List of justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia

This is a list of past and present judges of the Supreme Court of Virginia. The court's name was the Supreme Court of Appeals until it was changed in 1971.[1] Members were titled Judge until a 1928 constitutional amendment changed the title to Justice and designated the presiding member Chief Justice.[2]

Current justices

The court presently is made up of seven justices,[3] each elected by a majority vote of both houses of the General Assembly for a term of twelve years.[4] To be eligible for election, a candidate must be a resident of Virginia and must have been a member of the Virginia State Bar for at least five years.[4] Vacancies on the court occurring between sessions of the General Assembly may be filled by the Governor for a term expiring thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the General Assembly.[4] The Chief Justice presently is chosen by a vote of the seven justices for a term of four years.[5] There is no statutory limit to the number of four-year terms to which a Chief Justice may be elected. However, the Court has stated that the justices internally adopted a two-term limit.[6]

State law requires justices, like all Virginia jurists, to retire no later than twenty days after the commencement of the next regular session of the General Assembly following their seventy-third birthday.[7] The court may designate up to five retired justices to serve as senior justices, each for a renewable one-year term.[8] Senior justices may sit with the court either to hear petitions for appeal or to hear cases on the merits, particularly to replace any of the seven active justices who may be recused from hearing a specific case. In addition, a retired justice who has not been designated as a senior justice may sit with the court by special designation.[8]

Active justices

Justice	Born	Joined	Chief Justice	Term ends	Law school
S. Bernard Goodwyn, Chief Justice	(1961-02-23) February 23, 1961 (age 63)	October 10, 2007[9]	2022–present[10]	January 31, 2032[11]	Virginia
Cleo Powell	(1957-01-12) January 12, 1957 (age 67)	August 1, 2011[12]	–	July 31, 2035[13][14]	Virginia
D. Arthur Kelsey	(1961-10-09) October 9, 1961 (age 63)	February 1, 2015[15]	–	January 31, 2027[15]	William & Mary
Stephen R. McCullough	(1972-02-15) February 15, 1972 (age 52)	March 3, 2016[16]	–	March 2, 2028[16]	Richmond
Teresa M. Chafin	(1955-10-04) October 4, 1955 (age 69)	September 1, 2019[17]	–	August 31, 2031[18]	Richmond
Wesley G. Russell Jr.	1970 (age 53–54)	July 1, 2022[19]	–	June 30, 2034[19]	George Mason
Thomas P. Mann	1965 (age 58–59)	August 1, 2022[19]	–	July 31, 2034[19]	American

Senior justices

Justice	First term began	Active service ended	Senior status began
Charles S. Russell	March 1, 1982[20]	July 1, 1991[21]	January 1, 2004[22]
Lawrence L. Koontz Jr.	August 16, 1995[23]	February 1, 2011[24]	February 1, 2011[24]
LeRoy F. Millette Jr.	August 19, 2008[25]	July 31, 2015[26]	July 31, 2015[26]

Former justices

Members ex officio (1778–88)

The Constitution of 1776 provided for a Supreme Court of Appeals but did not specify its structure, leaving the General Assembly to organize the court by statute.[27] The first such statute was enacted at the October 1778 legislative session. From that time until 1788, no one was appointed or elected specifically to serve on the Supreme Court of Appeals. Rather, the court was made up of the three judges of the High Court of Chancery, the five judges of the General Court, and the three judges of the Court of Admiralty, each of whom was elected by the General Assembly to life terms on those courts and served on the Supreme Court of Appeals ex officio.[28]

The following judges were members of the court by virtue of having been elected judges of the High Court of Chancery, the General Court, and the Court of Admiralty, in the courts' order of precedence under the statute.[28] The terms listed below run from each member's accession to those respective courts, which were created in 1776 and 1777, before the Supreme Court of Appeals was created. Ex officio membership ended on December 24, 1788, when the Supreme Court of Appeals became a separate body with five judges.[29]

The High Court of Chancery:[30]

• Edmund Pendleton, January 14, 1778 – December 24, 1788[31]
• George Wythe, January 14, 1778 – December 24, 1788[31]
• Robert Carter Nicholas Sr., January 14, 1778 – November 1780[31]
• John Blair Jr., November 23, 1780 – December 24, 1788[31]

The General Court:[32]

