Consulting services that help organizations to improve their performance
Management consulting is the practice of providing consulting services to organizations to improve their performance or in any how to assist in achieving organizational objectives. Organizations may draw upon the services of management consultants for a number of reasons, including gaining external (and presumably objective) advice and accessing consultants' specialized expertise regarding concerns that call for additional oversight.[1]
As a result of their exposure and relationships with numerous organizations, consulting firms are typically aware of industry "best practices".[2] However, the specific nature of situations under consideration may limit the ability or appropriateness of transferring such practices from one organization to another. Management consulting is an additional service to internal management functions and, for various legal and practical reasons, may not be seen as a replacement for internal management. Unlike interim management, management consultants do not become part of the organization to which they provide services.[3][4][5]
Consultancies provide organizational change management assistance, development of coaching skills, process analysis, technology implementation, strategy development, or operational improvement services. Management consultants often bring their own proprietary methodologies or frameworks to guide the identification of problems and to serve as the basis for recommendations with a view to more effective or efficient ways of performing work tasks.[3]
Management consulting grew with the rise of management, as a unique field of study.[1] One of the first management consulting firms was Arthur D. Little Inc., founded in 1886 as a partnership, and later incorporated in 1909.[9] Although Arthur D. Little later became a general management consultancy, it originally specialized in technical research.[10]
As Arthur D. Little focused on technical research for the first few years, the first management consultancy was that of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who in 1893 opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Consulting Engineer – Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". By inventing Scientific Management, also known as Taylor's method, Frederick Winslow Taylor invented the first method of organizing work, spawning the careers of many more management consultants. For example, one of Taylor's early collaborators, Morris Llewellyn Cooke, opened his own management consultancy in 1905. Taylor's method was used worldwide until industry switched to a method invented by W. Edwards Deming.[citation needed]
The initial period of growth in the consulting industry was triggered by the Glass–Steagall Banking Act in the 1930s, and was driven by demand for advice on finance, strategy and organization.[11] From the 1950s onwards, consultancies expanded their activities considerably in the United States, and also opened offices in Europe and later in Asia and South America.
The industry experienced significant growth in the 1980s and 1990s, gaining considerable importance in relation to national gross domestic product.
A period of significant growth in the early 1980s was driven by demand for strategy and organization consultancies. The wave of growth in the 1990s was driven by both strategy and information technology advice. In the second half of the 1980s, the big accounting firms entered the IT consulting segment. The then Big Eight, now Big Four, accounting firms (PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, Ernst & Young and Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu) had always offered advice in addition to their traditional services, but after the late 1980s these activities became increasingly important in relation to the maturing market of accounting and auditing. By the mid-1990s these firms had outgrown those service providers focusing on corporate strategy and organization. While three of the Big Four legally divided the different service lines after the Enron scandal and the ensuing breakdown of Arthur Andersen, they are now back in the consulting business. In 2000, Andersen Consulting broke off from Arthur Andersen and announced their new name Accenture.[16] The name change was effective starting January 1, 2001, and Accenture is currently the largest consulting firm in the world in employee headcount.[17] They are publicly traded on the NYSE with ticker ACN.[18]
The industry stagnated in 2001 before recovering after 2003 and then enjoying a period of sustained double-digit annual revenue growth until the financial crisis of 2007–2008. As financial services and government were two of the largest spenders on consulting services, the financial crash and the resulting public sector austerity drives hit consulting revenues hard. In some markets such as the UK there was a recession in the consulting industry, something which had never happened before or since. There has been a gradual recovery in the consulting industry's growth rate in the intervening years, with a current trend towards a clearer segmentation of management consulting firms. In recent years, management consulting firms actively recruit top graduates from Ivy League universities, Rhodes Scholars,[19] and students from top MBA programs.[10]
In more recent times, traditional management consulting firms have had to face increasing challenges from disruptive online marketplaces that are aiming to cater to the increasing number of freelance management consulting professionals.[20]
Function
