Luis García Guijarro

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Guijarro.
Luis García Guijarro
Born
Luis García Guijarro

1883[1]
Valencia, Spain
Died1974
Madrid, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationcivil servant
Known forpolitician, official
Political partyCarlism, PCT, PSP, UP, DRV, FET

Luis García Guijarro (1883–1974) was a Spanish politician and civil servant. Initially he was active within Carlism, then he joined the breakaway Mellistas, settled well in the Primo de Rivera regime, emerged as a key Derecha Regional Valenciana leader within CEDA, and eventually merged within the Francoist structures. He was elected to the Cortes in 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1933 and 1936, though his 1920 ticket has been annulled. His career of civil servant climaxed with the short-lived 1931 nomination to director general of the Customs Office. Between 1916 and 1951 during short strings he served as either consul or commercial attaché in Hamburg, Damascus, Newcastle, Managua, Boston, again Damascus and Washington; in 1935–1936 he was the Spanish minister plenipotentiary to Czechoslovakia. He held also numerous minor jobs in central administration and abroad. Throughout most of his career García Guijarro was an active lobbyist on part of the Valencian orange industry.

Family and youth

Pego, present view

There is nothing known about distant ancestors of Luis García Guijarro; none of the sources consulted provides any information which branch of the Levantine Garcías he descended from. The only forebear identified was his father,[2] Luis García Andreu (1847[2]-1910[3]). In 1877 he was appointed registrador de la propiedad, an official close to the real estate notary; at the time he was posted to the town of Pego, in the province of Alicante.[4] Either in 1878 or a year later he married Josefa Guijarro Mendoza[5] (1857–1926);[6] almost nothing is known about her except that she was very pious.[7] Some contemporary press[8] and present-day sources alike[9] claim that Luis descended from the family of Aparisi Guijarro or even that he was a nephew of the great Traditionalist thinker, Antonio Aparisi Guijarro; however, no details are provided and along the matriline his grandfather was an unrelated Fernando Guijarro Estupiñan.[10]

Luis García Andreu and Josefa Guijarro Mendoza settled in Pego. He kept ascending along the professional path; though he performed the same role of property registrar until death, Luis García kept moving to larger and more prestigious locations. In 1886 he was nominated registrador de la propiedad in Yecla,[11] a city in the neighboring province of Murcia, where he served during the following 9 or 10 years; at the time he acted also as the Yecla representative of Unión de Propietarios Vinícolas de España and a “propietario” himself.[12] Either in 1895[13] or 1896[14] the family moved to the coastal city of Gandia (Valencia province), where Luis kept serving as the registrar. He became a well known local personality; apart from official role he was also in executive of the Gandian Casa de Ahorros[15] and remained an active correspondent of numerous Catholic newspapers and periodicals;[3] none of his articles has been identified and it seems he published under a pen-name. The couple had 7 children,[16] Luis born as the second one and the oldest son.[17]

Valencia University, 1911
Valencia University, 1911

The young Luis spent childhood in Yecla and early teens in Gandia. At unspecified time prior to 1902 he entered the faculty of law at the University of Valencia[18] and was an active student.[19] He double majored in law[20] and philosophy/letters.[21] In 1906 he applied for the chair of historia de España Antigua y media in Seville, but nothing is known about him assuming the job.[22] In 1908 he received a governmental grant enabling further research abroad;[23] first he studied in France at Sorbonne and in Toulouse,[24] and then between 1909[25] and 1910[26] in the United States at Yale, where he focused on social sciences.[27] Having returned he was admitted as auxiliar interino at the faculty of philosophy and letters at Universidad Central in Madrid.[28] At unspecified time though after 1919 he married Lucila Gómez Sisniega (1896–1927), previously employed as “modista”.[29] The couple settled in Madrid; they had no children.[30] In 1946 García Guijarro remarried with Anastacia Ramos Díaz (1914–2005).[31] Their only child, Luis García-Guijarro Ramos,[32] is professor of medieval history at the University of Zaragoza.[33]

Early public activity

in his late 20s
in his late 20s

García Guijarro's father was a vehement and die-hard Carlist; during the Third Carlist War he managed a local periodical El Volante de la Guerra,[34] contributed to another one titled El Católico, and according to some sources he was co-responsible for executions in Valles, where he reportedly acted as the representative of Carlos VII.[35] Also 25 years later, in the late 1890s, he was referred to as "carlista enragé".[36] The young Luis inherited political preferences from his father and in his early 20s used to publish under pen-names in the Carlist semi-official mouthpiece, El Correo Español.[37] However, he was also attracted to a new phenomenon of social Catholicism. As a student he gave lectures on socialismo católico[18] and inspired by Rerum Novarum, in the early 1900s he co-founded and helped to run Caixa d’Estalvis de Gandia, the institution managed by the local priest Carlos Ferrís.[38] In Gandia he was also involved in charity activities related to buildup of sanitary infrastructure to treat leprosy.[39]