• Paul Carrington, January 23, 1778 – December 24, 1788[31]
• Thomas Mason, January 23, 1778 – May 28, 1778[31]
• Joseph Jones, January 23, 1778 – October 1779[31]
• John Blair Jr., January 23, 1778 – November 23, 1780[31]
• John Tazewell, May 29, 1778 – November 1781[31]
• Bartholomew Dandridge, May 29, 1778 – April 1785[31]
• Peter Lyons, October 20, 1779 – December 24, 1788[31]
• William Fleming, November 25, 1780 – December 24, 1788[31]
• James Mercer, November 30, 1781 – December 24, 1788[31]
• Henry Tazewell, April 25, 1785 – December 24, 1788[31]
• Edmund Winston, December 11, 1788 – December 24, 1788[31]

The Court of Admiralty:[33]

• Richard Carey, December 17, 1776 – December 24, 1788[31]
• Benjamin Holt, December 17, 1776 – unknown[31]
• Bernard Moore, December 17, 1776 – unknown[31]
• Benjamin Waller, May 1779 – December 1785[31]
• William Roscoe Wilson Curl, May 1779 – unknown[31]
• James Henry, unknown – December 24, 1788[31]
• John Tyler, December 20, 1785 – December 24, 1788[31]

Members since 1788

In December 1788, within the broad authority provided by the Constitution of 1776, the General Assembly re-organized the Supreme Court of Appeals as a separate court with five judges elected by the legislature to life terms.[29] The General Assembly elected two incumbent judges of the High Court of Chancery and three incumbent judges of the General Court as the first judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals in their own right.[31] While the court has remained separate ever since, the number of seats has varied. In January 1807, while one of the five seats was vacant, the General Assembly reduced the number to four with the provision that it be further reduced to three upon the next vacancy.[34] The number was restored to five in January 1811.[35]

The next significant alteration to the court came with the Constitution of 1851. It provided for the popular election of judges to the court, one from each of five districts, and imposed a twelve-year term.[36] As the Emancipation Proclamation became effective in Virginia during the American Civil War (particularly after the Commonwealth surrendered in April 1865 and 13th Amendment became effective in December 1865), the 1851 Constitution's authorization of slavery became illegal under federal law. Thus, Virginia needed a new Constitution.

Federal authorities in occupied areas called a convention with delegates from occupied areas only, which proclaimed the Constitution of 1864. Although voters statewide never were asked to authorize it in a referendum, it came into (disputed) effect, until a new state Constitution was adopted by popular referendum, then undisputedly came into effect in 1870. Federal military authorities allowed voters statewide to elect delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868. Virginia voters overwhelmingly ratified that document the following year, except for certain provisions penalizing former Confederates, which failed. The Constitution of 1864 had ended popular election of judges, instead providing (for the first time) that the General Assembly would elect the judges from candidates nominated by the Governor.[37] It also reduced the court to three judges.[38] On June 3, 1869, during Congressional Reconstruction, Major General John Schofield (who governed Virginia as Military District No. 1 and also led efforts to allow separate votes on the proposed Constitution and anti-Confederate provisions), dismissed all three elected judges because a new federal law required removal of officials in Texas and Virginia with any record of service to the Confederacy. On June 9, Schofield appointed three Union sympathizers (whom he had previously appointed judges of lower courts, where they had performed satisfactorily) as their replacements. Those three judges served (and issued binding rulings) until the new state Constitution came into effect and legislators elected replacements.[39]

The post-Reconstruction Constitution of 1870 eliminated the short-lived provision for gubernatorial nominations, as well as restored the court to five judges.[40] None of the three Union men was elected to the Court by the General Assembly. Legislators did elect two of the three judges elected by voters, and three additional judges. Legislation also allowed the court's members to elect their President, and in March 1870, the new Court elected R.C.L. Moncure (who had the most seniority) their President (the third man to hold that title).[39]

The Constitution of 1902 staggered the five seats by requiring that at the next election of judges, one judge would be elected to a term of 4 years, one to a term of 6 years, one to a term of 8 years, one to a term of 10 years, and one to a term of 12 years.[41] It perpetuated this staggering by providing that any new judge elected to fill a vacancy would serve only the unexpired portion of his predecessor's term.[42]

In 1906, the General Assembly re-elected each of the five incumbent judges, whose terms were all due to expire the following January 1, to fill the newly staggered seats. An amendment ratified in 1928 increased the number of seats to seven but it did not stagger the two new seats. The Constitution of 1971 eliminated the staggering of seats by providing that any new judge elected to fill a vacancy serve a full twelve-year term.[4]

These are the former members of the court from 1788, in order of their accession to office. Those who served as presiding officer are designated by italics.

