An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms.[citation needed
Systemic allergic diseases
Skin and mucous membrane diseases
Phacomatoses
Collagen diseases
Ankylosing spondylitis Dermatomyositis Periarteritis nodosa Reactive arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus Temporal arteritis Relapsing polychondritis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis , restrictive ophthalmopathy , chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve , ophthalmoplegia , conjunctivitis , keratitis , scleritis , episcleritis , dacrocystitis , nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis , uveitis , and retinal vasculitis.
Systemic viral infections
^ Bwaka, Mpia A.; Bonnet, Marie-José; Calain, Philippe; Colebunders, Robert; De Roo, Ann; Guimard, Yves; Katwiki, Kasongo R.; Kibadi, Kapay; Kipasa, Mungala A. (1999-02-01). "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical Observations in 103 Patients" . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 179 (Supplement_1): S1 – S7 . doi :10.1086/514308 ISSN 0022-1899 . PMID 9988155 . ^ Ikegami, Tetsuro; Makino, Shinji (2011-05-06). "The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever" . Viruses . 3 (5): 493– 519. doi :10.3390/v3050493 PMC 3111045 PMID 21666766 . ^ "Dengue Eye Disease" . The BMJ . 2017-07-06.^ Mehta, Salil; Jiandani, Prakash (September 2007). "Ocular features of hantavirus infection" . Indian Journal of Ophthalmology . 55 (5): 378– 380. doi :10.4103/0301-4738.33827 ISSN 0301-4738 . PMC 2636028 PMID 17699950 .
Systemic bacterial infections
Systemic protozoal infections
Systemic fungal infections
Systemic cestode and nematode infections
Chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes
Hematologic diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Endocrine diseases
Gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders
Musculoskeletal disease
Pulmonary diseases
Renal disease
See also
References
Pavan-Langston, Deborah (1990). Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. Little, Brown and Company. 