Initially García Guijarro demonstrated some leaning towards literature and science. Following early pamphlets[40] in 1908 he published both his doctoral dissertations; La guerra de la Independencia y el guerillero Romeu was dedicated to a local Valencian hero of anti-Napoleonic war José Romeu Parras,[41] while Agustín Sales. Apuntes bio-bibliográficos focused on Agustín Sales Alcalá, a Valencian Franciscan theologian and one of great figures of Spanish mid-18th century Enlightenment.[42] When in the United States he contributed unorthodox[43] Spain-related articles to numerous American periodicals, including the prestigious The American Review of Reviews;[44] 3 years after return to Spain García Guijarro published an account of his spell in the US, Notas americanas (1913).[45] In 1911 he published a legal work Bases del derecho inmobiliario en la legislación comparada[46] and in 1914 he translated from French a juridical study of Jorge de Lacoste.[47] Apart from membership in the Valencian Colegio de Abogados, in the mid-1910s he was also a member of the American Historical Association.[48]

Garcia Guijarro speaking at Academia Valencianista, 1910s

García Guijarro's professional record of the early 1910s is unclear. It is known that in 1912 he renounced his chair of auxiliar interino at facultad de filosofía y letras in Universidad Central.[49] In 1913 he was reported as entering the competition for the chair of España Antigua y media at the University of Barcelona;[50] another source claims he applied for a job at Facultad de Derecho.[50] However, in 1914[47] and 1916[37] he was still noted as teaching at Universidad Central. In 1916 he again applied for España Antigua y media in Barcelona,[51] though eventually he did not sit the exams.[52] Also in 1916 García Guijarro entered examination for consular service[53] and few weeks later he was nominated vice-consul in Hamburg.[37] It is known that his term in Germany lasted at least until 1917.[54] According to one unfriendly source, he was expelled from service as a zealous Germanophile, who compromised the Spanish diplomacy by voicing open support for German submarines, which at the time were sinking merchant ships in the Atlantic.[55]

Carlista

Carlist standard

In the early 1910s García Guijarro started to emerge as a young star of Valencian Carlism; he kept contributing to El Correo Español[37] and used to speak during indoor meetings, e.g. delivering lectures at Circulo Jaimista in Valencia.[56] At the time the Levantine branch of the movement was dominated by 3 personalities: Manuel Polo Peyrolón, Joaquín Llorens Fernández and Manuel Simó Marín, the latter two politicians in conflict with Polo;[57] it is not clear who García Guijarro sided with. Prior to the electoral campaign of 1916 he and Simó were appointed by the provincial Jaimista structures to represent the party on a broad right-wing coalition list.[58] Simó failed; García Guijarro's result of 9,537 votes gathered out of 51,867 possible was sufficient to ensure his triumph.[59] It took a special Cortes electoral commission to declare his consular duty compatible with the Cortes mandate.[60] In the chamber García Guijarro proved a fairly active deputy. He was busy mostly with promotion of local Valencian issues, e.g. advocating construction of new roads,[61] though he voiced also against what was perceived as anti-religious, secular governmental policy[62] and participated in debates on civil service, especially the consular network.[63] Banking on his deputy status, he frequented local Carlist rallies and took to the floor as a distinguished speaker.[64]

Carlist claimant Don Jaime, 1910s

In 1916 García Guijarro visited his king, at the time sort of incommunicado at home arrest in Frohsdorf.[65] The episode remains somewhat obscure; it seems that at the time he still acted as a Spanish consul in Hamburg,[66] though other sources suggest he was briefly detained and interrogated at the police station, as the Austrian security services suspected him of spying.[67] Don Jaime handed him letters to the Spanish party executive; in the documents he demanded strict Carlist neutrality during the Great War.[68] There are doubts as to what happened later. A pro-French Carlist campaigner, Francisco Melgar, claimed that García Guijarro kept at least some documents to himself, which contributed to disorientation within Carlism and allowed pro-German propaganda by the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella.[69] A present-day historian maintains that the letters were promptly delivered to the party jefé Marquéz de Cerralbo.[70]

In the following general elections of 1918 the party Junta Provincial again appointed García Guijarro as one of two Carlist candidates.[71] He was again successful as member of a broad right-wing coalition, though he failed to improve his performance compared to 1916: García Guijarro gathered 9,521 votes out of 53,410 possible in the Valencian district.[71] Like in the previous term, in the chamber he focused mostly on local Valencian issues, e.g. discussing agricultural problems or excessive fiscal burden imposed upon smaller municipalities.[72] He remained particularly engaged in promotion of the key Levantine product, oranges, and a number of times lobbied in favor of local orange growers.[73] However, he voiced also in general questions like regulations referring to state civil servants.[74] On exceptional basis he attended Carlist party events beyond his native Levantine region, e.g. in the Navarrese Alsasua.[75]

Mellista

Juan Vazquez de Mella

In the late 1910s Carlism was increasingly paralyzed by conflict between supporters of Vázquez de Mella and followers of Don Jaime; the former advocated pro-German stand and a grand ultra-right coalition, the latter was leaning towards the Entente and demanded that political alliances did not jeopardize the dynastic issue. García Guijarro tended to side with de Mella and already during the 1916[76] and 1918[77] elections he was considered a Mellista. This was due not only to his alleged Germanophile sentiments,[78] but also because he was inclined towards right-wing coalitions, which twice ensured his Cortes mandate; since the mid-1910 he was engaged in a Valencian right-wing umbrella organisation Agrupación Regional de Acción Católica.[79] When in early 1919 the conflict between de Mella and Don Jaime erupted into a full-scale confrontation, García Guijarro decided to join the breakaway Mellistas; together with 6 deputies and senators he issued a statement against Don Jaime.[80]