• Edmund Pendleton, December 24, 1788[31] – October 23, 1803[43]
• John Blair Jr., December 24, 1788[31] – September 30, 1789[31]
• Paul Carrington, December 24, 1788[31] – January 1, 1807[31]
• Peter Lyons, December 24, 1788[31] – July 30, 1809[31]
• William Fleming, December 24, 1788[31] – February 15, 1824[44]
• James Mercer, November 14, 1789[31] – October 1793[31]
• Henry Tazewell, November 6, 1793[31] – November 1794[31]
• Spencer Roane, April 13, 1795[45] – September 4, 1822[46]
• St. George Tucker, April 11, 1804[45] – April 2, 1811[45]
• James Pleasants, January 30, 1811[31] – March 1811[31]
• Francis T. Brooke, March 4, 1811[45] – March 3, 1851[47]
• William H. Cabell, April 3, 1811[45] – 1852[48]
• John Coalter, June 1, 1811[45] – March 23, 1831[49]
• John W. Green, October 11, 1822[46] – February 5, 1834[50]
• Dabney Carr, February 24, 1824[44] – January 8, 1837[51]
• Henry St. George Tucker Sr., March 1831[52] – 1841[53]
• William Brockenbrough, February 20, 1834[50] – December 10, 1838[54]
• Richard E. Parker, February 9, 1837[51] – September 10, 1840[55]
• Robert Stanard, January 19, 1839[56] – May 14, 1846[57]
• John J. Allen, December 14, 1840[55] – 1866[58]
• Briscoe Baldwin, January 29, 1842[53] – 1852[48]
• William Daniel, December 15, 1846[57] – 1866[58]
• Richard C. L. Moncure, March 13, 1851[47] – June 3, 1869,[59] 1870 – August 24, 1882[60]
• Green Berry Samuels, 1852[48] – January 5, 1859[61]
• George Hay Lee, 1852[48] – 1866[58]
• William J. Robertson, May 1859[62] – 1866[58]
• Lucas P. Thompson, 1866 (elected but died prior to taking office)[58]
• William T. Joynes, 1866[58] – June 3, 1869,[59] 1870 – March 2, 1872[63]
• Alexander Rives, 1866[58] – June 3, 1869[59][64]
• Horace Blois Burnham (June 9, 1869 – February 22, 1870)[59]
• Orloff M. Dorman (June 9, 1869 – March 1, 1870)[59]
• Westel Willoughby (June 9, 1869 – March 1, 1870)[59]
• Joseph Christian January 1, 1871[64] – 1883[65]
• Waller Redd Staples, January 1, 1871[64] – January 1, 1883[65]
• Francis T. Anderson, January 1, 1871[64] – January 1, 1883[65]
• Wood Bouldin, April 10, 1872[66] – October 10, 1876[67]
• Edward C. Burks, November 1876[68] – January 1, 1883[65]
• Lunsford L. Lewis, August 28, 1882[60] – January 1, 1895[69]
• Robert A. Richardson, January 1, 1883[65] – January 1, 1895[69]
• Thomas T. Fauntleroy, January 1, 1883[65] – January 1, 1895[69]
• Drury A. Hinton, January 1, 1883[65] – January 1, 1895[69]
• Benjamin W. Lacy, January 1, 1883[65] – January 1, 1895[69]
• John W. Riely, January 1, 1895[70] – August 20, 1900[71]
• John Alexander Buchanan, January 1, 1895[70] – January 12, 1916[72]
• James Keith, January 1, 1895[70] – June 10, 1916[73]
• Richard H. Cardwell, January 1, 1895[70] – November 16, 1916[74]
• George Moffett Harrison, January 1, 1895[70] – March 6, 1917[74]
• Archer Allen Phlegar, October 1, 1900[71] – February 1901[75]
• Stafford G. Whittle, March 1901[75] – December 31, 1919[76]
• Joseph L. Kelly, January 12, 1916[72] – January 31, 1924;[77] March 10, 1925[78] – April 14, 1925[78]
• Robert R. Prentis, December 16, 1916[74] – November 25, 1931[79]
• Frederick W. Sims, February 8, 1917[73] – June 12, 1925[78]
• Martin P. Burks, March 22, 1917[74] – April 30, 1928[80]
• Edward W. Saunders, March 9, 1920[76] – December 16, 1921[81]
• Jesse F. West, February 1, 1922[81] – October 25, 1929[82]
• Preston W. Campbell, January 31, 1924[77] – October 1, 1946[83]
• Richard Henry Lee Chichester, June 1, 1925[84] – February 3, 1930[82]
• Henry W. Holt, June 1, 1928[80] – October 4, 1947[85]
• Louis S. Epes, November 20, 1929[82] – February 14, 1935[86]
• Herbert B. Gregory, February 1, 1930[87] – March 9, 1951[88]
• Edward W. Hudgins, February 1, 1930[87] – July 29, 1958[89]
• George L. Browning, February 19, 1930[87] – August 16, 1947[85]
• Joseph W. Chinn, December 3, 1931[79] – August 16, 1936[90]
• John W. Eggleston, February 26, 1935[86] – October 1, 1969[91]
• Claude V. Spratley, August 27, 1936[90] – September 30, 1967[92]
• Archibald C. Buchanan, October 1, 1946[83] – October 1, 1969[91]
• Abram Penn Staples, October 7, 1947[85] – January 15, 1951[88]
• Willis D. Miller, November 17, 1947[85] – December 20, 1960[93]
• Lemuel F. Smith, February 15, 1951[88] – October 15, 1956[94]
• Kennon C. Whittle, March 14, 1951[88] – February 1, 1965[95]
• Harold Fleming Snead, January 14, 1957[94] – September 30, 1974[96]
• Lawrence W. I'Anson, September 3, 1958[89] – January 31, 1981[97]
• Harry L. Carrico, January 30, 1961[93] – January 31, 2003[98]
• Thomas C. Gordon, February 17, 1965[95] – May 31, 1972[99]
• Albertis Harrison, October 23, 1967[92] – December 31, 1981[20]
• Alexander Harman, October 1, 1969[91] – December 31, 1979[100]
• George M. Cochran, October 1, 1969[91] – April 20, 1987[101]
• Richard Harding Poff, August 31, 1972[99] – December 31, 1988[102]
• Christian Compton, October 1, 1974[96] – February 2, 2000[103]
• William Carrington Thompson, February 19, 1980[100] – March 2, 1983[104]
• Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr., March 2, 1981[97] – July 1, 1997[105]
• John Charles Thomas, April 25, 1983[104] – November 1, 1989[102]
• Henry H. Whiting, April 30, 1987[101] – August 12, 1995[23]
• Elizabeth B. Lacy, January 4, 1989[102] – August 16, 2007[9]
• Leroy R. Hassell Sr., December 28, 1989[106] – February 9, 2011[107]
• Barbara Milano Keenan, July 2, 1991[21] – March 12, 2010[108]
• Cynthia D. Kinser, July 8, 1997[105] – December 31, 2014[109]
• Donald W. Lemons, March 16, 2000[103] – February 1, 2022[110]
• G. Steven Agee, March 1, 2003[98] – June 30, 2008[25]
• William C. Mims, April 1, 2010[108] – March 31, 2022[111]
• Elizabeth A. McClanahan, August 1, 2011[12] – September 1, 2019[112]
• Jane Marum Roush, August 1, 2015[113] – February 12, 2016[114]

