Meratus Dayak

Not to be confused with Ukit people.
Meratus
Dayak Meratus
Lithography by Carl Bock made in 1879 and 1880 about his experiences traveling in eastern and southern Borneo, from Kutai to Banjarmasin in "Orang Bukit from Afdeeling Amoentai" and "Dayak woman from Longwai" written by him.
Total population
56,000 (est.2000)
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia:
South Kalimantan (35,383)
Languages
Bukit Malay, Banjarese, and Indonesian
Religion
Kaharingan
Related ethnic groups
Banjar, Dayak, Ngaju

The Meratus or Meratus Dayak is an ethnic group that inhabits the Meratus Mountains of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Banjar Kuala people would refer the Meratus people as Urang Baiju or Dayak Baiju, as they consider them to be the same as the Ngaju people. While the Banjar Hulu Sungai people would call the Meratus people as Urang Bukit, Dayak Bukit or Dayak Buguet.[1][2]

Naming

A Meratus Dayak's name changes over the course of his or her life. Children have "body names" (ngaran badan) that are not usually used after adolescence. When they have children, men and women acquire teknonyms (ngaran ba'anak). For a man this name is Ma X or Pa'an X, where X is the name of one of his children, or sometimes another word. For a woman it is Induan X or Dun X, depending on which part of the Meratus area she lives in. Older men become Awat X (grandfather of X) and older women become Apih X.[3]

Language

Local Meratus Dayak dialects are closely related linguistically to both Indonesian (the national language), and to the Banjar language. Most Meratus Dayak can speak Banjar and Indonesian since government administrators conduct business in Indonesian and trade with the Banjar people is conducted in Banjar.

Sub-ethnics

The Meratus people are divided into several sub-ethnics including:-

  • Dayak Pitap people
  • Dayak Alai people
    • Dayak Labuhan people
    • Dayak Atiran people
    • Dayak Kiyu people
    • Dayak Juhu people
  • Dayak Hantakan (Dayak Bukit) people
  • Dayak Labuan Amas people
  • Dayak Loksado (Dayak Amandit) people
  • Dayak Harakit (Dayak Tapin) people
  • Dayak Paramasan people
  • Dayak Kayu Tangi people
  • Dayak Bangkalaan people
  • Dayak Sampanahan people
  • Dayak Riam Adungan people
  • Dayak Bajuin people
  • Dayak Sembamban Baru people
  • and many more

Culture

Dance

  • Gintur Dadas dance, a ritualistic dance practiced by the Dayak Meratus Halong people to summon ancestral spirits.[4]
  • Batandik, a dance performed to summon ancestral spirits during the Aruh Baharin ritual.[5]

Rituals

  • Aruh Baharin, a ritual also practiced by the Buddhist majority Dayak Balanghan people to close the paddy farming season after the completion of harvesting the field.[5]

Economy

Meratus Dayak are primarily farmers, and rice is the main crop. Rice cultivation occurs in swiddens (cleared portions of the forest). Swiddens are usually cultivated for a few years, then the forest is allowed to regenerate when the farmers move to a different swidden location to farm. The farmers may return to a swidden, although there is usually at least 15 years between leaving and returning to a swidden.[6]

Meratus people also collect forest products and trade with Banjar at markets outside the mountains. In these transactions Banjar typically act as middle men between the Meratus and other traders.

Social organization

Most Meratus live and farm in umbun which are also considered the primary social units among the Meratus Dayak. Umbun are founded by a man and a woman, usually a married couple, but sometimes also a brother and sister, a widow and her adult son, or other male-female pairs. Umbun also embrace a variety of dependents who have not yet founded their own umbun, including children and recently married, disabled, and widowed adults. The founding pair is responsible for the umbun.[3][7] Some Meratus have also been moved into villages by government resettlement programs. The Meratus are classified as a "semi-nomadic" isolated tribe,[8] and are the target of government development programs as such.

References

  1. ^ The Monthly Repository (And Review). Universitas Oxford. 1822.
  2. ^ Johannes Jacobus Ras (1966). Hikajat Bandjar: A Study In Malay Historiography. Hans Ras. OCLC 1207982.
  3. ^ a b Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing (1993). In the Realm of the Diamond Queen: Marginality in an Out-of-the-way Place. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-6910-0051-4.
  4. ^ "Inilah Tarian Khas Dayak Meratus Halong, Tarian Memanggil Roh". Pro Kalsel. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  5. ^ a b Ahmad Fauzi (27 November 2015). "Tarian Mistik Dayak Balanghan". National Geographic Indonesia. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  6. ^ Priyantono Oemar (2 November 2013). "Menanam Padi di Meratus, Panen Hari Ini untuk Kebutuhan Belasan Tahun Nanti". Republika. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  7. ^ Victor T. King; William D. Wilder (2003). The Modern Anthropology of South-East Asia: An Introduction. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-4152-9751-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Tim Lewis (4 March 2011). "The Dayak Meratus". Handcrafted Films. Retrieved 2016-11-05.

Further reading