List of municipalities in Vermont
The U.S. state of Vermont is divided into 247 municipalities , including 237 towns and 10 cities . Vermont also has nine unincorporated areas, split between five unincorporated towns and four gores . As of 2024, Vermont has 30 incorporated villages, which are municipal governments operating within a town and providing additional services.
Burlington, Vermont's largest city
The downtown area of Rutland, Vermont's third largest city
The downtown area of Montpelier, Vermont's capital city
Orwell Town Hall
Stowe Town Hall
Calais Town Hall
Cities in Vermont are municipalities with the city form of government. Vermont has ten cities with a combined area of 80.2 sq mi (208 km2 ), or 0.8% of the state's total area.[citation needed ]
According to the 2020 census, 119,299 people, or 18.54% of the state's population, resided in Vermont's cities (excluding Essex Junction , which incorporated in 2022). Six of Vermont's 14 counties have at least one city within their borders. Five cities serve as the county seats for their respective counties and are indicated below with an asterisk (* ).
Towns in Vermont are municipalities that typically incorporate the town meeting format into their government
In some cases, a town and city have the same name, such as Barre City which is almost entirely surrounded by the separate municipality of Barre Town .
List of municipalities
Municipality
Type
County
Population
(2020)[ 1]
Land area
Year
incorporated
Burlington
City
Chittenden (seat )
44,743
15.49 sq mi (40.1 km2 )
1864
South Burlington
City
Chittenden
20,292
29.58 sq mi (76.6 km2 )
1971
Colchester
Town
Chittenden
17,524
58.57 sq mi (151.7 km2 )
Rutland
City
Rutland (seat)
15,807
7.68 sq mi (19.9 km2 )
1892
Bennington
Town
Bennington (seat)
15,333
42.50 sq mi (110.1 km2 )
Brattleboro
Town
Windham
12,184
32.41 sq mi (83.9 km2 )
Essex
Town
Chittenden
11,540
39.32 sq mi (101.8 km2 )
Milton
Town
Chittenden
10,723
60.89 sq mi (157.7 km2 )
Hartford
Town
Windsor
10,686
45.88 sq mi (118.8 km2 )
Essex Junction
City
Chittenden
10,590
4.74 sq mi (12.3 km2 )
2022
Williston
Town
Chittenden
10,103
30.58 sq mi (79.2 km2 )
Middlebury
Town
Addison (seat)
9,152
39.22 sq mi (101.6 km2 )
Springfield
Town
Windsor
9,062
49.44 sq mi (128.0 km2 )
Barre
City
Washington
8,491
3.98 sq mi (10.3 km2 )
1895
Montpelier
City (capital )
Washington (seat)
8,074
10.25 sq mi (26.5 km2 )
1895
Winooski
City
Chittenden
7,997
1.51 sq mi (3.9 km2 )
1921
Barre
Town
Washington
7,923
30.72 sq mi (79.6 km2 )
Shelburne
Town
Chittenden
7,717
45.07 sq mi (116.7 km2 )
St. Johnsbury
Town
Caledonia (seat)
7,364
36.74 sq mi (95.2 km2 )
St. Albans
Town
Franklin
6,988
60.53 sq mi (156.8 km2 )
St. Albans
City
Franklin (seat)
6,887
2.03 sq mi (5.3 km2 )
1902
Swanton
Town
Franklin
6,701
61.67 sq mi (159.7 km2 )
Northfield
Town
Washington
5,918
43.63 sq mi (113.0 km2 )
Lyndon
Town
Caledonia
5,491
39.82 sq mi (103.1 km2 )
Morristown
Town
Lamoille
5,434
51.68 sq mi (133.9 km2 )
Waterbury
Town
Washington
5,331