The functions of consulting services are commonly broken down into eight task categories.[21] Consultants can function as bridges for information and knowledge, and external consultants can provide these bridging services more economically than client firms themselves.[22] Consultants can be engaged proactively, without significant external enforcement, and reactively, with external pressure.[23] Proactive consultant engagement is engaged mainly with aim to find hidden weak spots and improve performance, while the reactive consultant engagement is mostly aimed at solving problems identified by external stakeholders.[24][25]
Marvin Bower, McKinsey's long-term director, has mentioned the benefits of a consultant's externality, that they have varied experience outside the client company.[26]
Management consulting could be classified into two categories:[citation needed]
Management consulting often involves a mix of both of these categories. In the modern economic environment, management consulting firms are typically classified under the umbrella term of corporate serviceproviders.[citation needed]
Consultants have specialized skills on tasks that would involve high internal coordination costs for clients, such as organization-wide changes or the implementation of information technology. In addition, because of economies of scale, consultants' focus on and experience in gathering information across markets and industries enables a higher cost-efficiency than if clients were to perform research themselves.[27][28]
The Big Four audit firms (Deloitte, KPMG, PwC, Ernst & Young) have been working in the strategy consulting market since 2010.[30] In 2013, Deloitte acquired Monitor Group—now Monitor Deloitte—while PwC acquired PRTM in 2011 and Booz & Company in 2013—now Strategy&. From 2010 to 2013, several Big Four firms have tried to acquire Roland Berger.[31] EY followed the trend, with acquisitions of The Parthenon Group in 2014, and both the BeNeLux and French businesses of OC&C in 2016 and 2017, with all now under the EY-Parthenon brand.[32] OC&C Strategy Consultants still independently operates 14 offices in over 10 countries, and is commonly referenced as a top consulting firm.[33]
Deloitte has been named as the largest consulting firm for six years running as per Gartner's annual consulting report.[34] Deloitte Consulting is broken up into five practices: Strategy, Analytics and M&A, Customer & Marketing, Core Business Operations, Human Capital, Enterprise Technology & Performance.[35] They have been ranked #4 on Vault's 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 rankings for consulting firms.[36]
In 2013, an article in Harvard Business Review discussed the prevalent trends within the consulting industry to evolve. The authors noted that with knowledge being democratized and information becoming more and more accessible to anyone, the role of management consultants is rapidly changing. Moreover, with more online platforms that connect business executives to relevant consultants, the role of the traditional 'firm' is being questioned.[37]
In the UK, the use of external management consultants within government has sometimes been contentious due to perceptions of variable value for money. For instance, from 1997 to 2006, the UK government reportedly spent £20 billion on management consultants,[38] raising questions in the House of Commons as to the returns upon such investment.[39]
The UK has also experimented with providing longer-term use of management consultancy techniques provided internally, particularly to the high-demand consultancy arenas of local government and the National Health Service; the Local Government Association's Improvement and Development Agency and the public health national support teams; both generated positive feedback at cost levels considered a fraction of what external commercial consultancy input would have incurred.[citation needed]
Romania
In 2011, the Romanian management consulting industry began to re-initiate growth after a period of economic stagnation. At the end of 2010, a majority of Romania's management consultancies had experienced declining profits and by the end of 2011 about 70% of them had noted shrinking bottom lines. The years 2010 and 2011 represented an important test for many Romanian consulting firms according to a European Federation of Management Consultancies Associations (FEACO) study.[40]
In 2015, Romanian management consulting had a turnover of 350 Mln. € and an export of 10% of the overall turnover, 75% within the EU and 25% outside. The local leader of the Romanian management consulting market is Ensight Management Consulting.[41][42]
Australia
New South Wales government
In 1988, the newly elected Greiner State Government commissioned a report into the State Rail Authority by Booz Allen Hamilton. The resulting report recommended up to 8,000 job losses, including the withdrawal of staff from 94 country railway stations, withdrawing services on the Nyngan- Bourke line, Queanbeyan – Cooma line and Glen Innes- Wallangarra line, the discontinuation of several country passenger services (the Canberra XPT, the Silver City Comet to Broken Hill and various diesel locomotive hauled services) and the removal of sleeper trains from services to Brisbane and Melbourne. The report also recommended the removal of all country passenger services and small freight operations, but the government did not consider this to be politically feasible.[43] The SRA was divided into business units – CityRail, responsible for urban railways; CountryLink, responsible for country passenger services; Freight Rail, responsible for freight services; and Rail Estate, responsible for rail property.
