Millennium Force

Millennium Force
The 310-foot (94 m) lift hill and 122° turn of Millennium Force
Cedar Point
LocationCedar Point
Park sectionMillennium Midway
Coordinates41°28′54″N 82°41′17″W / 41.48167°N 82.68806°W / 41.48167; -82.68806
StatusOperating
Soft opening dateMay 11, 2000 (2000-05-11)
Opening dateMay 13, 2000 (2000-05-13)
CostUS$25,000,000
ReplacedGiant Wheel
General statistics
TypeSteel
ManufacturerIntamin
DesignerWerner Stengel
ModelGiga Coaster
Track layoutOut and back
Lift/launch systemCable lift hill
Height310 ft (94 m)
Drop300 ft (91 m)
Length6,595 ft (2,010 m)
Speed93 mph (150 km/h)
Inversions0
Duration2:20
Max vertical angle80°
Capacity1,300 riders per hour
G-force4.5
Height restriction48–78[1] in (122–198 cm)
Trains3 trains with 9 cars. Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 36 riders per train.
RestraintsT-bars With Seatbelt
Fast Lane Plus available
Millennium Force at RCDB
Video

Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. Manufactured by Intamin, it was the park's fourteenth roller coaster when it opened in 2000, dating back to the opening of Blue Streak in 1964. Upon completion, Millennium Force broke five world records and was the world's first giga coaster, a term coined by Intamin and Cedar Point to represent a roller coaster that exceeds 300 feet (91 m) in height. It was briefly the tallest and fastest in the world until Steel Dragon 2000 opened later the same year. The ride is also the third-longest roller coaster in North America following The Beast at Kings Island and Fury 325 at Carowinds.

Millennium Force features a 310-foot-tall (94 m) cable lift hill with a 300-foot (91 m) drop, two tunnels, three overbanked turns, and three hills. The coaster also has a top speed of 93 mph (150 km/h). Since its debut, Millennium Force has been voted the number one steel roller coaster ten times in Amusement Today's annual Golden Ticket Awards. Although Millennium Force has been surpassed in height and speed, it remains one of the tallest and fastest coasters in the world.[2][3]

History

The planning, design and development phases of Millennium Force took place over five years, from 1996 to 2000.[4] The first rumors that a new record-breaking roller coaster would be built at Cedar Point, which included speculation about a ten-inversion roller coaster from Bolliger & Mabillard and an Arrow Dynamics MegaLooper, began circulating in early 1998.[5][6] A roller coaster from D. H. Morgan Manufacturing was also rumored.[7] On July 2, 1999, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company filed a trademark for the name Millennium Force,[8] which raised more speculation about what the ride would be like.[9] About a week later, the first track pieces were seen at the park, and it was confirmed that the ride would be manufactured by Intamin. Cedar Point officials also confirmed that it would not have inversions.[10]

Announcement and construction

Millennium Force was announced on July 22, 1999.[11][12] It would be the tallest roller coaster in the world, taking the record from Fujiyama at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan.[11][13] The ride cost $25 million to design and build.[14] Cedar Point, Intamin, and Werner Stengel designed the layout of the ride. After the ride was announced, several disputes about whether Millennium Force or Superman: The Escape was the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world arose between Cedar Point and Six Flags Magic Mountain. Superman: The Escape is 415 feet (126 m) high and its speed is 100 miles per hour (160 km/h); however, it is a shuttle roller coaster, not a complete-circuit roller coaster.[15][16]

Construction started in August 1999 when the site was cleared.[17] Millennium Force was built in the Frontier Trail section of the park.[18][19] The ride involved the relocation of the Giant Wheel and the Cedar Point and Lake Erie Railroad.[12] The removal and relocation of the Giant Wheel began in October on closing day; the first of 226 supports was installed on October 11, starting at the brake run.[4][20] Two hundred twenty-six footers, each about 5 feet (1.5 m) deep were dug; the largest ones were 56 by 56 feet (17 by 17 m).[4] The concrete construction was done by Mosser Construction.[21] The lift hill was topped off in early January 2000.[22]