Succession of seats between 1895 and 2022

In 1895, for the first time, the General Assembly elected a full bench of five new judges.[115] Consequently, any line of succession between a specific justice of the current court and a judge elected before 1895 necessarily would be arbitrary. However, when the General Assembly re-elected the incumbent judges in 1906 to fill the staggered seats created by the Constitution of 1902, it elected a specific judge to each seat: it re-elected Judge Cardwell for 4 years, Judge Whittle for 6, Judge Buchanan for 8, Judge Keith for 10, and Judge Harrison for 12.[116] It therefore was possible to trace the line of succession of each of these seats, and the two new seats created in 1928, to its successive occupants.

Seat 1 Designated for a 4-year term in 1906 Member Acceded Vacated Richard H. Cardwell Jan. 1, 1895 Nov. 16, 1916 Robert R. Prentis Dec. 16, 1916 Nov. 25, 1931 Joseph W. Chinn Dec. 3, 1931 Aug. 16, 1936 Claude V. Spratley Aug. 27, 1936 Sept. 30, 1967 Albertis Harrison Oct. 23, 1967 Dec. 31, 1981 Charles S. Russell Mar. 1, 1982 July 1, 1991 Barbara Milano Keenan July 2, 1991 Mar. 12, 2010 William C. Mims April 1, 2010 Mar. 31, 2022 Thomas P. Mann[117][118][119] Aug. 1, 2022