49.76 sq mi (128.9 km2 )
Stowe
Town
Lamoille
5,223
72.76 sq mi (188.4 km2 )
Jericho
Town
Chittenden
5,104
35.55 sq mi (92.1 km2 )
Fairfax
Town
Franklin
5,014
40.43 sq mi (104.7 km2 )
Georgia
Town
Franklin
4,845
45.22 sq mi (117.1 km2 )
Rockingham
Town
Windham
4,832
42.23 sq mi (109.4 km2 )
Randolph
Town
Orange
4,774
48.20 sq mi (124.8 km2 )
Hinesburg
Town
Chittenden
4,698
39.83 sq mi (103.2 km2 )
Derby
Town
Orleans
4,579
57.60 sq mi (149.2 km2 )
Manchester
Town
Bennington (seat)
4,484
42.25 sq mi (109.4 km2 )
Castleton
Town
Rutland
4,458
42.35 sq mi (109.7 km2 )
Newport
City
Orleans (seat)
4,455
7.63 sq mi (19.8 km2 )
1917
Richmond
Town
Chittenden
4,167
32.75 sq mi (84.8 km2 )
Brandon
Town
Rutland
4,129
40.14 sq mi (104.0 km2 )
Rutland
Town
Rutland
3,924
19.34 sq mi (50.1 km2 )
Cambridge
Town
Lamoille
3,839
63.69 sq mi (165.0 km2 )
Charlotte
Town
Chittenden
3,783
50.36 sq mi (130.4 km2 )
Bristol
Town
Addison
3,782
42.18 sq mi (109.2 km2 )
Norwich
Town
Windsor
3,612
44.68 sq mi (115.7 km2 )
Shaftsbury
Town
Bennington
3,598
43.18 sq mi (111.8 km2 )
Windsor
Town
Windsor
3,559
19.75 sq mi (51.2 km2 )
Williamstown
Town
Orange
3,515
40.45 sq mi (104.8 km2 )
Johnson
Town
Lamoille
3,491
45.09 sq mi (116.8 km2 )
Highgate
Town
Franklin
3,472
59.74 sq mi (154.7 km2 )
Hartland
Town
Windsor
3,446
45.20 sq mi (117.1 km2 )
Pownal
Town
Bennington
3,258
46.73 sq mi (121.0 km2 )
Underhill
Town
Chittenden
3,129
51.40 sq mi (133.1 km2 )
Hyde Park
Town
Lamoille (seat)
3,020
38.93 sq mi (100.8 km2 )
Poultney
Town
Rutland
3,020
43.96 sq mi (113.9 km2 )
Westminster
Town
Windham
3,016
46.09 sq mi (119.4 km2 )
Chester
Town
Windsor
3,005
55.94 sq mi (144.9 km2 )
Woodstock
Town
Windsor (seat)
3,005
44.64 sq mi (115.6 km2 )
Hardwick
Town
Caledonia
2,920
39.02 sq mi (101.1 km2 )
Barton
Town
Orleans
2,872
44.88 sq mi (116.2 km2 )
Pittsford
Town
Rutland
2,862
43.58 sq mi (112.9 km2 )
Berlin
Town
Washington
2,849
36.94 sq mi (95.7 km2 )
Weathersfield
Town
Windsor
2,842
44.20 sq mi (114.5 km2 )
Enosburgh
Town
Franklin
2,810
48.72 sq mi (126.2 km2 )
Bradford
Town
Orange
2,790
29.84 sq mi (77.3 km2 )
Thetford
Town
Orange
2,775
44.43 sq mi (115.1 km2 )
Royalton
Town
Windsor
2,750
40.93 sq mi (106.0 km2 )
Fair Haven
Town
Rutland
2,736
18.15 sq mi (47.0 km2 )
Ferrisburgh
Town
Addison
2,646
61.16 sq mi (158.4 km2 )
Putney
Town
Windham
2,617
26.83 sq mi (69.5 km2 )
East Montpelier
Town
Washington
2,598
32.12 sq mi (83.2 km2 )
Vergennes
City
Addison
2,553
2.51 sq mi (6.5 km2 )
1788
Arlington
Town
Bennington
2,457
42.43 sq mi (109.9 km2 )
Clarendon
Town
Rutland
2,412
31.52 sq mi (81.6 km2 )
Richford
Town
Franklin
2,346
43.29 sq mi (112.1 km2 )
Danville
Town
Caledonia
2,335
61.13 sq mi (158.3 km2 )
Newbury
Town
Orange
2,293
64.81 sq mi (167.9 km2 )
Wilmington
Town
Windham
2,255
41.71 sq mi (108.0 km2 )
West Rutland
Town
Rutland
2,214
17.98 sq mi (46.6 km2 )
Vernon
Town
Windham
2,192
20.06 sq mi (52.0 km2 )
Ludlow
Town
Windsor
2,172
35.70 sq mi (92.5 km2 )
Sheldon
Town
Franklin
2,136
39.54 sq mi (102.4 km2 )