The ride's construction took seven months, and 120 construction workers and project managers participated. Testing took two months.[4] The park conducted a "pull-through" by pulling a train along the course to ensure proper clearance. The ride was inspected and tested with water-dummies on the trains.[17]

Opening and modifications

Roller coaster train ascending a steel structure
The red train ascending the 310-foot (94 m) lift hill

The first media event was held on May 11, 2000, and the ride opened to the public two days later on May 13. When it opened, it broke six world records. It was the first Giga Coaster and was the world's fastest complete-circuit roller coaster, but was later overtaken by other rides.[23][24] The ride was so popular that guests consistently waited three to four hours to board.[25] About a month after Millennium's debut, Cedar Point introduced a virtual queue system, "Ticket to Ride", which allowed visitors to buy a ticket then return later and wait in a shorter line.[26][27][25] In August, Cedar Point engaged John Hancock and Associates and Stalker Radar of Indianapolis to measure the height and speed of Millennium Force. The height was measured at 310 feet 11 inches (94.77 m), and the speed was measured at 93 miles per hour (150 km/h), slightly faster than what the park had been advertising (92 mph (148 km/h)).[28]

Before the start of the 2004 season, Millennium Force's seat belts were modified because of an incident that occurred on Superman the Ride, a similar roller coaster at Six Flags New England.[29] The new seat belts were shorter and some riders had difficulties with them.[29][30] Audio played during the ascent up the cable lift hill, but it is believed to have been removed sometime between 2004-2010.[31] While it is rumored that other audio may have been featured in the past, it is unknown. The roller coaster's layout was repainted over a three-year period, before the 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons.[32] In 2012, the park added a new LED lighting system.[33]

For the 2020 season, following the COVID-19 pandemic, timed boarding passes called "Access Passes" were used temporarily to comply with social distancing guidelines in effect at the time.[34]

Ride experience

Queue

Millennium Force's entrance is located behind the Cedar Point & Lake Erie Railroad's Millennium Midway station. The queue is situated between the ride's last overbanked turn and the station. A DJ booth was originally provided to entertain waiting visitors; the park's "Jamming DJ's" took requests for family friendly songs from people in the queue.[35] The concrete base of the booth can still be seen as of 2024.

Sign at Millennium Force entrance
Millennium Force entrance sign

About a month after Millennium's debut, Cedar Point introduced a new queue system known as "Ticket to Ride" (later Fast Lane) to reduce the wait time. Visitors could buy tickets then return later and wait in a shorter line.[26][27] This system was discontinued in 2004 after several people complained it was unfair that others were going ahead of them in line.[36] In 2012, Cedar Point introduced its Fast Lane queue system on the ride; visitors can buy a wristband which enables them to wait in a shorter line.[37] The system was tested at Kings Island the previous year, where it received positive reviews.[36]

Layout

Millennium Force covers 13 acres (5.3 ha); it runs parallel to the shoreline of Sandusky Bay, then travels to an island located inside the park. There are two tunnels, three overbanked turns and three hills.[24][38] One cycle of the ride takes approximately 2 minutes and 20 seconds.[39]

Roller coaster train coming out of a tunnel
The blue train coming out of the second tunnel

While the train is being loaded with passengers, the catch car for the cable lift descends the lift hill and latches onto the middle car underneath the train. Once the train is cleared, the cable lift immediately pulls the train up the 45-degree lift hill at 15 mph (24 km/h) to a height of 310 feet (94 m). The train then drops 300 feet (91 m) at an 80-degree angle and reaches a maximum speed of 93 mph (150 km/h) at the bottom of the hill. This is followed by a climb of 169 feet (52 m) through a right overbanked turn at 122 degrees from the horizontal axis, of which the train then travels through a tunnel as it passes over the Frontier Trail. The train proceeds over a 182-foot (55 m) parabolic hill, which provides a moment of zero gravity as it passes over a lagoon and down onto Adventure Island.

