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List of medical mnemonicsThis is a list of mnemonics used in medicine and medical science, categorized and alphabetized. A mnemonic is any technique that assists the human memory with information retention or retrieval by making abstract or impersonal information more accessible and meaningful, and therefore easier to remember; many of them are acronyms or initialisms which reduce a lengthy set of terms to a single, easy-to-remember word or phrase. Mnemonics with wikipages
AnatomyAnaesthesiologyAnaesthesia machine/room checkMS MAID:
Endotracheal intubation: diagnosis of poor bilateral breath sounds after intubationDOPE:
General anaesthesia: equipment check prior to inducingMALES:
Spinal anaesthesia agents"Little Boys Prefer Toys": Xylocaine: where not to use with epinephrine"Ears, nose, hose, fingers, and toes"
"Digital PEN" – digits, penis, ear, nose Behavioral science/psychologyDepression: major episode characteristicsSPACE DIGS:
Depression: DSM-V criteria for major depressive disorder"SIG E CAPS":
Gain: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary
Kubler-Ross dying process: stages"Death always brings great acceptance":
Middle adolescence (14–17 years): characteristicsHERO:
Narcolepsy: symptoms, epidemiologyCHAP:
Suicide: risk screening
Sleep stages: featuresDelta waves during Deepest sleep (stages 3 and 4, slow-wave) dREaM during REM sleep Impotence causesPLANE:
Male erectile dysfunction (MED): biological causesMED:
Premature ejaculation: treatment2 S's:
More detail with 2 more S's:
BiochemistryB vitamin names"The rhythm nearly proved contagious": In increasing order:
Essential amino acids"TIM HALL PVT. (Ltd.) always argue and never (get) tire":
†Note that this initialism uses single letters for each amino acid that are not the same as the standard single-letter codes commonly used in molecular biology to uniquely specify each amino acid; for example, though phenylalanine is represented here by the letter "P", it is formally represented by the letter "F" in most other contexts, and "P" is instead used to formally represent proline. Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles"Muscles LIVe fast":
Fat-soluble vitamins"The fat (fat-soluble vitamins) cat lives in the ADEK (vitamins A, D, E, and K)."[3] Folate deficiency: causesA FOLIC DROP:
Glycogen storage: Anderson's (IV) vs. Cori's (III) enzyme defectABCD:
Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI"Viagra pills cause a major hardon tendency":
Enzyme classes"'On The Hill, LIL' Transformers":
CardiologyEmergency medicineAcute LVF managementLMNOP:[4]
Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onsetTHE ATRIAL FIBS:[4]
Well's criteriaSecret little TIP (about) blood clots:[4] Signs/symptoms of PE (3) PE is the most likely diagnosis (3) Tachycardia >100bpm (1.5) Iimmobilisation/surgery in the last 4 weeks (1.5) Previous DVT/PE Blood in sputum (haemoptysis) (1) Active cancer (1) Two tier score: PE likely > 4 Causes of life-threatening chest painPET-MAC[5]
GCS intubationUnder 8, intubate.[6] Ipecac: contraindications4 C's:[4]
JVP: raised JVP differentialPQRST(EKG waves):[4]
MI: immediate treatmentDOGASH:[4]
PEA/asystole (ACLS): causeITCHPAD[4] Infarction Tension pneumothorax Cardiac tamponade Hypovolemia/hypothermia/hypo-,hyperkalemia/hypomagnesmia/hypoxemia Pulmonary embolism Acidosis Drug overdose Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)SOAP ME Suction Oxygen Airway equipment Positioning Monitoring & medications EtCO2 & other equipment[7] Rapid sequence intubation medications (RSI) (CCRx) Very calmly engage the respiratory system Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg[8] Cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg[8] Etomidate 0.3 mg/kg[8] Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg-1.2 mg/kg[8] Succinylcholine 1 mg/kg[8] Shock: signs and symptomsTV SPARC CUBE:[4] Thirst Vomitting Sweating Pulse weak Anxious Respirations shallow/rapid Cool Cyanotic Unconscious BP low Eyes blank Shock: typesRN CHAMPS (Alternatively: "MR. C.H. SNAP", or "NH CRAMPS"): Respiratory Neurogenic Cardiogenic Hemorrhagic Anaphylactic Metabolic Psychogenic