Seat 2 Designated for a 6-year term in 1906 Member Acceded Vacated John W. Riely Jan. 1, 1895 Aug. 20, 1900 Archer Allen Phlegar Oct. 1, 1900 Jan. 1901 Stafford G. Whittle Mar. 1901 Dec. 31, 1919 Edward W. Saunders Mar. 9, 1920 Dec. 16, 1921 Jesse F. West Feb. 1, 1922 Oct. 25, 1929 Louis S. Epes Nov. 20, 1929 Feb. 14, 1935 John W. Eggleston Feb. 26, 1935 Oct. 1, 1969 George M. Cochran[120] Oct. 1, 1969 Apr. 20, 1987 Henry H. Whiting Apr. 30, 1987 Aug. 12, 1995 Lawrence L. Koontz Jr. Aug. 16, 1995 Feb. 1, 2011 Elizabeth A. McClanahan[121] Aug. 1, 2011 Sept. 1, 2019 Teresa M. Chafin[17] Sept. 1, 2019

Seat 3 Designated for an 8-year term in 1906 Member Acceded Vacated John A. Buchanan Jan. 1, 1895 Jan. 12, 1915 Joseph L. Kelly Jan. 12, 1915 Jan. 31, 1924 Preston W. Campbell Jan. 31, 1924 Oct. 1, 1946 Archibald C. Buchanan Oct. 1, 1946 Oct. 1, 1969 Alexander Harman[120] Oct. 1, 1969 Dec. 31, 1979 William Carrington Thompson Feb. 19, 1980 Mar. 2, 1983 John Charles Thomas Apr. 25, 1983 Nov. 1, 1989 Leroy R. Hassell Sr. Dec. 28, 1989 Feb. 9, 2011 Cleo Powell[121] Aug. 1, 2011

Seat 4 Designated for a 10-year term in 1906 Member Acceded Vacated James Keith Jan. 1, 1895 June 10, 1916 Frederick W. Sims June 12, 1916 Feb. 8, 1925 Joseph L. Kelly Mar. 10, 1925 Apr. 14, 1925 Richard Henry Lee Chichester June 1, 1925 Feb. 3, 1930 George L. Browning Feb. 19, 1930 Aug. 26, 1947 Abram Penn Staples Oct. 7, 1947 Jan. 15, 1951 Lemuel F. Smith Feb. 15, 1951 Oct. 15, 1956 Harold Fleming Snead Jan. 14, 1957 Sept. 30, 1974 Christian Compton Oct. 1, 1974 Feb. 2, 2000 Donald W. Lemons Mar. 16, 2000 Feb. 1, 2022 Wesley G. Russell Jr.[117][118][119] July 1, 2022

Seat 5 Designated for a 12-year term in 1906 Member Acceded Vacated George Moffett Harrison Jan. 1, 1895 Mar. 6, 1917 Martin P. Burks Mar. 22, 1917 Apr. 30, 1928 Henry W. Holt June 1, 1928 Oct. 4, 1947 Willis D. Miller Nov. 17, 1947 Dec. 20, 1960 Harry L. Carrico Jan. 30, 1961 Jan. 31, 2003 G. Steven Agee Mar. 1, 2003 June 30, 2008 LeRoy F. Millette Jr. Aug. 19, 2008 July 31, 2015 Jane Marum Roush Aug. 1, 2015 Feb. 12, 2016 Stephen R. McCullough Mar. 3, 2016

Seat 6 Created June 19, 1928 Member Acceded Vacated Herbert B. Gregory Feb. 1, 1930 Mar. 9, 1951 Kennon C. Whittle Mar. 14, 1951 Feb. 1, 1965 Thomas C. Gordon Feb. 17, 1965 May 31, 1972 Richard Harding Poff Aug. 31, 1972 Dec. 31, 1988 Elizabeth B. Lacy Jan. 4, 1989 Aug. 16, 2007 S. Bernard Goodwyn Oct. 10, 2007

Seat 7 Created June 19, 1928 Member Acceded Vacated Edward W. Hudgins Feb. 1, 1930 July 29, 1958 Lawrence W. I'Anson Sept. 3, 1958 Jan. 31, 1981 Roscoe B. Stephenson Jr. Mar. 2, 1981 July 1, 1997 Cynthia D. Kinser July 8, 1997 Dec. 31, 2014 D. Arthur Kelsey Feb. 1, 2015