Two roller coaster hills over a lagoon
The two hills that go over the lagoon and onto the island

It completes an 87-foot (27 m), 360-degree right-handed helix,[40] followed by a 100-foot (30 m) 122-degree left overbanked turn.[40] This is followed by a small right-hand turn and another hill that leaves the island. The train then travels left through a second tunnel where the on-ride photo is taken, followed by a left turn and a small hill, passing by the queue. Finally, the train travels 68 feet (21 m) high through another right overbanked turn over the queue and is stopped by magnetic brakes. Passengers disembark the ride at an unloading station and the train moves to a second station where it is reloaded with passengers.[24][39][41]

Characteristics

Manufacturer

Millennium Force is a Giga Coaster model designed by Werner Stengel and built by Swiss manufacturer Intamin.[39] It was the first of a series of roller coasters, including Top Thrill 2—the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world in 2003—that Intamin built at Cedar Point.[42] As of 2024, Millennium Force is one of two Giga Coasters built by Intamin, the other being Pantherian at Kings Dominion.[43]

Trains

The trains seen on Millennium Force

Millennium Force operates with three fiberglass, stadium-style seating trains colored red, yellow, and blue.[38] Each train has nine cars that seat four passengers, allowing a maximum capacity of 36 people per train and 1,300 riders an hour.[39] Each seat has an individual, hydraulic, T-shaped lap bar and seat belt which rests across the rider's lap.[39] Each train weighs 19 tons.[4]

Station

The station has two platforms, one for unloading and one for loading. Two trains are loaded and unloaded while the third train is running the course. There is also a separate line in the station where riders can wait for the first seat.[44] The loading platform has red overhead lights, which are located above the train.[45] Millennium Force's theme song is played in the station while riders are boarding.[46] In 2024, 4 confirmed sets of dispatch audio were added for when a train exits the station.[47][48][49] It is also unknown whether these audio sets had previously been featured before its current installment. 2 projectors in the station were deactivated sometime in the 2000's, before being reintroduced in a new but limited fashion in 2024.[50]

Track

The steel tubular track is 6,595 feet (2,010 m) long and the lift is approximately 310 feet (94 m) high.[39] The track is blue and the supports are silver. The track consists of 229 pieces, each weighing between 11,000 and 17,000 pounds (5,000 and 7,700 kg).[4] Intamin supplied the track with hollow structural sections (HSS), which is used in all the track pieces, supports and towers. Millennium Force uses three different track shapes. The simplest sections are two-pipe track, made with two running rails connected by 6-inch (15 cm) square HSS cross-members. The ride also uses three-pipe track, which has two running rails with a backbone of round HSS, which forms a triangle. The third type of track forms a square and is considered the strongest. It has two running rails with two backbone tubes.[51] As both a high altitude and high velocity ride, Millennium Force is affected by unfavorable weather conditions such as rain, lightning or strong winds; under these conditions the ride is closed, but in light rain it can remain open.[44]

Lighting

Steel structure illuminated at night
Millennium Force, illuminated at night (2012)

When the ride opened in 2000, Cedar Point chose High End Systems, headquartered in Austin, Texas, to light the ride. Rob Decker, Cedar Point's Corporate Director of Planning & Design, said that they thought they would have to mount multiple floodlights on the tower. However, they were able to install thirty EC-1 floodlights at the base of the lift hill structure which provided lighting throughout the ride's structure. Of the six main support towers, three had six EC-1s, and three towers had four EC-1s. The three tallest towers had another unit in the middle.[52]

Over the years, the lights were not maintained and grew noticeably dimmer. In 2012, Cedar Point introduced a nighttime show, Luminosity — Ignite the Night!, to "re-energize" the park at the end of the day. New LED lights from Sunrise, Florida-based Chauvet Professional were installed to illuminate the ride. Twenty COLORado Range and ten COLORado Ridge wash lights were installed at the base of the lift hill structure.[33]

Records

When it opened in May 2000, Millennium Force broke five world records among roller coasters and utilized a relatively new magnetic braking system instead of the commonly used friction brakes.[24][38] This system enabled the use of a shorter brake run, enabling the train to slow down from 65 mph (105 km/h) to a standstill in only six seconds.[53]