Dorset
Town
Bennington
2,133
47.88 sq mi (124.0 km2 )
Wallingford
Town
Rutland
2,129
43.44 sq mi (112.5 km2 )
Guilford
Town
Windham
2,120
39.96 sq mi (103.5 km2 )
Alburgh
Town
Grand Isle
2,106
48.82 sq mi (126.4 km2 )
Grand Isle
Town
Grand Isle
2,086
35.13 sq mi (91.0 km2 )
Monkton
Town
Addison
2,079
36.24 sq mi (93.9 km2 )
Westford
Town
Chittenden
2,062
39.29 sq mi (101.8 km2 )
Fairfield
Town
Franklin
2,044
68.50 sq mi (177.4 km2 )
Warren
Town
Washington
1,977
39.98 sq mi (103.5 km2 )
Bethel
Town
Windsor
1,942
45.44 sq mi (117.7 km2 )
Huntington
Town
Chittenden
1,934
38.04 sq mi (98.5 km2 )
Londonderry
Town
Windham
1,919
35.90 sq mi (93.0 km2 )
Dummerston
Town
Windham
1,865
30.83 sq mi (79.8 km2 )
Waitsfield
Town
Washington
1,844
26.90 sq mi (69.7 km2 )
Dover
Town
Windham
1,798
35.33 sq mi (91.5 km2 )
Middlesex
Town
Washington
1,779
39.87 sq mi (103.3 km2 )
Proctor
Town
Rutland
1,763
7.60 sq mi (19.7 km2 )
Starksboro
Town
Addison
1,756
45.87 sq mi (118.8 km2 )
Moretown
Town
Washington
1,753
40.21 sq mi (104.1 km2 )
Marlboro
Town
Windham
1,722
40.65 sq mi (105.3 km2 )
Troy
Town
Orleans
1,722
36.05 sq mi (93.4 km2 )
New Haven
Town
Addison
1,683
41.54 sq mi (107.6 km2 )
South Hero
Town
Grand Isle
1,674
47.49 sq mi (123.0 km2 )
Wolcott
Town
Lamoille
1,670
39.13 sq mi (101.3 km2 )
Barnet
Town
Caledonia
1,663
43.58 sq mi (112.9 km2 )
Calais
Town
Washington
1,661
38.56 sq mi (99.9 km2 )
Burke
Town
Caledonia
1,651
34.03 sq mi (88.1 km2 )
Newfane
Town
Windham (seat)
1,645
40.52 sq mi (104.9 km2 )
Marshfield
Town
Washington
1,583
43.43 sq mi (112.5 km2 )
Sharon
Town
Windsor
1,560
40.16 sq mi (104.0 km2 )
Berkshire
Town
Franklin
1,547
42.23 sq mi (109.4 km2 )
Newport
Town
Orleans
1,526
43.52 sq mi (112.7 km2 )
Corinth
Town
Orange
1,455
48.55 sq mi (125.7 km2 )
Cabot
Town
Washington
1,443
38.53 sq mi (99.8 km2 )
Pawlet
Town
Rutland
1,424
42.90 sq mi (111.1 km2 )
Duxbury
Town
Washington
1,413
43.10 sq mi (111.6 km2 )
Killington
Town
Rutland
1,407
46.86 sq mi (121.4 km2 )
Cavendish
Town
Windsor
1,392
39.71 sq mi (102.8 km2 )
Mount Holly
Town
Rutland
1,385
49.57 sq mi (128.4 km2 )
Addison
Town
Addison
1,365
48.93 sq mi (126.7 km2 )
Fayston
Town
Washington
1,364
36.45 sq mi (94.4 km2 )
Franklin
Town
Franklin
1,363
40.76 sq mi (105.6 km2 )
Fletcher
Town
Franklin
1,346
38.00 sq mi (98.4 km2 )
West Windsor
Town
Windsor
1,344
24.73 sq mi (64.1 km2 )
Whitingham
Town
Windham
1,344
38.87 sq mi (100.7 km2 )
Craftsbury
Town
Orleans
1,343
39.76 sq mi (103.0 km2 )
Eden
Town
Lamoille
1,338
64.29 sq mi (166.5 km2 )
Tunbridge
Town
Orange
1,337
44.72 sq mi (115.8 km2 )
Lincoln
Town
Addison
1,323
44.60 sq mi (115.5 km2 )
Bolton
Town
Chittenden
1,301
42.53 sq mi (110.2 km2 )
Townshend
Town
Windham
1,291
42.67 sq mi (110.5 km2 )
Danby
Town
Rutland
1,284
41.54 sq mi (107.6 km2 )
Bakersfield
Town
Franklin
1,273
44.63 sq mi (115.6 km2 )
Waterford
Town
Caledonia
1,268
39.74 sq mi (102.9 km2 )
Shoreham
Town
Addison
1,260
46.39 sq mi (120.1 km2 )
Lunenburg
Town
Essex
1,246