PwC's biggest Australian client was the Australian federal government, the firm has been awarded more than AUD$537 million in Commonwealth contracts in the past two years to June 2023.[44]
In June 2023, PwC announced a new Australian chief executive and confirmed it would divest itself of all government work in Australia by spinning off a new company for $1 after an Australian Senate committee found that had engaged in a "calculated" breach of trust by using confidential government information to help clients avoid tax.[45][46] A senior PwC partner used secret information about government plans to tax multinational companies, worked out a way to get around them and sold the plan to those companies, making millions of dollars in fees. PwC responded by sacking 8 senior partners and replacing their Australian chief executive.[47]
Australian Treasurer Jim Chalmers called the revelations a "shocking breach of trust".[48]
A former KPMG partner urged the Australian government to consider a royal commission into the consulting industry and to formally ban firms that breach legal and ethical standards.[49]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the government has historically greater role in providing some infrastructure and services than in some other countries. Contributing reasons included insufficient scale in the private sector, smaller capital markets and historic political support for government service provision. Current infrastructure investment plans are open to a range of public/private partnerships.[50] New Zealand governments hire in expertise to complement the advice of professional public servants. While management consultants contribute to policy and to strategy development, the Government tends to use management consultants for strategic review and for strategy execution. There is a distinction[51] between management consultants (who generally provide advice and fixed deliverables, often for a fixed fee) and professional contractors (who work for an hourly or daily rate providing specialist services). Official figures from 2007 to 2009 show annual expenditure of about NZ$150 to NZ$180 Million by the New Zealand Government on consultants, but this may be understated.[52][need quotation to verify] While multinational consultancy firms provide advice on major projects and in specialist areas, the majority of management consultants providing advice to the New Zealand government operate as sole practitioners or as members of small consultancy practices. The range of services provided is large, covering change management, strategic review, project and program management, procurement, organizational design, etc.
Many firms outside of the Big Three offer management consulting services to nonprofits, philanthropies, and mission-driven organizations. Some, but not all, are nonprofits themselves.[54][55]
Liability
As with all client-contractor work, liability depends heavily on the subject of contract terms. While the management consulting service provider for obvious reasons has a business reputation to protect, legally there is little protection for the client.[citation needed] This is due to the scope of the contract being the only thing subject to potential insurance claims as well as lawsuits.
As with other client-contractor relationships, settling for liabilities that exist outside the scope of the contract deliverables has been proven to be of considerable difficulty,[56] also in management consulting.[57] For this reason, it is important that clients procuring management consulting services think twice about what type of help they need, so that the scope, length and content of contract reflects such need.[58]
Criticism
Management consultants are sometimes criticized for the overuse of buzzwords, reliance on and propagation of management fads, and a failure to develop plans that are executable by the client. As stated above, management consulting is an unregulated profession; anyone or any company can style themselves as management consultants. A number of critical books about management consulting argue that the mismatch between management consulting advice and the ability of executives to actually create the change suggested results in substantial damages to existing businesses.[59] In his book, Flawed Advice and the Management Trap, Chris Argyris believes that much of the advice given today has real merit. However, a close examination shows that most advice given today contains gaps and inconsistencies that may prevent positive outcomes in the future.[60]
Ichak Adizes and coauthors also criticize the timing of consultant services. Client organizations, which are usually lacking the knowledge they want to obtain from the consultant, cannot correctly estimate the right timing for an engagement of consultants. Consultants are usually engaged too late when problems become visible to the top of the client's organizational pyramid. A proactive checkup, like a regular medical checkup, is recommended.[61] On the other side, this opens additional danger for abuse from disreputable practitioners.