Millennium Force's records as the tallest and fastest complete-circuit roller coaster were broken several months later in August when Steel Dragon 2000 opened.[54][25] It remained the tallest and fastest at Cedar Point until 2003, when the park debuted Top Thrill Dragster, the tallest and fastest roller coaster in the world.[55]

Roller coaster train on steel track
The yellow train in the second overbanked turn on the island

Roller coaster records

Millennium Force held the following records at the time of its debut:[13][38]

  • First ever complete-circuit roller coaster to top 300 feet (91 m)
  • Tallest complete-circuit roller coaster (310 feet (94 m))
  • Longest drop on a complete-circuit roller coaster (300 feet (91 m))
  • Fastest complete-circuit roller coaster (93 miles per hour (150 km/h))
  • Steepest non-inversion banked turn on a roller coaster (122°) (Half Corkscrew)

Park records

At the time of Millennium Force's debut, Cedar Point held records for the following:[13][38]

Reception

Millennium Force has one of the longest lines in the park, with passengers waiting over four hours when the ride debuted.[56] The ride received positive reactions from visitors, many of whom said it was smooth and very comfortable. Others said, "It'll scare the daylights out of you".[57] In its first six years of operation, Millennium Force had over 10 million riders.[58] By August 2012, Millennium had given more than 21 million rides.[59] Several television shows, including the Travel Channel's Extreme Terror Rides,[60] Bert the Conqueror,[61] Off Limits,[62] the Discovery Channel's Extreme Rides,[53] and the National Geographic Channel's Super Coasters[63] have featured Millennium Force. Out of over 500 roller coasters that Werner Stengel has engineered, he stated that Millennium Force is his favorite.[64] Robb Alvey, a notable roller coaster enthusiast, called it a "milestone in roller coaster history".[65]

Rankings

Millennium Force has consistently ranked high in various polls and has won numerous awards. Millennium Force and Superman the Ride (formerly Bizarro) at Six Flags New England held the top two places in the Golden Ticket Awards from 2001 to 2015, and Millennium has continued to rank among the top three steel roller coasters since then. In the Travel Channel's Insane Coaster Wars, Millennium Force was voted the "fan favorite" in the Extreme Heights and The Top 10 categories.[65][66] In 2013, Time ranked Millennium Force as the top roller coaster in the United States.[67]

Golden Ticket Awards: Top steel Roller Coasters
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024
Ranking 2[68] 1[69] 1[70] 2[71] 1[72] 1[64] 2[73] 2[74] 2[75] 2[76] 1[77] 1[78] 1[59] 1[79] 1[80] 1[81] 2[82] 2[83] 2[84] 2[85] 2[86] 3[87] 2[88] 4[89]
NAPHA Survey: Favorite Steel Roller Coaster
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Ranking 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 1[90] 2[90]

Incidents

Main article: Incidents at Six Flags parks

On September 2, 2001, the cable used to haul trains up the lift broke during a morning test run, resulting in the stranding of 30 park employees at the top of the coaster's lift hill 275 feet (84 m) above ground. It took about an hour for all employees to be brought down.[91]

In July 2023, a duck flew into a moving train and reportedly became trapped between a seat and a portion of the ride train. The duck was removed by a guest, who turned it over to Guest Services, and the duck was later turned over to wildlife rehabilitation services.[92]