45.78 sq mi (118.6 km2 )
Brookfield
Town
Orange
1,244
41.15 sq mi (106.6 km2 )
Orwell
Town
Addison
1,239
49.67 sq mi (128.6 km2 )
Chittenden
Town
Rutland
1,237
73.80 sq mi (191.1 km2 )
Plainfield
Town
Washington
1,236
21.05 sq mi (54.5 km2 )
Chelsea
Town
Orange (seat)
1,233
39.94 sq mi (103.4 km2 )
Irasburg
Town
Orleans
1,233
40.58 sq mi (105.1 km2 )
Bridport
Town
Addison
1,225
46.31 sq mi (119.9 km2 )
Salisbury
Town
Addison
1,221
30.02 sq mi (77.8 km2 )
Wells
Town
Rutland
1,214
22.99 sq mi (59.5 km2 )
Braintree
Town
Orange
1,207
38.39 sq mi (99.4 km2 )
Cornwall
Town
Addison
1,207
28.61 sq mi (74.1 km2 )
Topsham
Town
Orange
1,199
48.99 sq mi (126.9 km2 )
Montgomery
Town
Franklin
1,184
56.70 sq mi (146.9 km2 )
Winhall
Town
Bennington
1,182
44.02 sq mi (114.0 km2 )
Ryegate
Town
Caledonia
1,165
36.77 sq mi (95.2 km2 )
Brighton
Town
Essex
1,157
53.34 sq mi (138.1 km2 )
Mendon
Town
Rutland
1,149
38.09 sq mi (98.7 km2 )
Concord
Town
Essex
1,141
53.52 sq mi (138.6 km2 )
Glover
Town
Orleans
1,114
38.61 sq mi (100.0 km2 )
Coventry
Town
Orleans
1,100
27.67 sq mi (71.7 km2 )
Rochester
Town
Windsor
1,099
57.38 sq mi (148.6 km2 )
Shrewsbury
Town
Rutland
1,096
50.17 sq mi (129.9 km2 )
Strafford
Town
Orange
1,094
44.30 sq mi (114.7 km2 )
Sunderland
Town
Bennington
1,056
45.65 sq mi (118.2 km2 )
Orange
Town
Orange
1,048
39.01 sq mi (101.0 km2 )
Brownington
Town
Orleans
1,042
28.45 sq mi (73.7 km2 )
Washington
Town
Orange
1,032
38.87 sq mi (100.7 km2 )
Charleston
Town
Orleans
1,021
38.82 sq mi (100.5 km2 )
Jamaica
Town
Windham
1,005
49.46 sq mi (128.1 km2 )
Barnard
Town
Windsor
992
48.89 sq mi (126.6 km2 )
Leicester
Town
Addison
990
21.78 sq mi (56.4 km2 )
Fairlee
Town
Orange
988
21.25 sq mi (55.0 km2 )
Groton
Town
Caledonia
984
54.96 sq mi (142.3 km2 )
Albany
Town
Orleans
976
38.67 sq mi (100.2 km2 )
Benson
Town
Rutland
974
45.52 sq mi (117.9 km2 )
Worcester
Town
Washington
964
38.83 sq mi (100.6 km2 )
Walden
Town
Caledonia
956
38.94 sq mi (100.9 km2 )
North Hero
Town
Grand Isle (seat)
939
46.57 sq mi (120.6 km2 )
Woodbury
Town
Washington
928
39.10 sq mi (101.3 km2 )
Pomfret
Town
Windsor
916
39.47 sq mi (102.2 km2 )
Sutton
Town
Caledonia
913
38.37 sq mi (99.4 km2 )
Bridgewater
Town
Windsor
903
49.54 sq mi (128.3 km2 )
Canaan
Town
Essex
896
33.43 sq mi (86.6 km2 )
Lowell
Town
Orleans
887
56.08 sq mi (145.2 km2 )
Elmore
Town
Lamoille
886
39.58 sq mi (102.5 km2 )
Wardsboro
Town
Windham
869
29.23 sq mi (75.7 km2 )
Stamford
Town
Bennington
861
39.62 sq mi (102.6 km2 )
Weybridge
Town
Addison
814
17.61 sq mi (45.6 km2 )
Greensboro
Town
Orleans
811
39.39 sq mi (102.0 km2 )
Middletown Springs
Town
Rutland
794
22.32 sq mi (57.8 km2 )
St. George
Town
Chittenden
794
3.56 sq mi (9.2 km2 )
Halifax
Town
Windham
771
39.81 sq mi (103.1 km2 )
Wheelock
Town
Caledonia
759
39.82 sq mi (103.1 km2 )
Ripton
Town
Addison
739
49.86 sq mi (129.1 km2 )
Hubbardton
Town
Rutland
735
28.84 sq mi (74.7 km2 )
Stockbridge
Town
Windsor
718
46.17 sq mi (119.6 km2 )
Peacham
Town
Caledonia
715
47.68 sq mi (123.5 km2 )
