused Memphite tomb along with the mummy of a still-born, premature infant. She appears to have been buried in the Memphite tomb of Horemheb, alongside his first wife Amenia. Mutnedjmet's mummy shows she had given birth several times, but the last King of the 18th Dynasty did not have a living heir at the time of his death. It has been suggested that she had a daughter who was simply not mentioned on any monuments. The presence of the infant along with Mutnedjmet in the tomb suggests that this queen died in childbirth. A canopic jar of the Queen is now located in the British Museum.[11]
Tomb QV33 in the Valley of the Queens, where Queen Tanodjmy, a wife of Seti I was buried, was suggested as a tomb of Mutnedjemet, due to a misreading of the cartouches with the queen's name.[13] This erroneous suggestion has been abandoned.[14]
^Wolfram Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: a hieroglyphic dictionary, London: Golden House Publications, 2005: 65.
^ abJ. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, 2006, Thames & Hudson
^Ian Mladjov, ""Rediscovering Queen Tanodjmy: A probable link between Dynasties 18 and 19," Göttinger Miszellen 242 (2014) 57-70: 57-58 and n. 6. online
^ abGeoffrey Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, Thames & Hudson (1991), p.96
^Dodson, Aidan, Nefertiti, Queen and Pharaoh of Egypt: Her Life and Afterlife, Cairo, 2020: 72-83, 128-129.
^Briant Bohleke, "Amenemopet Panehsi, Direct Successor of the Chief Treasurer Maya", Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 39, (2002), pp. 157-172
^Maya Müller, "Über die Büste 23725 in Berlin", Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen, Bd. 31, (1989), pp. 7-24
^ abcAidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, ISBN0-500-05128-3, pg 156
^Geoffrey T. Martin, "Excavations at the Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, 1977: Preliminary Report", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 64, (1978), pp. 5-9
^Robert Hari, Horemheb et la reine Moutnedjemet, ou la fin d'une dynastie, Geneva, 1964, pp. 238-240; Elizabeth Thomas: "Was Queen Mutnedjmet the Owner of Tomb 33 in the Valley of the Queens?", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 53, (Dec., 1967), pp. 161-163, considers this possibility without insisting on it.
^Martha Demas and Neville Agnew (eds.), Valley of the Queens Assessment Report Volume 1: Conservation and Management Planning, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2012: 34.
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