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Hypothetical reconstruction of the skull of M. larensis, based in different specimens.
Mixotoxodon is known by fragmentary remains, usually mandible fragments and teeth. Although the general appearance probably was very similar to another toxodontid from the Pleistocene, the better known Toxodon, their fossils shown that the outer borders of the symphysis in the lower jaw don't diverge anteriorly, and the incisors form a semicircular structure that protrude less than the incisors of Toxodon; the snout was cylindrical, instead of the broad hippo-like muzzle of Toxodon. The straight snout and the narrow lower incisors closely packed, suggest that this animal had a different feeding strategy compared to their southern relative, although the teeth of both genera were adapted to deal with abrasive food.[3] It was a rhino-sized animal, a 2012 study estimated a weight of up to 3.8 tonnes (4.2 short tons), which makes it the largest member of Notoungulata,[4] though this may be an overestimate.[5]
Mixotoxodon is known from a single species, M. larensis. Mixotoxodon is the only notoungulate known to have migrated out of South America during the Great American Interchange. Its fossils have been found in northern South America, in Central America,[6][7] in Veracruz and Michoacán, Mexico (with a possible find in Tamaulipas),[8][9][10] and eastern Texas, USA.[11] The genus was also one of the last surviving notoungulates, along with related genera such as the better-known Toxodon. The name refers to the fact that Mixotoxodon combines characteristics typical of different toxodontid subfamilies.[12]
Phylogeny
The cladogram below is based in the study published by Analía Forasiepi and colleagues (2014), showing the position of Mixotoxodon inside Toxodontidae:[13]
^Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Prothero, Donald R. (2008-01-01). Neogene Mammals: Bulletin 44. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mixotoxodon.
Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín; Polaco, Oscar J.; Johnson, Eileen; Ferrusquía-Villafranca, Ismael (2010-02-01). "A perspective on mammal biodiversity and zoogeography in the Late Pleistocene of México". Quaternary International. 212 (2). Elsevier: 187–197. Bibcode:2010QuInt.212..187A. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.05.012.
De Porta, Jaime., 1959: Nueva subespecie de Toxodóntido del Cuaternario de Colombia.- Boletín de Geolología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 3: 55-61.
Lucas, Spencer G., Guillermo E. Alvarado, and Eduardo Vega. The pleistocene mammals of Costa Rica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17.2 (1997): 413-427.
MacFadden, Bruce J. (2005). Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central America. Quaternary Research 64 (2005) 113 – 124.
Paula-Couto, C. (1979). Capítulo XXI, Ordem Notoungulata Roth, 1903. In Tratado de Paleomastozoologia. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 590 p, Rio de Janeiro.