Readsboro
Town
Bennington
702
36.48 sq mi (94.5 km2 )
Rupert
Town
Bennington
698
44.60 sq mi (115.5 km2 )
Reading
Town
Windsor
687
41.65 sq mi (107.9 km2 )
Waterville
Town
Lamoille
686
16.40 sq mi (42.5 km2 )
Sheffield
Town
Caledonia
682
32.77 sq mi (84.9 km2 )
Roxbury
Town
Washington
678
42.03 sq mi (108.9 km2 )
Vershire
Town
Orange
672
36.54 sq mi (94.6 km2 )
Panton
Town
Addison
646
22.06 sq mi (57.1 km2 )
Grafton
Town
Windham
645
38.37 sq mi (99.4 km2 )
Plymouth
Town
Windsor
641
48.68 sq mi (126.1 km2 )
Morgan
Town
Orleans
638
33.82 sq mi (87.6 km2 )
Holland
Town
Orleans
632
38.08 sq mi (98.6 km2 )
Weston
Town
Windsor
623
35.17 sq mi (91.1 km2 )
West Fairlee
Town
Orange
621
22.82 sq mi (59.1 km2 )
Newark
Town
Caledonia
584
37.21 sq mi (96.4 km2 )
Kirby
Town
Caledonia
575
24.42 sq mi (63.2 km2 )
Andover
Town
Windsor
568
28.78 sq mi (74.5 km2 )
Tinmouth
Town
Rutland
553
28.72 sq mi (74.4 km2 )
Jay
Town
Orleans
551
33.97 sq mi (88.0 km2 )
Sudbury
Town
Rutland
545
22.22 sq mi (57.5 km2 )
Brookline
Town
Windham
540
12.90 sq mi (33.4 km2 )
Westfield
Town
Orleans
534
40.20 sq mi (104.1 km2 )
Peru
Town
Bennington
531
37.34 sq mi (96.7 km2 )
Pittsfield
Town
Rutland
504
20.46 sq mi (53.0 km2 )
Isle La Motte
Town
Grand Isle
488
16.66 sq mi (43.1 km2 )
Windham
Town
Windham
449
26.10 sq mi (67.6 km2 )
Waltham
Town
Addison
446
9.06 sq mi (23.5 km2 )
Stratton
Town
Windham
440
46.89 sq mi (121.4 km2 )
Whiting
Town
Addison
405
13.70 sq mi (35.5 km2 )
Sandgate
Town
Bennington
387
42.20 sq mi (109.3 km2 )
Athens
Town
Windham
380
13.12 sq mi (34.0 km2 )
Ira
Town
Rutland
368
22.78 sq mi (59.0 km2 )
Hancock
Town
Addison
359
38.13 sq mi (98.8 km2 )
Belvidere
Town
Lamoille
358
32.14 sq mi (83.2 km2 )
Westmore
Town
Orleans
357
37.39 sq mi (96.8 km2 )
Woodford
Town
Bennington
355
47.59 sq mi (123.3 km2 )
Granville
Town
Addison
301
51.51 sq mi (133.4 km2 )
East Haven
Town
Essex
270
37.41 sq mi (96.9 km2 )
Guildhall
Town
Essex (seat)
262
33.09 sq mi (85.7 km2 )
West Haven
Town
Rutland
239
28.47 sq mi (73.7 km2 )
Baltimore
Town
Windsor
229
4.66 sq mi (12.1 km2 )
Bloomfield
Town
Essex
217
40.54 sq mi (105.0 km2 )
Maidstone
Town
Essex
211
32.30 sq mi (83.7 km2 )
Mount Tabor
Town
Rutland
210
43.81 sq mi (113.5 km2 )
Stannard
Town
Caledonia
208
12.51 sq mi (32.4 km2 )
Landgrove
Town
Bennington
177
9.17 sq mi (23.8 km2 )
Goshen
Town
Addison
172
20.81 sq mi (53.9 km2 )
Norton
Town
Essex
153
39.62 sq mi (102.6 km2 )
Searsburg
Town
Bennington
126
21.57 sq mi (55.9 km2 )
Brunswick
Town
Essex
88
26.00 sq mi (67.3 km2 )
Lemington
Town
Essex
87
35.52 sq mi (92.0 km2 )
Granby
Town
Essex
81
39.13 sq mi (101.3 km2 )
Victory
Town
Essex
70
43.00 sq mi (111.4 km2 )
Unincorporated areas
Unincorporated towns in Vermont are towns that had their charters revoked by the Vermont legislature or never formally organized due to lack of residents. Towns in name only, their affairs are managed by a state-appointed supervisor and not by a local government.