References

  1. ^ "Rider Height Requirements". Cedar Point. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  2. ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders  (Statistic: Height)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  3. ^ Marden, Duane. "Record Holders  (Statistic: Speed)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Fast Facts About Building Cedar Point's Millennium Force". Ultimate Roller Coaster. March 9, 2000. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  5. ^ Schmidt, Walt (May 4, 1998). "300 ft. B&M?". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  6. ^ Schmidt, Walt (July 17, 1999). "More Screamscape rumors". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  7. ^ Schmidt, Walt (June 17, 1999). "Millennium rumor control". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  8. ^ "Millennium Force Trademark". Legal Force. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  9. ^ Schmidt, Walt (July 4, 1999). ""Millennium Force" rumors and more". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  10. ^ Schmidt, Walt (July 7, 1999). "New coaster track confirmed!". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Cedar Point plans world's tallest coaster". The Bryan Times. July 22, 1999. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  12. ^ a b Weiss, Kristopher (August 1, 1999). "Cedar Point unveils ride of 2000". Chillicothe Gazette. p. 17. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c "New Cedar Point coaster to hit 92 mph". News Herald. July 23, 1999. p. 8. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  14. ^ "Cedar Point coaster fulfills expectations". Toledo Blade. July 21, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  15. ^ Kraft, Randy (August 8, 1999). "Cedar Point A Top Contender In The Roller-coaster Wars". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  16. ^ "Superman stands up to Millennium Force". USA Today. August 6, 1999. ProQuest 408812449. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "310-Foot-Tall "Giga-Coaster" Nears End Of Construction". Ultimate Roller Coaster. March 9, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  18. ^ Bates, Kim (July 23, 1999). "Coaster to toast record". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  19. ^ "Cedar Point plans to build world's tallest roller coaster". The Vindicator. July 23, 1999. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  20. ^ Schmidt, Walt (October 12, 1999). "2000 Changes ramp up". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  21. ^ "Chief executive appointed by Mosser Construction". Toledo Blade. December 19, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  22. ^ "Cedar Point Tops Off World's Tallest Roller Coaster". Ultimate Roller Coaster. January 5, 2000. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  23. ^ "PointBuzz history". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d "Cedar Point To Build World's Tallest Roller Coaster". Ultimate Roller Coaster. July 22, 1999. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  25. ^ a b c Cobb, Ron (July 29, 2001). "Coaster Capital". Dayton Daily News. pp. 171, 172. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  26. ^ a b "System tested to reduce Millennium Force wait". Toledo Blade. June 27, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Sottili, Carol (July 26, 2000). "14 Hours, 2 Flights, 1 Monster Coaster". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  28. ^ Schmidt, Walt (August 16, 2000). "Millennium Force official stats revealed". PointBuzz. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
  29. ^ a b "Cedar Point Snugs up Safety Belts". WTOL. May 20, 2004. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  30. ^ "Cedar Point Puts Size Limit On Coaster Riders". WEWS-TV. May 20, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  31. ^ Cubistic Mage (September 25, 2013). the roller coasters of cedar point. Retrieved October 22, 2024 – via YouTube. (23:45 - 24:14)
  32. ^ Haidet, Ryan (April 27, 2012). "Cedar Point: Warm offseason boosts new projects". WKYC. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  33. ^ a b "CHAUVET® Professional Takes Cedar Point Guests on Colorful Rides". Chauvet Professional. September 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  34. ^ Glaser, Susan (July 8, 2020). "Cedar Point opening day preview: Face masks, social distancing, HalloWeekends and more". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  35. ^ "Jamming DJ's at Cedar Point". Cedar Point. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
  36. ^ a b Glaser, Susan (July 30, 2011). "Amusement parks offer different ways of letting people skip long lines". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  37. ^ Glaser, Susan (April 28, 2012). "Pay to get in the Fast Lane and you'll wait less at Cedar Point: close to home". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  38. ^ a b c d e "Millennium Force Fact Sheet". Ultimate Roller Coaster. 1999. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Marden, Duane. "Millennium Force  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  40. ^ a b "Newsmagazines, movies rule the roost". The Bryan Times. July 24, 1999. Retrieved November 29, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Official Millennium Force POV". YouTube. 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  42. ^ "New Cedar Point ride to be tallest and fastest". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 2003. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  43. ^ Marden, Duane. "Giga Coaster  (Search)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  44. ^ a b "Ride policies and Procedures". Cedar Point. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  45. ^ Borgen, Andrew (September 11, 2009). "Cedar Point — Millennium Force Station". Flickr. Archived from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  46. ^ "Millennium Force Theme / Station Music". YouTube. January 2010. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  47. ^ Valley Thrills (August 15, 2024). Cedar Point Millennium Force Off-Ride Footage (No Copyright). Retrieved October 22, 2024 – via YouTube. "Go Full Force", "Greatest Thrill Ride Ever", and "At the Turn of the Millennium, There Were Signs" are featured.