Following the secession García Guijarro attempted to take away the entire Valencian structures of Jaimismo and seize the local casa social, but failed.[81] Following initial confusion[82] in the 1919 elections García Guijarro stood as Mellista on the list of Derechas Valencianas.[83] The campaign was very confrontational, especially between the Mellistas and the Jaimistas; García Guijarro was physically assaulted and suffered injuries.[84] He was elected with 13,974 votes out of 43,325 possible[85] and in the chamber he assumed presidency of a minuscule minoria mellista.[86] The term was brief and in the following campaign of 1920 he stood again. He hoped to get Carlist votes and by some was presented as candidato legitimista; the party leader Larramendi disauthorized him.[87] Eventually he ran on Mellista ticket[88] supported by Liga Católica[89] and got elected.[90] However, following few weeks his ticket was annulled on technical grounds - by scholars referred against the background of electoral fraud[91] - in early 1921.[92]

Mellista rally, 1921

In 1921 García Guijarro returned to the consular service and was appointed to Damascus,[93] but in May of this year he became the second class consul in Newcastle,[94] the role performed at least until 1923.[95] Back in Spain during the 1923 electoral campaign he again fielded his candidature to the Cortes, again in the Valencia district. He appeared as a Mellista[96] on the list of the Defensa Social coalition,[97] formed by Liga Católica, the Integrists and the Mellists.[98] The campaign was again very confrontational, especially against the Jaimista candidate Marqués de Villores; there were some brawls and disturbances recorded.[99] Eventually with 10,817 votes out of 45,045 possible he emerged victorious.[100] At the time García Guijarro was already close to the nascent offshoot post-Mellista party, Partido Social Popular;[101] the initiative failed to take off the ground as the Primo de Rivera coup soon brought political life in Spain to a standstill.

Primoriverrista

label of export Valencian oranges, interwar period

During first years after the military coup García Guijarro did not appear in politics. Most information on his public activity is related to Unión Nacional de Exportación Agrícola, a syndicate grouping mostly exporters of citrus fruits. In 1924 for the first time he appeared in its executive, listed as a treasurer.[102] During the following year he remained active as the UNEA lobbyist in Madrid[103] and in 1926 he became secretario general of the organisation.[104] García Guijarro attended numerous commercial conferences and meetings; the one of particular importance was Conferencia Nacional Naranjera, staged by the provincial Valencian Cámara Oficial Agrícola and UNEA with the royal patronage.[105] He also published a few booklets discussing either technicalities of the fruit industry[106] or Spanish international commerce, mostly focused on oranges.[107]

In 1926 García Guijarro assumed a post in the central state administration; he became a member of Comisión Permanente de Comercio within Ministerio de Trabajo, Comercio e Industria.[108] The same year and as the representative of UNEA he was nominated by the military directorio to Junta Central de Puertos.[109] In 1927 he was appointed to Sección de Tratados within Consejo de la Economía Nacional; his interest was, among others, the Spanish-American commerce.[110] In 1928 García Guijarro got nominated to another advisory body, Junta de Crédito Agrícola.[111] The climax of his engagement in primoriverrista structures was the 1927 appointment to Asamblea Nacional Consultiva; he received nomination from the pool of Representantes de Actividades de la Vida Nacional.[112] Admitted by Alfonso XIII[113] and by Primo,[114] he emerged among key lobbyists of the Valencian orange industry business in the capital.[115]

García Guijarro (2fR) as director of Customs Office, 1931

Information on García Guijarro's activity in the late 1920s is confusing. He was reported as active in various economy-related state bodies, like Junta Central de Puertos or Comisión Permanente del Comercio,[116] and collected appointments to new ones, like Comisión del Patrón Oro[117] or to executive of Banco Exterior de España.[118] He was also nominated the academic of Academia de San Carlos.[119] However, the press reported his numerous appointments within the consular service abroad; in 1928 to Managua,[120] in 1929 and as cónsul de primera clase to Boston,[121] and in 1930 again to Damascus.[122] He supervised Spanish sections at trade expositions in Antwerp/Liege,[123] Frankfurt[124] and Prague[125] and took part in official Spanish trade missions, e.g. in the UK.[126] Still active within UNEA,[127] he turned his attention to Eastern Europe: he gave lectures on trade perspectives with Czechoslovakia[128] and entered Comité Hispanoeslavo.[129] His career as civil servant climaxed in February 1931, when García Guijarro was nominated Director General de Aduanas.[130] At the time the dictablanda regime was crumbling; in general elections, planned for the spring of 1931, García Guijarro together with Luis Lucía[131] was supposed to represent Derecha Regional Valenciana.[132]

Cedista

García Guijarro, 1933

The new Republican government dismissed García Guijarro from head of the Customs Office in mid-April 1931; his tenure barely lasted 2 months.[133] During the general elections of June 1931 DRV did not field its candidates; he stood as independent and lost to left-wing candidates.[134] However, in the district of Valencia elections proved inconclusive and the second round was needed. In October he stood as the candidate of Derecha Regional Valenciana,[135] though some newspapers dubbed him a Carlist[136] and some advertised him as a generic Catholic candidate;[137] with 18,924 votes he came third and narrowly failed to win the mandate.[138] García Guijarro focused on his role in orange exporters syndicate,[139] by some dubbed “alma de la UNEA”;[140] he kept lobbying[141] and lecturing.[142] He resumed some teaching duties at Complutense,[143] listed as professor auxiliar at Filosofía y Letras.[144] In public he seemed to have accepted the new regime, e.g. during a monetary conference in 1932 he declared satisfaction with the economic course of the government.[145] In early 1933 he was reported as “consejero comercial de España en los Balkanes”,[146] but his tenure did not last beyond 1934.[147]

