Lom, Bulgaria

Lom

Лом
Lom Лом
	Coat of arms
	Lom Location of Lom, Bulgaria
	Coordinates: 43°49′32″N 23°14′15″E / 43.82556°N 23.23750°E
Country	Bulgaria
Province; (Oblast)	Montana
Government
• Mayor	Georgi Gavrilov
Area
• Total	52.203 km2 (20.156 sq mi)
Elevation	20 m (70 ft)
Population (2021)
• Total	18,593
Time zone	UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal Code	3600
Area code	0971
Website	Official website

Lom (Bulgarian: Лом [ˈɫɔm]) is a town in northwestern Bulgaria, part of Montana Province, situated on the right bank of the Danube, close to the estuary of the Lom River. It is the administrative centre of the eponymous Lom Municipality. The town is 162 km (101 mi) north of Sofia, 56 km (35 mi) southeast of Vidin, 50 km (31 mi) north of Montana, and 42 km (26 mi) west of Kozloduy. It is the second most important Bulgarian port on the Danube after Ruse.

Geography

The town of Lom is located near the mouth of the eponymous river Lom. Its development as a large river port center, second in importance to Bulgaria after Ruse, is determined by the fact that it is the closest port to the capital.

History

Antiquity and Middle Ages

Lom was founded by the Thracians under the name of Artanes in Antiquity.

The Romans built the fort of Almus (from where the name of the today's city and of the Lom River comes) on the Danubian Limes frontier system along the Danube. The town developed around it.

There are no reports proving that there existed a big settlement in the Middle Ages. It was not until Ottoman rule that it enlarged but for a long time it was under the shadow of the dominant towns of Vidin, Nikopol and Silistra. It is assumed that the Ottoman village was founded in 1695 by Kara Mustafa^{[dubious – discuss]} and Murad Bey,^{[clarification needed]} who were defeated at Vienna in 1683 and who came here sailing rafts along the Danube.

Ottoman rule and Bulgarian National Revival

The name Lom Palanka was mentioned for the first time in 1704. The settlement then called Palanka stood between village and town in size and importance. In 1798 Lom suffered from brigand raids. With the development of shipping along the Danube after 1830, the importance of the town grew. The road to Sofia contributed to its progress and turned it into a main export port to Vienna (Austria). By 1869 there were 120 shops, 148 trade offices, 175 food shops, 34 coffee bars, six hotels and two mills. The town was centred on the old Kale (fortress), which was entered through three kapii (gates) — Vidinska, Belogradchishka, Sofiyska. The tradesmen from Lom offered goods at the biggest fairs in the region and beyond. In 1880 there were 7,500 inhabitants in the town.

Lom is proud of its traditions from the period of the Bulgarian National Revival. During the national revival, the first community centre in Bulgaria (1856) was founded in the town, the first women's society in the country was also established in 1858 and one of the first theatre performances took place in the town. Krastyu Pishurka, a noted educator, also worked in Lom.

Until the Second World War it was a major market town. In 1943, the Bulgarian government transported several thousand Jewish captives from Bulgarian-occupied territory in Greece and Yugoslavia to Lom to be embarked on boats bound for Vienna in Nazi Germany, from where they were taken to be exterminated in Treblinka.^[2] Lom was the main hub for the first deportations of victims of the Holocaust from the Axis-aligned Balkans.^[3] After 1944 the industry developed — sugar factory, can factory, grain industry. It became a port for the northwestern part of Bulgaria.

Neighbourhoods

Neighbourhoods of Lom include:

Boruna
Humata
Kaletata
Lyulyatsite
Mladenovo
Mladost
Momin brod
Stadiona
Zornitsa

Landmarks

Plazha (Bulgarian: Плажа) - the 500 m. long pebbled beach at the bank of the Danube River, 3 km. from the centre of the city
Town Museum of History, housed in the building of the old town-hall.
Preserved foundations of the antique fortress Almus
Postoyanstvo, the oldest community centre in Bulgaria
Building of the former School of Pedagogy
The Church of Boruna
Monument of Tseko Voivoda (1807–1881), a participant in the battles for liberation of Serbia and proclaimed by the Serbian government to be a voyvoda (revolutionary leader)

Religion

The majority of the population of Lom is Christian Orthodox. The second biggest religious group is Protestantism-adventists and baptists.