  48. ^ Brian Connors (August 28, 2024). Millennium Force Cedar Point (off ride 2024). Retrieved October 22, 2024 – via YouTube. "At the Turn of the Millennium, There Were Signs" is featured.
  49. ^ CP Rundown (July 8, 2024). Millennium Force got new lights in the station!. Retrieved October 22, 2024 – via YouTube. "Greatest Thrill Ride Ever" is featured
  50. ^ CP Rundown (July 8, 2024). Millennium Force got new lights in the station!. Retrieved October 22, 2024 – via YouTube.
  51. ^ "HSS: Designs for the 21st century" (PDF). Steel Tube Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  52. ^ "HES Scales New Heights by Lighting the Millennium Force". High End Systems. Archived from the original on February 15, 2004. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  53. ^ a b "Extreme Rides 1". Extreme Rides. 2001. Discovery Channel.
  54. ^ "New Japanese coaster may top Cedar Point ride". Toledo Blade. August 2, 2000. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  55. ^ "New Cedar Point ride to be tallest and fastest". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 11, 2003. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  56. ^ "Riding High in Ohio". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. July 1, 2001. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  57. ^ Bocella, Kathy (June 18, 2000). "Millennium Force coaster reaches new heights on record-setting track". The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  58. ^ "Millennium Force". Ultimate Roller Coaster. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  59. ^ a b "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 16 (6.2): 36–37. September 2012.
  60. ^ "Extreme Terror Rides". Extreme. Season 1. Episode 5. Travel Channel.
  61. ^ "Cedar Point". Bert the Conqueror. Season 1. Episode 2. Travel Channel. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  62. ^ "Death-defying roller coasters". Off Limits. Season 2. Episode 4. Travel Channel. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  63. ^ "Millennium Force". Super Coasters. National Geographic Channel.
  64. ^ a b "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26–27B. September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  65. ^ a b "The Top 10". Insane Coaster Wars. Season 1. Episode 7. Travel Channel. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  66. ^ "Extreme Heights". Insane Coaster Wars. Season 1. Episode 5. Travel Channel. Archived from the original on February 12, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  67. ^ Taylor, Ben (September 19, 2013). "The Top 10 Roller Coasters in the U.S." Time. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  68. ^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. August 2000.
  69. ^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  70. ^ "Top 25 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 7B. September 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  71. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 14–15B. September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  72. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 18–19B. September 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2007.
  73. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today: 26–27B. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  74. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 11 (6.2): 36–37. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  75. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 12 (6.2): 36–37. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  76. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 13 (6.2): 32–33. September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  77. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 14 (6.2): 34–35. September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  78. ^ "Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 15 (6.2): 38–39. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  79. ^ "2013 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 17 (6.2): 34–35. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013.
  80. ^ "2014 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 18 (6.2): 46–47. September 2014.
  81. ^ "2015 Top 50 steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. 19 (6.2): 49–50. September 2015.
  82. ^ "2016 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2016.
  83. ^ "2017 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2017.
  84. ^ "2018 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2018.
  85. ^ "2019 Top 50 Steel Coasters". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2019.
  86. ^ "2021 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021.
  87. ^ "2022 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2022. Archived from the original on September 12, 2022.
  88. ^ "2023 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Amusement Today. 27 (6.2): 66–70. September 2023. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023.
  89. ^ "2024 Golden Ticket Award Winners". Golden Ticket Awards. Amusement Today. September 2024. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024.
  90. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "NAPHA 2005–2017 Survey Results". National Amusement Park Historical Association. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  91. ^ "Cedar Point coaster closed for Labor Day". The Newark Advocate. September 4, 2001. p. 7. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  92. ^ WTVG Staff; Riet, Emily Van de (July 13, 2023). "Duck goes for a ride on Cedar Point roller coaster that reaches 93 mph". www.wsaz.com. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millennium Force.
Preceded by World's tallest complete circuit roller coaster
May 2000 – August 2000 		Succeeded by
Preceded by World's fastest complete circuit roller coaster
May 2000 – August 2000