In the 1933 elections García Guijarro again represented DRV,[148] though he enjoyed support also of the monarchists from Renovación Española.[149] He was comfortably elected with 111,618 votes gathered;[150] due to his post in the administration there were some doubts about his ticket, which in early 1934 was eventually confirmed by the electoral commission. He joined the CEDA parliamentary group and was the party secretary general. His activity in the chamber and beyond was mostly about international trade, with particular focus on citrus fruits;[151] his public interventions were related e.g. to Spanish commerce with France,[152] Romania[153] or the Netherlands.[154] The left-wing press denounced him as one of the sinister “superviventes de la dictadura”.[155] In early 1935 the centre-right government appointed him to the highest post abroad so far, this time not in the consular but in the diplomatic service: he was nominated minister plenipotentiary to Czechoslovakia.[156] He arrived in Prague to assume office in May 1935.[157]

with president Masaryk, 1935

Until early 1936 García Guijarro's relations with the official strata were good; in January he was admitted at a personal audience by the president, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.[158] During the general elections of February 1936 he traditionally represented Derecha Regional Valenciana in the Valencia district;[159] his 7th electoral try produced the largest support so far and with 140,561 votes out of 308,694 possible he easily prolonged his parliamentary ticket.[160] There were again some doubts as to his mandate, but Comisión de Actas confirmed it in May.[161] It is not clear whether García Guijarro took part in a single sitting of the new Cortes, as he kept residing in Czechoslovakia[162] and tried to develop export of Spanish oranges.[163] However, in early June 1936 Cortes found his diplomatic role incompatible with parliamentary mandate[164] and he filed his resignation from the Prague post.[165] He was asked to remain in office until his substitute is appointed.[166]

Franquista

among members of diplomatic corps, Prague 1936 (centre, 1st row)

Despite initial doubts either in July or in August 1936[167] García Guijarro declared support for Junta de Defensa Nacional.[168] The Republican decree which dismissed him was issued either in mid-[169] or in late August 1936.[170] His whereabouts during the next few months are unclear.[171] In March 1937 he was in the Nationalist zone and donated money to Junta de Defensa; when noting the donation the press did not refer to any role.[172] In mid-1937[173] Junta Técnica nominated him Delegado Especial de Presidencia for the Balearic Islands[174] and he was engaged in control of local exports.[175] In March 1938 he was admitted by the vice-president of Junta Técnica and the acting Francoist minister of foreign affairs, Jordana;[176] also in May Jordana admitted him at an audiencia diplomatica.[177] In August he was nominated president of the almond section[178] within Subcomisión de Frutos Secos[179] of the quasi-ministry of economy and based in Palma, in late 1938 he supervised almond crops in the Baleares.[180] He was last referred as head of the subcomisión in July 1939.[181]

In the summer of 1938 he was re-admitted to the diplomatic service;[182] in 1941 he was acknowledged as ministro plenipotenciario de tercera clase,[183] but it is not known where he served. In 1943 he was nominated ministro-consejero de economía exterior at the Spanish embassy in the US.[174] Some Americans perceived his appointment as controversial; John M. Coffee denounced him as a Fascist sidekick of Juan March,[184] who supported German submarine warfare during World War One.[185] In the mid-1940s García Guijarro a few times travelled from the United States to Mexico[186] to explore prospects of resuming Spanish-Mexican diplomatic relations.[187] In the mid-1940s Martín Artajo considered his promotion to embassador in Washington, but Franco had other preferences.[188] Lequerica referred to García Guijarro as "rojillo" and wanted him removed altogether, especially that Garcia Guijarro was highly critical of the official economic policy.[189] Fearing Lequerica's harassment, García Guijarro refused the post of consul in San Francisco. He remained in Washington[190] and terminated his mission in the US in 1951.[174]

