Lobaria is a genus of foliose lichens, formerly classified in the family Lobariaceae, but now placed in the Peltigeraceae. They are commonly known as "lung wort" or "lungmoss" as their physical shape somewhat resembles a lung, and their ecological niche is similar to that of moss.
Lobaria was originally described as a section of the eponymous genus Lichen by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1786. It was proposed as a genus by Georg Franz Hoffmann in 1796.[2] The establishment of Lobaria remained uncertain until Edvard Vainio also described it. He divided the genus into two sections based on different morphologies of the mature spore: Lobaria and Ricasolia.[3] In 2013, the concept of family Lobariaceae was revised with the help of molecular phylogenetics, and, in addition to the creation of several new genera, Ricasolia was promoted to generic status.[4] The family Lobariaceae was synonymized with the Peltigeraceae in 2018.[5]
A Lobaria-associated actinobacterium, Subtercola lobariae, was isolated from L. retigera collected from the Jiaozi Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province, China.[9] About a third of the bacteria found colonizing the thallus surface of Lobaria pulmonaria were found to belong to the Rhizobiales. This order of bacteria is well-known in their role as beneficial partners in plant-microbe interactions. Advantages conferred by the presence of the bacteria include auxin and vitamin production, nitrogen fixation, and stress protection. Although the bacteria were most prevalent on the thallus surface, they were shown to be able to penetrate into the interhyphal gelatinous matrix of the upper lichen cortical layer. Occasionally, some bacteria colonize the interior of the fungal hyphae.[10]
Hydration traits determine much of a lichen's distribution pattern along a climatic gradient. A study demonstrated that Lobaria amplissima thalli with external cephalodia need more rain than thalli without, consistent with reports of decreasing frequency of external cephalodia from wet to drier climates.[11]
A study using ecological niche modelling of occurrence data of three Lobaria species found in Italy predicts that climate change will impact their distribution range across the country and that there is a high extinction risk resulting from reduction of their range.[12]
Evolutionary history
A fossil impression found in a 12–24 Myr-old Miocene deposit from Trinity County in northern California[13] has strong similarities to extant species of Lobaria, particularly L. pulmonaria and other species with reticulated edges, including L. anomala and L. retigera.[14] Using a molecular clock-calibrated phylogeny to obtain a time estimate for Lobaria yielded a stem age (the time that that clade descended from a common ancestor with its sister clade) of nearly 30 Mya. The evidence suggests that the paleoclimate and the closing or opening of the Bering Strait played a significant role in determining the distribution of most Lobaria species.[15]
^Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
^Suija, Ave; Motiejūnaitė, Jurga (2017). "Calycina alstrupii sp. nov. (Pezizellaceae, Helotiales), a new lichenicolous fungus from Norway". Phytotaxa. 307 (2): 113–122. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.307.2.2.
^Suija, Ave; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Hawksworth, David L. (2010). "Abrothallus halei (Ascomycota, incertae sedis), a new lichenicolous fungus on Lobaria species in Europe and North America". The Lichenologist. 43 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1017/S002428291000054X. S2CID86335273.
^Gauslaa, Yngvar; Johlander, Stina; Nordén, Björn (2019). "Lobaria amplissima thalli with external cephalodia need more rain than thalli without". The Lichenologist. 51 (3): 281–286. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000197. S2CID196685184.
^Nascimbene, Juri; Casazza, Gabriele; Benesperi, Renato; Catalano, Immacolata; Cataldo, Daniela; Grillo, Maria; Isocrono, Deborah; Matteucci, Enrica; Ongaro, Silvia; Potenza, Giovanna; Puntillo, Domenico; Ravera, Sonia; Zedda, Luciana; Giordani, Paolo (2016). "Climate change fosters the decline of epiphytic Lobaria species in Italy". Biological Conservation. 201: 377–384. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.003. hdl:11585/587210.
^MacGinitie, H. D. (1937) The flora of the Weaverville beds of Trinity County, California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 465: 83–151.
^Cornejo, Carolina; Scheidegger, Christoph (2018). "Estimating the timescale of Lobaria diversification". The Lichenologist. 50 (1): 113–121. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000676. S2CID89794079.
^ abcSipman, H.J.M. (2004). "The species of Lobaria (lichenized Ascomycetes) in New Guinea". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 573–606.
^ abcMiao, C.C.; Wang, X.Y.; Scheidegger, C.; Wang, L.S.; Zhao, Z.T. (2018). "Three new cyanobacterial species of Lobaria (Lobariaceae, Peltigerales) from the Hengduan Mountains, China". Mycosystema. 37 (7): 838–848. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.180018.
^Yoshimura, I. (1971). "The genus Lobaria of Eastern Asia". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 34: 231–364.
^Cornejo, Carolina; Scheidegger, Christoph (2010). "Lobaria macaronesica sp. nov., and the phylogeny of Lobaria sect. Lobaria (Lobariaceae) in Macaronesia". The Bryologist. 113 (3): 590–604. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.3.590. S2CID84925065.
^Kaneda, Miyuki; Takahashi, Rumiko; Iitaka, Yoichi; Shibata, Shoji (1972). "Retigeranic acid, a novel sesterterpene isolated from the lichens of group". Tetrahedron Letters. 13 (45): 4609–4611. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)94378-3.
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