Septic[9] Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causesBATS:[4] Berry aneurysm Arteriovenous malformation/adult polycystic kidney disease Trauma Stroke Syncope causes, by systemHEAD HEART VESSELS:[4] CNS causes include HEAD: Hypoxia/hypoglycemia Epilepsy Anxiety Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA) Cardiac causes are HEART: Heart attack Embolism (PE) Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma) Rhythm disturbance, ventricular Tachycardia Vascular causes are VESSELS: Vasovagal Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia) Situational Subclavian steal ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia) Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy) Sensitive carotid sinus Tension pneumothorax: signs and symptomsP-THORAX[10] Pleuritic pain Tracheal deviation Hyperresonance Onset sudden Reduced breath sounds (and dyspnea) Absent fremitus X-ray shows collapse TWEED SASHNon-pharmacological analgesia.[11]
Ventricular fibrillation: treatmentShock, shock, shock, everybody shock, little shock, big shock, momma shock, poppa shock:[4] Shock= Defibrillate Everybody= Epinephrine Little= Lidocaine Big= Bretylium Momma= MgSO4 Poppa= Procainamide Causes of fracture non-unionSPLINT [12]
Classical signs of acute compartment syndromeThe 6 P's of comPartment syndrome:[13]
EndocrineDiabetes complicationsKNIVES:[14] Kidney – nephropathy Neuromuscular – peripheral neuropathy, mononeuritis, amyotrophy Infective – UTIs, TB Vascular – coronary/cerebrovascular/peripheral artery disease Eye – cataracts, retinopathy Skin – lipohypertrophy/lipoatrophy, necrobiosis lipoidica Hematology/oncologyAnterior mediastinal masses4 T's: Teratoma Thymoma Testicular-type T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancyRisk is 30% at age 30. Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on. Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastasesBLAB: Bone Liver Adrenals Brain Esophageal cancer: risk factorsABCDEF: Achalasia Barret's esophagus Corrosive esophagitis Diverticuliis Esophageal web Familial Lung cancer: notorious consequencesSPEECH: Superior vena cava syndrome Paralysis of diaphragm (phrenic nerve) Ectopic hormones Eaton-Lambert syndrome Clubbing Horner syndrome/ hoarseness Mole: signs of troubleABCDE: Asymmetry Border irregular Colour irregular Diameter usually > 0.5 cm Elevation irregular Prognotic factors for cancer: generalPROGNOSIS: Presentation (time & course) Response to treatment Old (bad prog.) Good intervention (i.e. early) Non-compliance with treatment Order of differentiation (>1 cell type) Stage of disease Ill health Spread (diffuse) Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor"Go look for the adenoma please": Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are: GnRH LSH FSH ACTH Prolactin function Interviewing / physical examAbdominal assessmentTo assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM: Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction Rigidity (board like): bleeding Guarding: muscular tension when touched Evisceration/ ecchymosis Rebound tenderness: infection Masses Altered level of consciousness: reasonsAEIOU TIPS Alcohol Epilepsy, electrolytes, and encephalopathy Insulin Overdose, oxygen Underdose, uremia Trauma, temperature Infection Psychogenic, poisons Stroke, shock[15] Deep tendon reflexes (DTR's)One two, put on my shoe - S1/2 roots for Achilles reflex (foot plantarflexion) Three four, kick the door - L3/4 roots for patellar reflex (knee extension) Five six, pick up sticks - C5/6 roots for brachioradialis and biceps brachii reflexes (elbow flexion) Seven eight, shut the gate - C7/8 roots for triceps brachii reflex (elbow extension) Cause of symptomsOPQRST (Works well for cardiac, and respiratory patients.)[16] Onset of the event Provocation or palliation Quality of the pain Region and radiation Severity Time Fetal monitoringVEAL CHOP