Gores in Vermont are seen as an unincorporated area of a county that is not part of any town , has limited self-government, and may be unpopulated. Vermont has four current gores.
Area
Type
County
2020 Population[ 2]
Area in Square Miles (km2 )[ 3]
Buels Gore
Gore
Chittenden
29
5.0 sq mi (13.1 km2 )
Averill
Unincorporated Town
Essex
21
38.07 sq mi (98.6 km2 )
Ferdinand
Unincorporated Town
Essex
16
52.81 sq mi (136.8 km2 )
Glastenbury
Unincorporated Town
Bennington
9
44.45 sq mi (115.1 km2 )
Somerset
Unincorporated Town
Windham
6
28.13 sq mi (72.9 km2 )
Lewis
Unincorporated Town
Essex
2
39.66 sq mi (102.7 km2 )
Warren's Gore
Gore
Essex
2
11.6 sq mi (30.0 km2 )
Averys Gore
Gore
Essex
0
17.6 sq mi (45.6 km2 )
Warner's Grant
Gore
Essex
0
3.2 sq mi (8.2 km2 )
Villages
In the U.S. state of Vermont , villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a town. Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated .
An incorporated village is a defined area within a town that was either granted a village charter by a special act of the legislature, or organized under the general legislation. A village which has been incorporated is a clearly defined municipality and provides a variety of municipal services, such as potable water , sewage, police and fire services , garbage collection , street lighting and maintenance, management of cemeteries , and building code enforcement. Other municipal services not provided by the village are provided by the parent town. Incorporated villages in Vermont are administratively similar to villages in New York . Vermont is the only state in New England that has incorporated villages.
As of 2024, there are 30 incorporated villages with active governments in Vermont. Historically, there were more but most have since disincorporated, while others were chartered as cities. Below is a list of incorporated villages that have existed, ordered by date of incorporation. Extant villages are bolded.
See also
References
Citations
General and cited references
Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Vermont" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1027. "Any community containing thirty or more houses may, with the approval of the selectmen of the town, receive a separate village organization. Their officials are a clerk, five trustees, a collector of taxes and a treasurer".
E. T. Howe, "Vermont Incorporated Villages: A Vanishing Institution", Vermont History 73 , 16 (2005).
J .S. Garland, New England town law: a digest of statutes and decisions concerning towns and town officers , Boston Book Co., Boston, 1906.
D. G. Sanford, Vermont Municipalities: an index to their charters and special acts , (Vermont Office of Secretary of State, 1986).
U.S. Census Bureau, Census of population, data for 1930–2000.
Vermont Secretary of State, "List of Incorporated Villages "
"Continuing Issues:Villages and cities" . Vermont State Archives . Vermont Secretary of State. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2007 .
Vermont Statutes Online, Title 24 and 24 Appendix
External links