Banco Central logotype

In 1951 García Guijarro was promoted to ministro plenipotenciario de primera clase,[191] but there is no information on his assignment. In 1953 the MFA declared him “en situación de disponible”, effectively given the status of a retiree.[192] Already in his 70s he withdrew into privacy and no longer featured in the press; the exception were his rare appearances in societé columns, usually related to various family events,[193] and acknowledgement of his study on the Levantine orange industry.[194] Since then he entirely disappeared from the public eye, though due to his old familiarity with Ignacio Villalonga[195] he was associated with Banco Central and until the mid-1960s he kept writing regular reports on economic and financial situation in the country.[196] There are no further details available on the last 10 years of his life. Apart from a private necrological note,[32] his death in 1974 went almost entirely unnoticed and no obituaries appeared in the press.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ most sources, including the official Cortes service, claim the birth year is 1885. However, the US immigration document notes that in September 1944 Luis García Guijarro was 60 years old, see Texas, U.S., Arriving and Departing Passenger and Crew Lists, 1893–1963, [in:] Ancestry service, available here, which points to the birth date of 1883 or 1884. A private necrological note, most likely ordered by the descendants, claims he died in 1974 at 91 years of age, see ABC 29.11.74, available here. This source is accepted as the most reliable and hence, 1883 is presumed to be the correct birth year
  2. ^ a b Fontilles 01.05.31, available here
  3. ^ a b Revista de Gandia 05.02.10, available here
  4. ^ El Graduador 22.12.77, available here
  5. ^ El Graduador 11.01.78, available here
  6. ^ Las Provincias 09.03.26, available here
  7. ^ Las Provincias 09.03.26, available here
  8. ^ Diario de Valencia 28.03.16, available here
  9. ^ compare e.g. Luis Aguiló Lúcia, Sociologia electoral valenciana (1903-1923), Valencia 1976, ISBN 978-84-600-0565-0, p. 273
  10. ^ La Unión Católica 10.04.81, available here; he died in 1926, Diario de Valencia 07.03.26, available here
  11. ^ La Correspondencia de España 04.03.86, available here
  12. ^ Cronica de Viños y Cereales 28.02.91, available here
  13. ^ in 1894 he was still in Yecla, Boletín Oficial de la Provincia de Murcia 03.01.94, available here
  14. ^ in 1896 he was already reported in Gandia, Guia Oficial de España 1896, available here
  15. ^ Revista de Gandia 12.01.01, available here
  16. ^ named Josefa, Luis, Fernando, María, José, Francisco and Carmen, referred after necrological note in Diario de Valencia 07.03.26, available here. Francisco Garcia Guijarro gained his name as a specialist in hematology
  17. ^ Diario de Valencia 07.03.26, available here
  18. ^ a b Revista de Gandia 03.05.02, available here
  19. ^ e.g. he was engaged in Academia Jurídico-Escolar of the local Ateneo Científico, Germán Perales Birlanga, Católicos y liberales: El movimiento estudiantil en la Universidad de Valencia (1875–1939), Valencia 2011, ISBN 978-84-370-8310-0, p. 39
  20. ^ in 1902 in Valencia
  21. ^ in 1904 in Madrid, El Correo Español 01.02.18, available here. For his thesis on Agustín Sales see Jesus Casta Non, Jesús Castañón, La crítica literaria en la prensa española del siglo XVIII, 1700–1750, Madrid 1973, ISBN 978-84-306-2066-1, p. 80, for his thesis on Romeu see Francisco Gracia Alonso, Josep Maria Fullola i Pericot, 2 de octubre de 1916. El acceso de Pere Bosch Gimpera a la docencia universitaria o de cómo la oposición a una cátedra de Historia Antigua marcó el futuro de la Prehistoria en la universidad española, [in:] Pyrenae 47/1 (2016), p. 50
  22. ^ Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 18.11.06, available here
  23. ^ Suplemento a la Escuela Moderna 09.12.08, available here
  24. ^ Francisco Javier Paniagua Fuentes, José Antonio Piqueras Arenas (eds.), Diccionario biográfico de políticos valencianos, 1810–2003, Valencia 2003, ISBN 978-84-7822-386-2, p. 232
  25. ^ Little Falls Harald 18.06.09, available here
  26. ^ El Sol 25.02.31, available here
  27. ^ Las Provincias 06.02.10, available here
  28. ^ probably in 1911, Francisco Gracia Alonso, Ciencia y política: la organización de la arqueología y la prehistoria en España (1850–1939), Barcelona 2021, ISBN 978-84-9168-192-2, p. 190
  29. ^ La Correspondencia de España 24.02.19, available here
  30. ^ El Pueblo 06.12.27, available here
  31. ^ she was born in Puerto Rico, see Anastacia Ramos y Diaz entry, [in:] Ancestry service, available here
  32. ^ a b ABC 29.11.74, available here
  33. ^ Luis Beltrán García-Guijarro Ramos entry, [in:] Universidad Zaragoza service, available here
  34. ^ Luis Tramoyeres Blasco, Periódicos de Valencia: apuntes para formar una biblioteca de los publicados desde 1526 hasta nuestros dias, Valencia 1880, p. 112
  35. ^ Juan Oliveres, La guerra civil en España de 1872 a 1876 seguida de La insurrección de la isla de Cuba, vol. 1, Barcelona 1876, p. 355
  36. ^ La Unión Democrática 03.09.97, available here
  37. ^ a b c d El Correo Español 07.03.16, available here
  38. ^ Lluís Sevilla Parra, Joaquín Ballester en el context del catolicisme politíc valenciá: 1900–1936, [in:] Aquatis 16 (1999), p. 46
  39. ^ Las Provincias 09.04.02, available here
  40. ^ Teorías acerca del orígen de la sociedad (1902), El socialismo católico (1902)
  41. ^ Cultura Española 1909, available here