Neurovascular assessment5 P's: Pain Pallor Paresthesia Pulse Paralysis[18] Trauma assessmentDCAP-BTLS Deformities & discolorations Penetrations & punctures Swelling & symmetry BP-DOC Bleeding Pain Deformities Open wounds Toxicological seizures: causesOTIS CAMPBELL Organophosphates Tricyclic antidepressants Isoniazid, insulin Sympathomimetics Camphor, cocaine Amphetamines Methylxanthines PCP, propoxyphene, phenol, propranolol Benzodiazepine withdrawal, botanicals Ethanol withdrawal Lithium, lidocaine Lindane, lead[19] Vomiting: non-GIT differentialABCDEFGHI: Acute renal failure Brain [increased ICP] Cardiac [inferior MI] DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [paracetamol, theo, etc.] Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis] Heart valve auscultation sites"All patients take meds": Reading from top left: Aortic Pulmonary Tricuspid Mitral Glasgow coma scale: components and numbersScale types is 3 V's: Visual response Verbal response Vibratory (motor) response Scale scores are 4,5,6: Scale of 4: see so much more Scale of 5: talking jive Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawal) Mental state examination: stages in order"Assessed mental state to be positively clinically unremarkable": Appearance and behaviour [observe state, clothing...] Mood [recent spirit] Speech [rate, form, content] Thinking [thoughts, perceptions] Behavioural abnormalities Perception abnormalities Cognition [time, place, age...] Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns] HistorySigns and symptoms Allergies Medications Past medical history, injuries, illnesses Last meal/intake Events leading up to the injury and/or illness Onset of symptoms Provocation/pallitive Quality or character of pain Region of pain or radiation Signs, symptoms and severity Time of onset, duration, intensity Orthopaedic assessmentCLORIDE FPP Character: sharp or dull pain Location: region (joint) of origin Onset: sudden vs. gradual Radiation: Intensity: how severe (scale 1–10), impact on ADLs (activities of daily living), is it getting better, worse or staying the same? Duration: acute vs. chronic Events associated: falls, morning stiffness, swelling, redness, joint clicking or locking, muscle cramps, muscle wasting, movement limitation, weakness, numbness or tingling, fever, chills, trauma (mechanism of injury), occupation activities, sports, repetitive movements Frequency: intermittent vs. constant, have you ever had this pain before? Palliative factors: is there anything that makes it better? (rest, activity, meds, heat, cold) Provocative factors: is there anything that makes it worse? (rest, activity, etc.)[20] Pain history checklistSOCRATES: Site Onset Character Radiation Alleviating factors/ associated symptoms Timing (duration, frequency) Exacerbating factors Severity Alternatively, signs and symptoms with the 'S' PLOTRADIO Past history Location Onset/offset Type/character (of pain) Radiation Aggravating/alleviating factors Duration Intensity Other associated symptoms Abdominal swelling causes9 F's: Fat Feces Fluid Flatus Fetus Full-sized tumors Full bladder Fibroids False pregnancy Head trauma: rapid neuro exam12 P's Psychological (mental) status Pupils: size, symmetry, reaction Paired ocular movements Papilloedema Pressure (BP, increased ICP) Pulse and rate Paralysis, paresis Pyramidal signs Pin prick sensory response Pee (incontinent) Patellar reflex Ptosis Ocular bobbing vs. dipping"Breakfast is fast, dinner is slow, both go down": Bobbing is fast Dipping is slow In both, the initial movement is down. Pupillary dilation (persistent): causes3AM: 3rd nerve palsy Anti-muscarinic eye drops (e.g. to facilitate fundoscopy) Myotonic pupil Clinical examination: initial Inspection of patient from end of bedABC: Appearance (SOB, pain, etc.) Behaviour Connections (drips, inhalers, etc. connected to patient) Differential diagnosis checklist"A VITAMIN C" Acquired Vascular Inflammatory (infectious and non-infectious) Trauma/ toxins Autoimmune Metabolic Idiopathic Neoplastic Congenital Primitive reflexes"Absent reflexes should get paediatrics professors mad" Absent: asymmetrical tonic neck reflex Reflexes: rooting reflex Should: suck reflex Get: grasp reflex Paediatrics: placing reflex Professors: parachute reflex Mad: Moro reflex Family history (FH)BALD CHASM: Blood pressure (high) Arthritis Lung disease Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Alcoholism Stroke Mental health disorders (depression, etc.) Four point physical assessment