International standards
ISO published the international standard ISO 20700Guidelines for Management Consultancy Services on June 1, 2017, replacing EN 16114.
This document represents the first international standard for the management consultancy industry.[62]
^Kipping, M. 2002. "Trapped in their wave: the evolution of management consultancies," in T. Clark and R. Fincham (eds.). Critical Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry. Oxford: Blackwell, 28–49.
^Christensen, Clayton M.; Wang, Dina; Bever, Derek van (October 2013). "Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
^Turner, A. N. 1982. "Consulting is more than giving advice," Harvard Business Review 60/5: 120-9.
^Bessant, J., and H. Rush 1995. "Building bridges for innovation: the role of consultants in technology transfer," Research Policy 24: 97-114.
^Bower, M. 1982. The Will to Manage. New York: McGraw-Hill.
^Bessant, John; Rush, Howard (January 1995). "Building bridges for innovation: the role of consultants in technology transfer". Research Policy. 24 (1): 97–114. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(93)00751-e. ISSN0048-7333.
^Christensen, Clayton M.; Wang, Dina; Bever, Derek van (October 2013). "Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
^Madigan, Charles; O'Shea, James (1997). Dangerous Company: The Consulting Powerhouses and the Businesses They Save and Ruin. New York: Crown Business. ISBN0-8129-2634-X.
Compositions in Dasam Granth and Sarbloh Granth Khalsa Mahimaਖਾਲਸਾ ਮਹਿਮਾDasam Granth and Sarbloh Granth← 33 Savaiye (Dasam Granth)Shastar Nam Mala (Dasam Granth) →Khalsa Mehima composition from the Patna Missal Dasam Granth manuscript from 1765 CEInformationReligionSikhismAuthorGuru Gobind SinghVersesFour stanzas Part of a series on theDasam Granthਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ Main compositions Jaap Sahib Akal Ustat Bachitar Natak Chandi Charitar 1 Chandi Charitar 2…
Suburb of Inverell Shire, New South Wales, AustraliaMyall CreekNew South WalesMyall CreekCoordinates29°46′45″S 150°42′52″E / 29.7792°S 150.7145°E / -29.7792; 150.7145Population38 (2016 census)[1]Postcode(s)2403Location 27.5 km (17 mi) ENE of Bingara 115 km (71 mi) W of Glen Innes 179 km (111 mi) N of Tamworth 591 km (367 mi) N of Sydney LGA(s) Inverell Shire Gwydir ShireState electorate(s)Northern Tablelands…
Regulations to reduce increases in housing rents Rent control redirects here. For other uses, see Rent control (disambiguation). Part of a series onLiving spaces MainHouse (detached) • Apartment • Housing projects • Human outpost • Tenement • Condominium • Mixed-use development (live-work) • Hotel • Hostel (travellers' hotel) • Castles • Public housing • Squat • Flophouse • Green home • Shack • Slum • Shanty town IssuesAffordability • Executive housing • Envir…
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …
Italian volleyball player (born 1981) Emanuele BirarelliPersonal informationNationalityItalianBorn (1981-02-08) 8 February 1981 (age 43)Senigallia, ItalyHeight2.02 m (6 ft 8 in)Weight95 kg (209 lb)Spike340 cm (134 in)Block316 cm (124 in)Volleyball informationPositionMiddle blockerCurrent teamSir Safety PerugiaNumber18Career YearsTeams 1995–1999Pallavolo Falconara1999–2000Bottega Colbordolo2000–2002Pallavolo Falconara2002–2003Dorica Pallav…
Former pan-European cable and satellite music television channel (1984–1987) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Music Box TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel Music BoxCountryEuropeBroadcast ar…
Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України Тип військове формуванняЗасновано 1992Країна Україна Емблема управління Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України — структурний підрозділ Генерального штабу Збройних сил України призначений для плануван…
75th United States Attorney General (born 1931) Edwin Meese75th United States Attorney GeneralIn officeFebruary 25, 1985 – August 12, 1988[1]PresidentRonald ReaganPreceded byWilliam French SmithSucceeded byDick ThornburghCounselor to the PresidentIn officeJanuary 20, 1981 – February 25, 1985PresidentRonald ReaganPreceded byRobert T. HartmannJohn Otho Marsh Jr. (1977)Succeeded byClayton Yeutter (1992) Personal detailsBornEdwin Meese III (1931-12-02) December 2, 1931 …