Climate

Climate data for Lom (1961–1990) Elevation: 33m
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.0 (35.6)	4.4 (39.9)	10.5 (50.9)	17.6 (63.7)	22.6 (72.7)	26.1 (79.0)	28.4 (83.1)	27.8 (82.0)	24.0 (75.2)	17.0 (62.6)	9.6 (49.3)	4.3 (39.7)	16.2 (61.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−0.9 (30.4)	1.3 (34.3)	6.2 (43.2)	12.4 (54.3)	17.4 (63.3)	21.1 (70.0)	22.6 (72.7)	22.0 (71.6)	18.2 (64.8)	11.9 (53.4)	6.1 (43.0)	1.4 (34.5)	11.6 (53.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−3.7 (25.3)	−1.3 (29.7)	2.1 (35.8)	7.6 (45.7)	12.4 (54.3)	15.6 (60.1)	17.0 (62.6)	16.5 (61.7)	11.3 (52.3)	7.6 (45.7)	3.0 (37.4)	1.2 (34.2)	7.4 (45.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	38.0 (1.50)	43.0 (1.69)	45.0 (1.77)	49.0 (1.93)	58.0 (2.28)	67.0 (2.64)	40.0 (1.57)	34.0 (1.34)	34.0 (1.34)	37.0 (1.46)	51.0 (2.01)	47.0 (1.85)	543 (21.38)
Average rainy days	4	5	8	9	8	6	3	4	5	7	8	6	73
Average relative humidity (%)	80	79	74	70	71	72	70	70	73	78	81	82	75
Mean monthly sunshine hours	64	78	128	180	232	268	303	283	216	148	86	67	2,053
Source: NOAA^[4]

Notable people

Born in Lom

Alexander Belev (? – 1944), politician
Alexander Raichev, composer
Alexander Chirkov (1938 – 2020), doctor, performed the first heart transplant in Bulgaria (1986)
Andrej Andreev (1943 –), doctor
Anton Tornjov (1868 – 1942), architect
Asen Parteniev (1876 – 1905), revolutionary
Bojcho Bojchev (1902 – 1971), doctor
Bojan Smilov (1885 – 1947), politician
Cvetan Minkov (1891 – 1967), writer
Cvetan Todorov (1899 – 1962), linguist
Community centre „Postojanstvo“ 1856
Cenko Tsvetanov (1904 – 1960), writer and bibliographer
Chavdar Chakarov (1977 – 2005), writer
Violeta Minkova (1932 – 1992), actress
Vladimir Shkodrov (1930 – 2010), astronomer
Georgi Ivanov, revolutionary
Georgi Chaushov (1938 –), painter and animator
Dimitar Marinov (1846 – 1940), public figure
Ekaterina Blagoeva (1933 –) geographer and landscape scientist
Emil Andreev (1956 –), writer
Church in Lom „Uspenie Bogorodichno“
Emil Minkov (1930 – 2003), musician
Igor Damjanov (1953 –), politician
Iskra Fidosova (1971 –), politician
Jordan Gavrilov (1904 – 1997), professor
Jana Jazova (1912 – 1974), writer
Kiril Drangov (1901 – 1946), revolutionary
Marion Koleva (1956 –), journalist
Mariyan Ognyanov (1988 –), footballer
Milko Bechev (1926 – 1988), architect
Milcho Goranov (1928 – 2008), footballer, bronze medalist
Mihail Kantardzhiev (1910 – 2002), chess player
Mihail Lazarov, revolutionary
Nikola Logofetov (1880 – 1945), politician and lawyer
Nikola Parvanov (1837 – 1872), bookman
Obreten Evstatiev (1891 – 1946), conductor
Petar Berkovski (1852 – 1892), revolutionary
Parvan Draganov (1890 – 1945), officer and politician
Simeon Pironkov (1927 – 2000), compositor
Todor Borov (1901 – 1933), bibliographer
Todor Jonchov (1859 – 1940), teacher and public figure
Todor Petrov (1919 – 1992), painter
Todor Pironkov (1891 – 1962), artist
Louis-Emil Eyer
Ralcho Trashliev (1930 – 2014), psychiatrist, pedagogy professor

Died in Lom

Krastjo Pishurka (1823 – 1875), national awakener
Miron Iliev (? – 1914), icon painter

Others, connected with Lom

Louis-Emil Eyer (1865 – 1916), Swiss, co-founder of the sport movement in Bulgaria, physical education teacher
Jonas Basanavičius (1851 – 1927), Lithuanian popular figure
Dimitar Spisarevski (1916 – 1943), fighter pilot in the Second World War