This is a list of the seasons played by VfB Stuttgart from 1909 when the club replaced the rugby club. In 1909 they joined the South German Football Association playing the second tier B-klasse. Because there is very little information about these leagues this list starts from 1912 when Stuttgart eventually advanced to the senior Südkreis-Liga. The club's achievements in all major national and international competitions as well as the top scorers are listed. Top scorers in bold and coloured background were also top scorers of the division. The list is separated into three parts, coinciding with the three major episodes of German football:
Before 1945 the German league structure was changing rapidly. The end of World War II marks the end of this episode.
From 1945–63 a German league structure without a nationwide league was maintained without greater changes.
Since 1963 a nationwide league, the Bundesliga, exists.
The club have been relegated three times from the Bundesliga, in 1975, 2016 and 2019. In 1977, 2017 and 2020, the club was promoted back to first division football.
^South German Football Championship: 3rd in Group of 2nd and 3rd places Südost "The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 1927-28. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^South German Football Championship: 5th in Group of 2nd and 3rd places Südost "The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 1928-29. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^South German Football Championship: 5th in Group of Champions "The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 1929-30. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^South German Football Championship: 8th in Group Süd/Ost "The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 1931-32. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^Goals in all competitions Gauliga or lower divisions and DFB-Pokal.
^German Football Championship: 2nd in Group Württemberg Championship "The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation 1939-40. Retrieved 13 September 2017.