  42. ^ compare Luis García Guijarro, Agustin Sales. Apuntes bio-bibliograficos, Valencia 1908, see reprint at IberLibro service, available here
  43. ^ e.g. in his Spain since 1898, published in the Yale Review, he claimed that loss of the colonies was "a blessing to the Spanish nation", Little Falls Harald 18.06.09, available here
  44. ^ compare Luis García Guijarro, The present situation in Spain, [in:] The American Review of Reviews 1909, p. 300
  45. ^ compare Luis García Guijarro, Notas americanas, Madrid 1913, available here
  46. ^ compare Luis García Guijarro, Bases del derecho inmobiliario en la legislación comparada, Madrid 1911, available here
  47. ^ a b La Lectvra 165 (1914), available here
  48. ^ referred after La Lectvra 165 (1914), available here
  49. ^ La Correspondencia de España 29.03.12, available here
  50. ^ a b Gaceta de Instrucción Pública 17.12.13, available here
  51. ^ Gracia Alonso, Fullola i Pericot 2016, p. 24
  52. ^ out of respect for Pere Bosch Gimpera
  53. ^ El Globo 27.02.16, available here
  54. ^ La Mañana 17.04.17, available here
  55. ^ in 1944 June in the Congress García Guijarro was denounced by a Democratic congressman John M. Coffee; he claimed that “during the last war his defense of the German submarines, which were sinking the Spanish ships carrying food to the Allies, got him expelled from the diplomatic service”, Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates, vol. 90/9, Washington 1944, p. A2914
  56. ^ El Correo Español 31.01.16, available here
  57. ^ Javier Urcelay Alonso, Introducción, [in:] Memorias políticas de M. Polo y Peyrolón (1870–1913), Madrid 2013, ISBN 978-84-9940-587-2, p. 17
  58. ^ El Correo Español 10.04.16, available here
  59. ^ see his 1916 ticket at the official Cortes service, available here
  60. ^ La Correspondencia de España 27.05.16, available here
  61. ^ El Correo Español 04.01.17, available here
  62. ^ El Correo Español 05.10.16, available here
  63. ^ El Correo Español 24.11.16, available here
  64. ^ El Correo Español 05.11.16, available here
  65. ^ El Correo Español 16.07.16, available here
  66. ^ in 1917 García Guijarro still reported to the ministerial office, La Mañana 17.04.17, available here
  67. ^ Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 978-84-87863-82-0, p. 116
  68. ^ El Imparcial 23.03.17, available here
  69. ^ opinion maintained also by some historians, see José Carlos Clemente, El carlismo en el novecientos español (1876–1936), Barcelona 1999, ISBN 978-84-8374-153-5, pp. 65–66
  70. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 116
  71. ^ a b El Correo Español 01.02.18, available here
  72. ^ El Correo Español 18.06.18, available here
  73. ^ El Correo Español 06.08.18, available here
  74. ^ El Correo Español 12.07.18, available here
  75. ^ El Correo Español 20.05.18, available here
  76. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 122
  77. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 134
  78. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 93
  79. ^ Rafael Valls, El partit catòlic, Valencia 1993, ISBN 978-84-370-1155-4, p. 71
  80. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 146–147
  81. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 163
  82. ^ La Epoca 24.05.19, available here
  83. ^ Oro de Ley 01.06.19, available here
  84. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 170
  85. ^ see his 1919 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  86. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 175
  87. ^ El Correo Español 16.11.20, available here
  88. ^ La Epoca 09.12.20, available here
  89. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 210
  90. ^ El Globo 21.12.20, available here
  91. ^ see Alejandro Martínez Relanzón, El verdadero alcance del fraude y la corrupción en las elecciones de la Restauración en la provincia de Valencia, [in:] Hispania. Revista Española de Historia 83 (2023), p. 15, also Alejandro Martínez Relanzón, Hegemonía y derrota del republicanismo en la Valencia de principio de siglo XX, [in:] Aportes 113 (2023), p. 100
  92. ^ see his 1920 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  93. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1921, available here 1
  94. ^ for the counties of Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, York, Lincoln, Nottingham and Northumberland, The Edinburgh Gazette 19.07.21, available here
  95. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1923, available here
  96. ^ La Voz 23.04.23, available here
  97. ^ El Sol 29.04.23, available here
  98. ^ the alliance reportedly demonstrated a potential for a Catholic party, Enrique Lull Martí, Jesuitas y pedagogía: el Colegio San José en la Valencia de los años veinte, Madrid 1997, ISBN 978-84-89708-16-7, p. 67
  99. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español vol. 29, Sevilla 1941, p. 159
  100. ^ see his 1923 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  101. ^ Lull Martí 1997, p. 67
  102. ^ El Sol 14.06.24, available here
  103. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1925, available here
  104. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1926, available here
  105. ^ Federico Martínez Roda, Valencia y las Valencias: su historia contemporánea (1800–1975), Valencia 1998, ISBN 978-84-86792-89-3, p. 387
  106. ^ Efecto de las bajas temperaturas en las plantas y frutos agrios (1927)
  107. ^ Las relaciones comerciales hispano-británicas (1927), El problema arrocero en España (1927), La exportación agrícola española y su importancie en el comercio exterior (1928)