of a disease"I'm a people person" Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation Medical history: disease checklistMJ THREADS: Myocardial infarction Jaundice Tuberculosis Hypertension Rheumatic fever/ rheumatoid arthritis Epilepsy Asthma Diabetes Strokes Past medical history (PMH)VAMP THIS: Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks) Allergies Medications Preexisting medical conditions Trauma History of hospitalizations Immunizations Surgeries SMASH FM: Social history Medical history Allergies Surgical history Hospitalizations Family history Medications Patient examination organizationSOAP: Subjective: what the patient says. Objective: what the examiner observes. Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on. Plan: what they intend to do about it Patient profile (PP)LADDERS: Living situation/ lifestyle Anxiety Depression Daily activities (describe a typical day) Environmental risks / exposure Relationships Support system / stress Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps'"6 students and 3 teachers go for CAMPFIRE": Site, size, shape, surface, skin, scar Tenderness, temperature, transillumination Consistency Attachment Mobility Pulsation Fluctuation Irreducibility Regional lymph nodes Edge Short stature causesRETARD HEIGHT: Rickets Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's) Turner syndrome Achondroplasia Respiratory(suppurative lung disease) Down syndrome Hereditary Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious) IUGR GI (malabsorption) Heart (congenital heart disease) Tilted backbone (scoliosis) Sign vs. symptomS&S: Sign: I (the examiner) can detect attributes/reactions without patient description Symptom: patient only can sense attributes/feelings Social historyFED TACOS: Food Exercise Drugs Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Occupation Sexual activity Surgical sieve for diagnostic categoriesINVESTIGATIONS: Iatrogenic Neoplastic Vascular Endocrine Structural / mechanical Traumatic Inflammatory Genetic / congenital Autoimmune Toxic Infective Old age / degenerative Nutritional Spontaneous / idiopathic Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories (alternate)PAST MIDNIGHT: Psychological Autoimmune Spontaneous/idiopathic Toxic Metabolic Inflammatory Degenerative Neoplastic Infection Genetic Hematological Traumatic VITAMIN CDEF: Vascular Infective/inflammatory Traumatic Autoimmune Metabolic Iatrogenic/idiopathic Neoplastic Congenital Degenerative/developmental Endocrine/environmental Functional Breast history checklistLMNOP: Lump Mammary changes Nipple changes Other symptoms Patient risk factors Delivering bad newsSPIKES: Setting up Perception Invitation Knowledge Emotions Strategy and summary NephrologyDialysis: Acute indicationsAEIOU[21] Acidosis (refractory to treatment) Electrolyte abnormalities (refractory to treatment, e.g. hyperkalemia) Ingestions (e.g. methanol, ethylene glycol, lithium, salicylates) Overload (volume overload refractory to IV diuresis) Uremia (presenting with pericarditis, bleeding, encephalopathy) NeurologyChorea: common causesSt. VITUS'S DANCE:[4] Sydenhams Vascular Increased RBC's (polycythemia) Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg Uremia SLE Senile chorea Drugs APLA syndrome Neurodegenerative conditions: HD, neuroacanthocytosis, DRPLA Conception related: pregnancy, OCP's Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypo-, hyperglycemia Congenital myopathy: featuresDREAMS:[4] Dominantly inherited, mostly Reflexes decreased Enzymes normal Apathetic floppy baby Milestones delayed Skeletal abnormalities Dementia: reversible dementia causesDEMENTIA:[4] Drugs/depression Elderly Multi-infarct/medication Environmental Nutritional Toxins Ischemia Alcohol Friedreich ataxia trinucleotide repeat"Ataxic GAAit" Guanine Adenine Adenine [22] Stroke risk factorsHEADS:[4] Hypertension/ hyperlipidemia Elderly Atrial fib Diabetes mellitus/ drugs (cocaine) Smoking/sex (male) Horner syndromeHorny PAMELA: Ptosis Anhydrosis Miosis Enophthalmos Loss of ciliary-spinal reflex Anisocoria Cerebellar signsDANISH:
Causes of pinpoint pupilsPinpoint pupils are caused by opioids and pontine pathology Diagnostic criteria of neurofibromatosis type 1CAFÉ SPOT:
Features of normal pressure hydrocephalusWet, wobbly, wacky:
PathologyGynaecomastia causing drugsSome drugs create awesome knockers Spironolactone Digitalis Cimetidine Alcohol Ketoconazole[23] PsychiatryConduct disorder vs. antisocial personality disorderConduct disorder is seen in children. Antisocial personality disorder is seen in adults. Depression: symptoms and signs (DSM-IV criteria)AWESOME: Affect flat Weight change (loss or gain) Energy, loss of Sad feelings/ suicide thoughts or plans or attempts/ sexual inhibition/ sleep change (loss or excess) / social withdrawal Others (guilt, loss of pleasure, hopeless) Memory loss Emotional blunting DepressionUNHAPPINESS: Understandable (such as bereavement, major stresses) Neurotic (high anxiety personalities, negative parental upbringing, hypochondriasis) Agitation (usually organic causes such as dementia) Pseudodementia Pain Importuning (whingeing, complaining) Nihilistic Endogenous Secondary (i.e. cancer at the head of the pancreas, bronchogenic cancer) Syndromal DeliriumDIMES & 3Ps: Drugs (or withdrawal) Infection (PUS = Pneumonia, UTI, Skin) Metabolic (e.g. Na, Ca, TSH) Environmental Structural Pain Pee Poo I WATCH DEATH[24] Withdrawal – alcohol, sedatives, barbiturates Acute metabolic changes – pH, hypo/hyper Na, Ca, acute liver or renal failure Trauma – brain injury, subdural hematoma CNS – post-ictal, stroke, tumour, brain mets Hypoxia – CHF, anemia Defficiencies – thiamine, niacin, B12 (e.g. chronic G and T alcoholics) Endocrinopathies – hypo-/hyper-cortisol, hypoglycemia Acute vascular – hypertensive encephalopathy, septic hypotension Toxins and Drugs – especially anti-cholinergics, opioids, benzodiazepines Heavy metals PINCH ME Pain Infection Nutrition Constipation Hydration Medication Electrolytes Erikson's developmental stages"The sad tale of Erikson Motors":
Mr. Trust and MsTrust had an auto they were ashamed of. She took the initiative to find the guilty party. She found the industry was inferior. They were making cars with dents [identity] and rolling fuses [role confusion]. Mr. N.T. Macy [intimacy] isolated the problem, General TVT absorbed the cost. In the end, they found the tires were just gritty and the should have used de- spare! Mental state examinationASEPTIC: Appearance Speech Emotion (objective/subjective) Perceptions Thoughts Insight Cognition Mania: cardinal symptomsDIG FAST: Distractibility Indiscretion (DSM-IV's "excessive involvement in pleasurable activities") Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity increase Sleep deficit (decreased need for sleep) Talkativeness (pressured speech) Mania: diagnostic criteriaMust have 3 of MANIAC: Mouth (pressure of speech)/ Moodl Activity increased Naughty (disinhibition) Insomnia Attention (distractibility) Confidence (grandiose ideas) Parasomnias: time of onsetSleep terrors and Sleepwalking occur during Slow-wave sleep (stages 3 & 4).Nightmare occurs during REM sleep (and is remembered). Psychiatric review of symptoms"Depressed patients seem anxious, so call psychiatrists": Depression and other mood disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia) Personality disorders (primarily borderline personality disorder) Substance abuse disorders Anxiety disorders (panic disorder with agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder) Somatization disorder, eating disorders (these two disorders are combined because both involve disorders of bodily perception) Cognitive disorders (dementia, delirium) Psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, delusional disorder and psychosis accompanying depression, substance abuse or dementia) Schizophrenia: negative features4 A's: Ambivalence Affective incongruence Associative loosening Autism Substance dependence: features (DSM IV)WITHDraw IT:
Withdrawal Interest or Important activities given up or reduced Tolerance Harm to physical and psychosocial known but continue to use Desire to cut down, control Intended time, amount exceeded Time spent too much RadiologyChest radiograph: checklist to examine"Pamela found our rotation particularly exciting; very highly commended mainly 'cus she arouses": Patient details Film details Objects (e.g. lines, electrodes) Rotation Penetration Expansion Vessels Hila Costophrenic angles Mediastinum Cardiothoracic ratio Soft tissues and bones Air (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema) Chest X-ray interpretationPreliminary is ABCDEF: AP or PA Body position Confirm name Date Exposure Films for comparison Analysis is ABCDEF: Airways (hilar adenopathy or enlargement) Breast shadows / bones (rib fractures, lytic bone lesions) Cardiac silhoutte (cardiac enlargement) / costophrenic angles (pleural effusions) Diaphragm (evidence of free air) / digestive tract Edges (apices for fibrosis, pneumothorax, pleural thickening or plaques) / extrathoracic tissues Fields (evidence of alveolar filling) / failure (alveolar air space disease with prominent vascularity with or without pleural effusions) Chest X-ray: cavitating lesions differential"If you see holes on chest X-ray, they are weird": Wegener's granulomatosis (now known as granulomatosis with polyangiitis) Embolic (pulmonary, septic) Infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB) Rheumatoid (necrobiotic nodules) Developmental cysts (sequestration) Histiocytosis Oncological Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Environmental, occupational Sarcoid Alternatively: L=Left atrial myxoma Elbow ossification centers, in sequenceCRITOE: Capitellum Radial head Internal epicondyle Trochlea Olecranon External epicondyle Head CT scan: evaluation checklist"Blood can be very bad": Blood Cistern Brain Ventricles Bone Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklistABCD: Anterior: look for swelling Bones: examine each bone for fractures Cartilage: look for slipped discs Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood Osteoarthritis: x-ray signsLOSS: Loss of joint space Osteopyhtes Subcondral sclerosis Subchondral cysts T2 vs. T1 MRI scan"WW 2" (World War II): Water is white in a T2 scan. Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter. Upper lobe shadowing: causesBREASTS: Beryllium Radiation Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sarcoidosis TB Siliconiosis RespiratoryAirway assessmentLEMON
PIPPA
Asthma managementASTHMA
CAT items: CHEST SEA To aid memory, think of the chest (or lungs) floating in a sea of yellow sputum, which is commonly seen in COPD.
Croup symptoms
Causes of upper zone pulmonary fibrosisA TEA SHOP
Features of a life-threatening asthma attackA CHEST
Pulmonary edema: treatmentLMNOP: Lasix Morphine Nitro Oxygen Position/positive pressure ventilation[27] MiscellaneousThe following may or may not fit properly into one of the above categories. They are being stored in this section either temporarily or permanently. Categorize them if needed. Cholinergic crisisSLUDGE and the Killer B's: Salivation Lacrimation Urination Diaphoresis, diarrhea Gastrointestinal cramping Emesis Bradycardia Bronchospasm Bronchorrhea[28] also known as DUMBBELLS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bradycardia Bronchospasm Emesis Lacrimation Loss of muscle strength Salivation/sweating Cheyne-Stokes breathingCheyne-Stokes breathing sounds like "chain smokes" Drugs causing gynaecomastia: DISCO
Drugs for bradycardia and hypotensionIsoproterenol Dopamine Epinephrine Atropine sulfate[citation needed] Diaphragm innervationC3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive[29] Intubation preparation7 P's Preparation Preoxygenation Pretreatment Paralysis with induction Positioning Placement of tube Postintubation management[30] Medications that may be administrated by the endotracheal tubeLEAN/NEAL Lidocaine hydrochloride Epinephrine Atropine Sulfate Naloxone hydrochloride[31] Pentad of TTPFAT RN: Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Neuro changes[32] Systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnostic symptomsSOAP BRAIN MD Serositis Oral ulcers Arthritis Photosensitivity, pulmonary fibrosis Blood cells Renal, Raynaud's ANA Immunologic (anti-Sm, anti-dsDNA) Neuropsych Malar rash Discoid rash however, not in order of diagnostic importance. Causes of carpal tunnel syndromeMEDIAN TRAP[12]
WRIST[12]
References
Further reading
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