Indian reservation in Washington, United States Ethnic group Confederated Tribesof the Chehalis ReservationChehalis coiled cedar root basket, collection of the Washington State History MuseumTotal population833 enrolled members[1]Regions with significant populations United States ( Washington)LanguagesEnglish and formerly Upper and Lower Chehalis languages[2]Religiontraditional tribal religion The Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation is a federally recognized…
Canada-related events during the year of 1880 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1880 in Canada – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ← 1879 1878 1877 1880 in Canada → 1881 1882 1883 Decades: 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900…
Whig conversation club founded in 1798 This article contains too many or overly lengthy quotations. Please help summarize the quotations. Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource. (June 2022) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (September 2012…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1970 in the United States – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2014) List of events ← 1969 1968 1967 1970 in the United Stat…
American politician For other people named Robert Elliott, see Robert Elliott (disambiguation). Robert Brown ElliottMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1871 – November 1, 1874Preceded bySolomon L. HogeSucceeded byLewis C. CarpenterSouth Carolina Attorney GeneralIn officeDecember 14, 1876 – May 29, 1877GovernorContested between Daniel Henry Chamberlain and Wade Hampton IIIPreceded bySamuel W. MeltonSucceeded byJam…
First member by precedence of the Roman Senate Politics of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom753–509 BC Roman Republic509–27 BC Roman Empire27 BC – AD 395 Principate27 BC – AD 284 DominateAD 284–641 WesternAD 395–476 EasternAD 395–1453 Timeline Constitution Kingdom Republic Sullan republic Empire Augustan reforms Late Empire Political institutions Imperium Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Ordinary magistrates Con…
2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Arkansas ← 2000 November 5, 2002 (2002-11-05) 2004 → All 4 Arkansas seats to the United States House of Representatives Majority party Minority party Party Democratic Republican Last election 3 1 Seats won 3 1 Seat change Popular vote 392,086 283,739 Percentage 57.0% 41.2% Congressional district resultsCounty results Democratic 50–60% 60–70% …
This is a List of honorary citizens of Skopje North Macedonia. *[1] Name Photo Year of Awarding Ivan Ribar 7 May 1921 Josip Broz Tito 13 November 1946 Władysław Gomułka 16 November 1965 Józef Cyrankiewicz 16 November 1965 Olav V of Norway 7 September 1966 U Thant 30 August 1970 Mother Teresa 27 June 1980 Frenk Munning 26 July 1983 Umberto Vatani 17 October 2005 Sharik Tarа 30 November 2005 Christopher R. Hill 26 July 2008 Lawrence Eagleburger 26 July 2008 Thorvald Stoltenberg 26 Jul…
Romance language Português redirects here. For the cigarette brand, see Português (cigarette). For the gold coin, see Português (coin). PortugueseportuguêsPronunciation[puɾtuˈɣeʃ], [poʁtuˈɡe(j)s]Native toPortugal, Brazil, Lusophone Africa, and other locations in the LusosphereSpeakersNative: 260 million (2012–2020)[1]L2: 35 million (2018–2020)[1]Total: 300 million[1]Language familyIndo-European ItalicLatino-FaliscanLatinRom…
2022 single by Regard and Years & Years HallucinationSingle by Regard and Years & Yearsfrom the album Night Call LanguageEnglishReleased18 February 2022 (2022-02-18)Genre Disco-pop synth-pop Length2:54LabelMinistry of SoundSongwriter(s) Regard Olly Alexander Jean-Jacques Goldman Joel Little Nadia Mladjao Stéfane Goldman Producer(s)RegardRegard singles chronology Signals (2021) Hallucination (2022) No Love For You (2022) Olly Alexander singles chronology Sweet Talk…