  108. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1926, available here
  109. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 20.06.26, available here
  110. ^ El Liberal 12.01.27, available here
  111. ^ La Nacion 11.02.28, available here
  112. ^ see his ANC mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  113. ^ El Siglo Futuro 07.02.29, available here
  114. ^ La Vanguardia 16.06.28, available here
  115. ^ “Desde uno y otro ámbito intervino activamente en la elaboración de leyes concernientes a la agricultura valenciana, así como de tratados de comercio firmados por espada con diversos países europeos por entonces “, Paniagua Fuentes, Piqueras Arenas 2003, p. 233
  116. ^ Guia Oficial de España 1929, available here
  117. ^ El Imparcial 12.01.29, available here
  118. ^ Revista Ilustrada de Banca 08.06.29, available here
  119. ^ El Imparcial 18.06.29, available here
  120. ^ La Revue diplomatique 1928, available here
  121. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 02.02.29, available here
  122. ^ Guia Industrial y Artistica del Centro Madrid 1930, available here
  123. ^ El Liberal 15.03.30, available here
  124. ^ La Epoca 27.02.29, available here
  125. ^ the Spanish exposition in Prague was judged to have been great success, Luis Montilla Amador, Las relaciones entre España y Checoslovaquia en la etapa de entreguerras (1919–1936) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2020, p. 390
  126. ^ El Imparcial 27.12.29, available here
  127. ^ Ahora 22.01.31, available here
  128. ^ La Nacion 24.02.30, available here
  129. ^ La Libertad 21.01.31, available here. In recognition of his merits in May 1931 García Guijarro was awarded the Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion, 4th class, Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990. Jmenný Rejstřík Nositelů, Praha 2015, p. 60
  130. ^ La Libertad 27.02.31, available here
  131. ^ in March 1931 García Guijarro presided over a Derecha Regional Valenciana homage to Luis Lucia, El Siglo Futuro 09.03.31, available here
  132. ^ La Vanguardia 16.06.28, available here
  133. ^ El Debate 17.04.31, available here
  134. ^ he gained 9,666 votes, El Pueblo 01.07.31, available here
  135. ^ El Sol 26.09.31, available here
  136. ^ La Epoca 05.10.31, available here
  137. ^ Sevilla Parra 1999, p. 59
  138. ^ La Voz 05.10.31, available here
  139. ^ Jordi Palafox Gamir, Agricultura d'especulació i crisi economica. El País Valencia durant els anys trenta (1930–1936), [in:] Estudis d'història agrària 3 (1979), pp. 139–162
  140. ^ Libertad 17.02.32, available here
  141. ^ Ahora 24.09.31, available here
  142. ^ El Siglo Futuro 19.04.32, available here
  143. ^ he was admitted back to teaching in August 1931, Las Provincias 06.08.31, available here
  144. ^ in the 1933 Annual, issued by University of Madrid, he was listed among profesores auxiliares, Anuario, Madrid 1933, p. 153
  145. ^ Luz 08.07.32, available here
  146. ^ Libertad 15.02.33, available here
  147. ^ in February 1934 he was referred to as ex-consejero comercial on the Balkans, El Sol 06.02.34, available here
  148. ^ La Epoca 04.11.33, available here
  149. ^ Renovación Española I/2 (November 1933), available here
  150. ^ see his 1933 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  151. ^ CEDA 15.02.34, available here
  152. ^ CEDA 15.03.34, available here
  153. ^ CEDA 01.06.34, available here
  154. ^ La Nacion 10.12.34, available here
  155. ^ La Libertad 18.04.35, available here
  156. ^ El Sol 20.02.35, available here
  157. ^ Tereza Purnochová, Československo-španělské vztahy v letech 1918–1936 [MA thesis Univerzita Hradec Králové], Hradec Králové 2017, p. 48. The Czechoslovak MFA received him well as a person who had already demonstrated interest in Czechoslovak issues and was decorated by the president. However, he was also noted as a person of authoritarian comportment, reportedly due to his Catholic and conservative leaning, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 256
  158. ^ Ahora 09.01.36, available here
  159. ^ La Epoca 05.02.36, available here
  160. ^ see his 1936 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  161. ^ El Cantábrico 23.05.36, available here
  162. ^ despite his earlier interest in trade with Czechoslovakia and in Czechoslovak issues in general, García Guijarro was somewhat critical of his host country; e.g. he noted that its emergence in 1918 “respondió más a convivencias políticas de los vencedores de la Gran guerra que a realidades nacionales”, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 313. This opinion might not have been unrelated to García Guijarro’s support for the Central Powers, demonstrated during World War One, as the newly born Czechoslovakia was founded on territories of Austro-Hungary (and in minuscule fraction, of Germany)
  163. ^ El Sol 12.06.36, available here. When promoting Spanish orange exportes he joined forces with the Vienna commercial attache Roman Oyarzun, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 320
  164. ^ “por incompatibilidad con su faceta de diputado de Cortes”, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 256, see also El Liberal 05.06.36, available here
  165. ^ one source claims he resigned on June 2, 1936, see the Cortes service, available here, also Paniagua Fuentes, Piqueras Arenas 2003, p. 233. Another one claims June 5, 1935, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 256
  166. ^ Montilla Amador 2020, p. 256