Notes

1. The Constitution of 1971 designated the court only as the Supreme Court. "Article VI, Section 1". Constitution of Virginia. November 3, 1970. Retrieved September 26, 2013. All prior constitutions, beginning with the Constitution of 1776, designated the court as the Supreme Court of Appeals.
2. "Article VI, Section 88" (PDF). Constitution of Virginia. July 10, 1902. Retrieved September 26, 2013., as amended June 19, 1928.
3. "Article VI, Section 2". Constitution of Virginia. November 3, 1970. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
4. "Article VI, Section 7". Constitution of Virginia. November 3, 1970. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
5. "Va. Code § 17.1–300". Retrieved September 26, 2013.
6. Green, Frank (2010-05-12). "Hassell to step down as the state's chief justice". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
7. "Va. Code § 51.1–305(B1)". Retrieved February 28, 2015. In 2015, the General Assembly increased the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 73. "House Bill 1984, 2015 Regular Session". Retrieved 2015-02-28. "Senate Bill 1196, 2015 Regular Session". Retrieved 2015-02-28.
8. "Va. Code § 17.1–302". Retrieved September 26, 2013.
9. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 274 Va. iii (2007).
10. "Press Release" (PDF). 2021-12-20. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
11. "House Resolution 29, 2020 Regular Session". Retrieved February 3, 2020.
12. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 282 Va. v (2011).
13. "Senate Resolution 93, 2023 Session".
14. "House Resolution 248, 2023 Session".
15. "House Resolution 208, 2015 Regular Session". Retrieved January 20, 2015.
16. "Senate Resolution 74, 2016 Regular Session". Retrieved March 10, 2016.
17. Wilson, Patrick (2019-02-14). "General Assembly elects Judge Teresa Chafin to Va. Supreme Court after brother backs her bid". Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
18. "House Resolution 286, 2019 Regular Session". Retrieved September 26, 2019. Justice Chafin will reach the mandatory retirement age before the expiration of her term; she will have to retire or take senior status no later than January 30, 2029.
19. "House Resolution 779, 2022 Special Session I". Retrieved June 17, 2022.
20. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 223 Va. iii (1982).
21. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 242 Va. v (1991).
22. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 267 Va. iii (2004).
23. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 250 Va. v (1995).
24. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 281 Va. v (2011).
25. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 276 Va. v (2008).
26. Vieth, Peter (2015-04-28). "Millette to retire from Va. Supreme Court". Virginia Lawyers Weekly. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
27. "Virginia Constitution of 1776". Retrieved September 26, 2013.
28. Hening, William Waller, ed. (1821), "October Session, 1778 ch. XII", The Statutes at Large, vol. 9, Richmond, Virginia: J. & G. Cochran, pp. 522–525. This statute was repealed and replaced the following year but the material provisions of the replacement statute were the same. Hening, William Waller, ed. (1822), "May Session, 1779 ch. XXII", The Statutes at Large, vol. 10, Richmond, Virginia: George Cochran, pp. 89–92.
29. Hening, William Waller, ed. (1823), "October Session, 1788 ch. LXVIII", The Statutes at Large, vol. 12, Richmond, Virginia: George Cochran, pp. 764–766. This statute was superseded in 1791, Hening, William Waller, ed. (1823), "October Session, 1792 ch. XI", The Statutes at Large, vol. 13, Philadelphia: Thomas Desilver, p. 405, and 1818, Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, ed. (1819), "ch. 64", Revised Code of 1819, vol. 1, Richmond, Virginia: Thomas Richie, p. 184, but the material provisions were unchanged.
30. Hening, ed. (1821), "October Session, 1778 ch. XV", The Statutes at Large, vol. 9, pp. 388–399.
31. Brief Sketch of the Courts of this Commonwealth, Va. (2 Va. Cas.) unpaginated front matter (1826).
32. Hening, ed. (1821), "October Session, 1778 ch. XVII", The Statutes at Large, vol. 9, pp. 401–419.
33. Hening, ed. (1821), "October Session, 1776 ch. XV", The Statutes at Large, vol. 9, pp. 202–206.
34. Hening, William Waller; Munford, William, eds. (1808), "ch. CII", Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia since 1801, vol. 2, Richmond, Virginia: Samuel Pleasants, p. 127.
35. Munford, William; Hay Jr., William, eds. (1812), "ch. LVIII", Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia since 1807, Richmond, Virginia: Samuel Pleasants, p. 64. This statute was superseded in 1791, Hening, William Waller, ed. (1823), "October Session, 1792 ch. XI", The Statutes at Large, vol. 13, Philadelphia: Thomas Desilver, p. 405, and 1818, Leigh, Benjamin Watkins, ed. (1819), "ch. 64", Revised Code of 1819, vol. 1, Richmond, Virginia: Thomas Richie, p. 184, but the material provisions were unchanged.
36. Article VI, Section 10 of the Constitution of Virginia (August 1, 1851).
37. Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution of Virginia (April 11, 1864).
38. Article VI, Section 10 of the Constitution of Virginia (April 11, 1864).
39. "A Short History of the Supreme Court of Virginia". 6 May 2014.
40. Article VI, Section 2 of the Constitution of Virginia (July 6, 1869).
41. "Article VI, Section 91" (PDF). Constitution of Virginia. July 10, 1902. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
42. "Article VI, Section 102" (PDF). Constitution of Virginia. July 10, 1902. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
43. Biographical Sketch of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, 8 Va. (4 Call) unpaginated front matter (1827).
44. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 23 Va. (2 Rand.) unpaginated front matter (1824).
45. Annotation, 16 Va. (2 Munf.) xx (1811).
46. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 22 Va. (1 Rand.) unpaginated front matter (1823).
47. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 48 Va. (7 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1851).
48. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 50 Va. (9 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1853). This records the judges popularly elected under the Constitution of 1851 but does not specify the date on which the terms of Judge Cabell and Judge Baldwin, who were not elected, expired, or that on which the terms of Judge Lee and Judge Samuels, who were newly elected, began.
49. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 29 Va. (2 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1831).
50. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 32 Va. (5 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1835).
51. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 35 Va. (8 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1838).
52. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 30 Va. (3 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1833).
53. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 39 Va. (12 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1843). This records that Judge Tucker resigned in summer of 1841 and was replaced by Judge Baldwin, but does not specify when the vacancy was created or filled.
54. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 36 Va. (9 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1840).
55. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 38 Va. (11 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1842).
56. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 37 Va. (10 Leigh) unpaginated front matter (1841).
57. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 44 Va. (3 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1847).
58. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 58 Va. (17 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1867). This records the judges elected by the General Assembly under the Constitution of 1864 following the reduction of the court from five judges to three but does not specify the date on which the terms of Judge Allen, Judge Daniel, Judge Lee, and Judge Robertson expired, or that on which the terms of Judge Joynes and Judge Thompson, who were newly elected, began. It likewise records that Judge Rives replaced Judge Thompson but not the specific date.
59. "Chronological list of justices, 1779–present". 21 May 2014.
60. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 76 Va. unpaginated front matter (1883).
61. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 55 Va. (14 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1859).
62. Judges of the Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 56 Va. (15 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1860).
63. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 62 Va. (21 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1872).
64. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 61 Va. (20 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1871). This records the judges elected under the Constitution of 1870 but does not specify the date on which the term of Judge Rives, who was not elected, vacated his seat. The constitution provided that the terms of judges elected under it would begin the following January 1. Article VI, Section 22 of the Constitution of Virginia (July 6, 1869)
65. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 77 Va. unpaginated front matter (1883).
66. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 63 Va. (22 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1873).
67. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 68 Va. (27 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1877).
68. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 69 Va. (28 Gratt.) unpaginated front matter (1878). This records that Judge Burks was a member of the court when it sat in November 1876 but does not specify the date he succeeded Judge Bouldin.
69. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 90 Va. unpaginated front matter (1895).
70. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 91 Va. unpaginated front matter (1896).
71. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 98 Va. unpaginated front matter (1900).
72. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 117 Va. unpaginated front matter (1915).
73. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 119 Va. unpaginated front matter (1916).
74. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 120 Va. unpaginated front matter (1917).
75. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 99 Va. unpaginated front matter (1901).
76. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 126 Va. unpaginated front matter (1920).
77. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 138 Va. unpaginated front matter (1924).
78. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 141 Va. unpaginated front matter (1925).
79. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 157 Va. unpaginated front matter (1932).
80. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 150 Va. unpaginated front matter (1928).
81. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 132 Va. unpaginated front matter (1922).
82. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 153 Va. unpaginated front matter (1930).
83. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 185 Va. unpaginated front matter (1947).
84. Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 142 Va. unpaginated front matter (1925).
85. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 186 Va. unpaginated front matter (1947).
86. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 163 Va. unpaginated front matter (1933).
87. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 154 Va. unpaginated front matter (1930).
88. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 192 Va. unpaginated front matter (1951).
89. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 200 Va. unpaginated front matter (1959).
90. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 166 Va. unpaginated front matter (1936).
91. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 210 Va. unpaginated front matter (1970).
92. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 208 Va. unpaginated front matter (1968).
93. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 202 Va. unpaginated front matter (1961).
94. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 198 Va. unpaginated front matter (1957).
95. Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals During the Time of These Reports, 205 Va. unpaginated front matter (1965).
96. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 215 Va. unpaginated front matter (1975).
97. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 221 Va. unpaginated front matter (1986).
98. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 265 Va. v (2003).
99. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 213 Va. unpaginated front matter (1973).
100. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 220 Va. unpaginated front matter (1980).
101. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 233 Va. v (1987).
102. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 238 Va. iii (1989).
103. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 259 Va. v (2000).
104. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 225 Va. iii (1983).
105. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 254 Va. v (1997).
106. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 239 Va. front matter (1990).
107. Memorial Statement, 281 Va. xxix (2011).
108. Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia During the Time of These Reports, 279 Va. iii (2010).
109. Elkins, Deborah (2014-08-18). "Lemons elected new chief justice". Virginia Lawyers Weekly. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
110. Bowes, Mark (2021-12-23). "Supreme Court of Virginia's chief justice to retire Feb. 1". Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
111. "House Resolution 32, 2010 Regular Session". Retrieved September 26, 2013.
112. Cain, Andrew (2019-01-25). "Virginia Supreme Court Justice Elizabeth A. McClanahan announces Sept. 1 retirement". Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
113. Jackman, Tom (2015-07-27). "Fairfax judge Jane Marum Roush named to Virginia Supreme Court". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
114. Under the Constitution of Virginia, Justice Roush's original interim appointment by Governor Terry McAuliffe was to expire thirty days after the commencement of the next session of the Virginia General Assembly, unless the legislature elected her to a full twelve-year term. "Article VI, Section 7". Constitution of Virginia. November 3, 1970. Retrieved July 27, 2015. On August 17, 2015, the General Assembly convened in special session but failed to elect anyone to the full twelve-year term before the Senate of Virginia purported to adjourn sine die. Portnoy, Jenna (2015-08-20). "Virginia Republicans escalate fight with McAuliffe over Supreme Court judge". The Virginian-Pilot. Norfolk, Virginia. Retrieved August 20, 2015. The Constitution prohibits one chamber of the legislature from adjourning for more than three days without the consent of the other chamber. "Article IV, Section 6". Constitution of Virginia. November 3, 1970. Retrieved September 15, 2015. The Senate and the governor claim that this provision applies only to regular sessions of the General Assembly; the House of Delegates and most Senate Republicans claim it applies to special sessions as well, and that the Senate's adjournment was invalid because the House did not consent. Because there is legal uncertainty about whether the legislature was still in session, it is unclear whether the governor could fill the vacancy created when Justice Roush's original interim appointment expired on September 16, 2015. Nevertheless, the governor announced his view that the legislature was not in session and purported to reappoint her for a second interim term. Cain, Andrew (2015-09-15). "McAuliffe to reappoint Roush today". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved September 15, 2015. Whether this second interim appointment was valid or invalid has not been determined. If valid, the second interim appointment expired on February 12, 2016, thirty days after the regular session of the General Assembly began on January 13, because the legislature did not elect her to a full twelve-year term.
115. Preface, 91 Va. xx (1895).
116. Senate Journal, 1906 Regular Session. pp. 210–213, 217–218.
117. Wilson, Patrick. "General Assembly elects two Supreme Court justices". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
118. "General Assembly Elects Two New Justices to Supreme Court". Virginia State Bar. June 22, 2022.
119. Sarah Rankin and Denise Lavoie, "Virginia legislators elect 2 Supreme Court justices", Newport News Daily Press (June 19, 2022), p. A3.
120. Although Cochran and Harman each joined the Court on the same day, Governor Godwin reported to the General Assembly that he had appointed Cochran to succeed Eggleston and Harman to succeed Buchanan. Senate Journal, 1970 Regular Session. p. 45.
121. Although McClanahan and Powell each joined the Court on the same day, only Powell was interviewed for the vacancy created by the unexpected death of Justice Hassell. "Judicial Interviews, House Judicial Panel Schedule, April 5, 2011" (PDF). Division of Legislative Services. Retrieved September 26, 2013. The vacancy created by the mandatory retirement of Justice Koontz had been widely anticipated and McClanahan had already been interviewed for it. "Judicial Interviews, House Judicial Panel Schedule, December 10, 2010" (PDF). Division of Legislative Services. Retrieved September 26, 2013.

External links

• Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography (Note: some of the information contained is contradicted by primary sources.)