The French government gives out the Legion of Honour awards, to both French[1] and foreign[2] nationals, based on a recipient's exemplary services rendered to France, or to the causes supported by France. This award is divided into five distinct categories (in ascending order[3]), i.e. three ranks: Knight, Officer, Commander, and two titles: Grand Officer and Grand Cross. Knight is the most common and is awarded for either at least 20 years of public service or acts of military or civil bravery.[3] The rest of the categories have a quota for the number of years of service in the category below before they can be awarded. The Officer rank requires a minimum of eight years as a Knight, and the Commander, the highest civilian category for a non-French citizen, requires a minimum of five years as an Officer. The Grand Officer and the Grand Cross are awarded only to French citizens, and each requires three years' service in their respective immediately lower rank.[4] The awards are traditionally published and promoted on 14 July.[5]
The following is a non-exhaustive list of recipients of the Legion of Honour awards, since the first ceremony in May 1803.[3] 2,550 individuals can be awarded the insignia every year.[5] The total number of awards is close to 1 million[6] (estimated at 900,000 in 2021,[5] including over 3,000 Grand Cross recipients[7]), with some 92,000 recipients alive today.[8] Only until 2008 was gender parity achieved amongst the yearly list of recipients, with the total number of women recipients since the award's establishment being only 59 at the end of the second French empire and only 26,000 in 2021.[5]
French army Captain and equestrian, won individual gold, individual bronze and a silver team medal in the 1912 Olympics. Honored for actions at the Battle of Champagne, World War I.
French surgeon and biologist. Recognised for collaboratively developing (with Henry Drysdale Dakin) the Carrel–Dakin method of treating wounds based on chlorine (Dakin's solution) which, preceding the development of antibiotics, was a major medical advance in the care of traumatic wounds.
Knight (decree - 6 November 1912)[28] Officer (decree - 10 July 1920)[29] Commander (decree - 15 January 1930)[30] Grand officer (decree - 2 July 1936)[31] Grand Cross (decree - 22 July 1959)[31]
Jacques Jean Félix Casties
Airline pilot. Recognised for his 43 years of professional and military services.
Vietnamese-French mathematician (University of Chicago). Recognised for 14 years of civil service. Known for proving the fundamental lemma for automorphic forms.
Indian film director and producer. (Hindi cinema)[54] Recognised for his efforts to foster the spirit of collaboration between France and India in the field of audiovisual arts.
U.S. 4-star General, 34th Commandant of the United States Marine Corps. Recognised for his strategic positioning of the U.S. Marine Corps to confront the problems that both allies face, and a long history of friendship between the two nations.
French Civil servant (Diplomat to Washington D.C.) and Business Executive. Known for being the London Chairman of Banque Française du Commerce Extérieur (BFCE).
^"Legion of Honour". Australian Government – Department of Veteran's Affairs. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^Wattel, Michel; Wattel, Béatrice (2009). "Les Grand Croix de la Légion d'honneur. De 1805 à nos jours, titulaires français et étrangers". Archives & Culture.
^Gibbs, Vicary, ed. (1912). The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Katherine's Press. p. 17.
^Rosén, Staffan. "Kungaparets franska ordnar" [The King's French Order]. Sveriges Kungahus [Swedish Royal Court] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^"Kungens ordensinnehav". Sveriges Kungahus [Swedish Royal Court] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^Board of Trustees of the Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta (17 January 1920). The Phi Gamma Delta. Vol. 45. Knoxville Sentinel. p. 612. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^Marshall, Tabitha; Hillmer, Norman; Snyder, Lorraine (17 April 2013). "Jean J. Charest". The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Historica-Dominion Institute. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
^Musée Paul Dini. (2006). Suzanne Valadon, Jacqueline Marval, Émilie Charmy, Georgette Agutte: les femmes peintres et l'avant-garde, 1900 – 1930. Somogy. p. 51. ISBN978-2-7572-0015-5.
^Petteys, Chris (1985). Dictionary of Women Artists. G K Hill & Co. publishers.
^Ratcliffe, Barrie M. (2010). Philip Daileader; Philip Whalen (eds.). French historians 1900–2000. Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 112–135. ISBN978-1-4051-9867-7.
^Cottrell, Robert D. (1991). "Colette". In Wilson, Katharina M. (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN9780824085476.
^"Combes, Charles Pierre Matthieu". National Archives – Léonore Database (in French). France. 16 August 1860. p. 1. LH//575/55. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021. Alt URL
^Base Léonore: Dossier for the Légion d'honneur of Léon Couturier.
^Solomou, Bill; Dutrieux, Lawrence (30 June 2016). "Farewell to an Air Force Icon"(PDF). Air Force. 11. p. 2. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.