  167. ^ one source claims he declared support for the rebels on July 25, 1936, see Matilde Eiroa San Francisco, Las relaciones de Franco con Europa centro-oriental, 1939–1955, Madrid 2001, ISBN 978-84-344-6628-9, p. 15, and Maroš Timko, Španielska občianska vojna a Slovensko (1936–1939) [MA thesis Univerzita Karlova], Praha 2017, p. 15; the same opinion in Michal Nauš, Politika neintervence ve španělské občanské válce jako symptomatický projev appeasementu a československá zahraniční politika [MA thesis Masarykova Univerzita], Brno 2012, p. 48. According to another account on July 24 the Prague mission received a telegram message from Madrid, which asked for clear-cut declaration of loyalty; García Guijarro reportedly decided to reply in positive. However, when on August 5 a similar message arrived from the Burgos-based Junta de Defensa, García Guijarro replied that he considered himself the representative of “the only legitimate Spanish government, which provisionally resides in Burgos” and ceded all duties to the secretary, Montilla Amador 2020, p. 256
  168. ^ Eiroa San Francisco 2001, p. 15
  169. ^ Purnochová 2017, p. 48
  170. ^ Ahora 29.08.36, availavle here
  171. ^ some sources claim that some time following outbreak of the civil war García Guijarro voiced in the Czechoslovak radio in favor of the rebels, at times confronting envoys loyal to the Madrid government, see Francisco Javier Fariñas, Ángel Viñas, Al servicio de la República: diplomáticos y Guerra Civil, Madrid, 2010, ISBN 978-84-92820-29-0, pp. 238–239
  172. ^ Diario de Burgos 06.03.37, available here
  173. ^ exact date is not clear. The first time he is noted as the Junta Técnica delegate was July 3, 1937, see Sollér 03.07.37, available here. On November 12, 1937, a Mallorcan newspaper claimed that Garcia Guijarro had been present in the islands "for a few months already", El Correo de Mallorca 12.11.37
  174. ^ a b c Paniagua Fuentes, Piqueras Arenas 2003, p. 233
  175. ^ see a document from December 1937, requesting his permission for export of olive oil, Miquel Pieras Villalonga, Recull documental sobre la indústria del Calcat durant la guerra civil. El cas de la fábrica de Can Mells, [in:] Jornades d’Estudis Locals d’Inca 8 (2007), p. 31
  176. ^ El Adelanto 13.03.38, available here
  177. ^ El Adelanto 19.05.38, available here
  178. ^ “presidente del Comité da la rama de la almendra” by vice-presidency El Progreso 26.08.38, available here
  179. ^ Diario de Burgos 26.08.38, available here
  180. ^ Sollér 03.09.38, available here
  181. ^ Sollér 08.07.39, available here
  182. ^ José Luis Pérez Ruiz, Las depuraciones de la carrera diplómatica española, 1931–1980, Madrid 2005, ISBN 978-84-87528-47-7, p. 258
  183. ^ ABC 03.06.41, available here
  184. ^ a historiographic work lists Garcia Guijarro among "col·laboradors de Joan March Ordinas" in the period between 1932 and 1962, Ivan Murray Mas, Geografies del capitalisme balear [PhD thesis Universitat de les Illes Baleares], Palma 2012, p. 1166
  185. ^ in June 1944 in the Congress Coffee denounced him as a sidekick of Juan March who arrived in the US in March as new Fascist commercial attaché; he claimed that “during the last war his defense of the German submarines, which were sinking the Spanish ships carrying food to the Allies, got him expelled from the diplomatic service”, Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates, vol. 90/9, Washington 1944, p. A2914
  186. ^ there are at least two García Guijarro’s official missions to Mexico identified, dated 1944 and 1947, details in José Francisco Mejía Flores, México y España: exilio y diplomacia, 1939–1947, Mexico 2017, ISBN 978-607-02-9387-0, pp. 10, 79, 89, 120, 121, 125, 142, 144
  187. ^ Ricardo Pérez Montfort, Hispanismo y Falange: los sueños imperiales de la derecha española y México, Madrid 1992, ISBN 978-968-16-3544-2, pp. 170–171, 174
  188. ^ reportedly Martín-Artajo wanted to send to the US a person not associated with Falangist Francoism and preferred someone related to Christian Democracy, either Garcia Guijarro or Jose Larraz. However, Franco insisted on Lequerica, Paul Preston, Franco: Caudillo de España, Madrid 2015, ISBN 978-84-9992-619-3, p. 314
  189. ^ see e.g. Elena Cavalieri, España y el FMI: la integración de la economía española en el sistema monetario internacional, 1943–1959, Madrid 2014, pp. 13, 21, 51
  190. ^ Social Register: Washington, Washington 1951, p. 213
  191. ^ ABC 17.02.51, available here
  192. ^ ABC 11.01.53, available here
  193. ^ compare Hoja Oficial de Lunes 27.06.55, available here
  194. ^ see Luis García Guijarro, Hespérides o La riqueza citrícola española, Madrid 1957
  195. ^ Federico Martinez Roda, Ignacio Villalonga: mucho más que un mecenas, [in:] Las Provincias 17.05.07, available here
  196. ^ compare e.g. Información comercial española, Madrid 1956, p. 271

Further reading

  • Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 978-84-87863-82-0
  • José Francisco Mejía Flores, México y España: exilio y diplomacia, 1939–1947, Mexico 2017, ISBN 978-607-02-9387-0
  • Alejandro Martínez Relanzón, Hegemonía y derrota del republicanismo en la Valencia de principio de siglo XX, [in:] Aportes 113 (2023), pp. 75-102
  • Luis Montilla Amador, Las relaciones entre España y Checoslovaquia en la etapa de entreguerras (1919–1936) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2020
  • Tereza Purnochová, Československo-španělské vztahy v letech 1918–1936 [MA thesis Univerzita Hradec Králové], Hradec Králové 2017